• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.1108-1118
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• 2007

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effects of hand acupuncture therapy on sleep quality by means of a sleep questionnaire, polysomnography and a cerebral blood flow test in $30{\sim}59$ year old adults. Methods: The study was a sham controlled design. Twenty-two adults were assigned to the pellet stimulating group (11) or sham group (11). The pellet stimulating group received hand acupuncture therapy using New Seoam Press Pellets number 1 for 4 weeks. On the other hand, the sham group used the same Adhesive tape in terms of shape, size and quality as New Seoam Press Pellets number 1 for 4 weeks. A Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography and Carotid Duplex Ultrasonography examination were used for evaluating cerebral blood flow. Data was analyzed using the SPSS 12.0 version program with $X^2-test$, Fisher's exact test and Mann Whitney U-test. Results: In the pellet stimulating group, subjective sleep quality significantly improved more than that of the sham group. Among the sleep indices of the polysomnography, total sleep time and sleep latency of the sham group significantly improved. The cerebral blood flow test didn't show any differences. Conclusion: These results suggest that hand acupuncture therapy is effective for subjective sleep improvement only, not polysomnographical sleep indices and cerebral blood flow.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.1383-1388
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• 2007

Recently, the semiconductor and display industries have tried to reduce the emissions of perfluorocompounds (PFCs) from the globally environmental regulation. Total amount of PFC emission can be calculated from the flow rate and the partial pressures of PFCs. For the precise measurement of PFC emission amount, the mass flow controlled helium gas was continuously injected into the equipment of which scrubber efficiency is being measured. The partial pressures of PFCs and helium were accurately measured using a mass spectrometer in each sample extracted from inlet and outlet of the scrubber system. The flow rates are calculated from the partial pressures of helium and also, PFC destruction and removal efficiency (DRE) of the scrubber is calculated from the partial pressure of PFC and the flow rate. Under this method, the relative expanded uncertainties of the flow rate and the partial pressures of PFCs are ± 2% (k = 2) in case the concentrations of NF3 and SF6 are as low as 100 μmol/mol.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.153-164
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• 2004

An integration study of time-variable small watershed and stream models (USEPA's SWMM and WASP5) was performed for impact assessment of urbanization on water environment. The study area, the Kyoungan Stream, the tributary of Paldang Lake, was divided into 111 subbasins, based on the topographic condition, land use, and drainage system. RUNOFF block of SWMM was applied to estimate runoff flow and quality. EXTRAN block computed daily and hourly flow according to simulated runoff flow, water supply, and drainage data. SWMM was connected to WASP5 by transforming output file of SWMM into input file of WASP5. The nonpoint source loads and flow data of SWMM were imported to WASP5. The stream was divided into 45 segments based on the watershed delineation. The study included three water quality parameters, BOD, TN, and TP. The validate models were used to examine the impact of urbanization on stream flow and water quality.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.802-808
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• 2010

This study was carried out to apply the method of priority order selection for water quality improvement of watershed. The monitoring of flow and water quality, grouping branch streams and discharge load density were estimated on 18 branch streams located in middle and lower area of Geum River, Chungcheongnam-do. Based on average BOD concentration of stream at low flow, the results of the water quality analysis of stream which excess river living standard class 2 (less than BOD 3 mg/L) are Jeongancheon, Bangchukcheon, Gilsancheon, Jocheon, Seokseongcheon and Ganggyeongcheon. As a result of grouping stream, stream that have more than $10\;m^3/min$ of flow and more than 3.0 mg/L of average BOD concentration such as Group A are Jocheon, Seokseongcheon, Ganggyeongcheon and Jeongancheon. In Group A, stream corresponds to over than discharge load density as of 10 BOD kg/$day{\cdot}km^2$ is Jocheon, Seokseongcheon and Ganggyeongcheon. In view of the selected results to improve water quality basin through monitoring of flow and water quality, grouping stream, and estimation of discharge load density, Jocheon in Yeongi, Seokseongcheon located on the border of Buyeo and Nonsan, Ganggyeongcheon on Nonsan such as stream basin were urgent to improve water quality.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1029-1048
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• 2018

In this study, seasonal Mann - Kendall test method was applied to 12 stations of the water quality measurement network of Nam-River based on data of BOD, COD, TN and TP for 11 years from January 2005 to December 2015 The changes of water quality at each station were examined through linear trends and the tendency of water quality change during the study period was analyzed by applying the locally weighted scatter plot smoother (LOWESS) method. In addition, spatial trends of the whole Nam-River were examined by items. The flow-adjusted seasonal Kendall test was performed to remove the flow at the water quality measurement station. As a result, BOD, COD concentration showed "no trand" and TN and TP concentration showed "down trand" in regional Kendall test throughout the study period. BOD and TP concentration in "no trand", COD, and TN concentration showed an "up trand" tendency in Nam-River dam. LOWESS analysis showed no significant water quality change in most of the analysis items and stations, but water quality fluctuation characteristics were shown at some stations such as NR1 (Kyungho-River 1), NR2 (Kyungho-River 2), NR3 (Nam-River), NR6 (Nam-River 2A). In addition, the flow-adjusted seasonal Kendall results showed that the BOD concentration was "up trand" due to the flow at the NR3 (Nam-River) station. The COD concentration was "up trand" due to the flow at NR1 (Kyungho-River 1) and NR2 (Kyungho-River 2) located upstream of the Nam-River. The effect of influent flow on water quality varies according to each site and analysis item. Therefore, for the effective water quality management in the Nam-River, it is necessary to take measures to improve the water quality at the point where the water quality is continuously "up trand" during the study period.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.516-519
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• 2005

An useful protocol coiled load duration curve methodology to estimate contaminant loading to a river on an exceedance probability scale was developed in this research. The technique was further applied to estimate total coliform loading to the Geum River, using the daily mean flow rate and total coliform concentration data during January, 1996 and July, 2004 for the Gongju where an automated monitoring station is located. Drought flow of the Gongju (=50.3 cms) was equivalent to 40% on an exceedance probability scale. Load duration curve for total coliform loading at the Gongju was constructed. Standard duration curve was constructed with the water quality criteria for the class 2 (total coliform concentration = 1000 MPN/100 mL). By plotting load duration curve with standard duration curve, it could be revealed that water quality do not meet the desired water quality for 47% on an exceedance probability scale. If linearity between flow rate and coliform concentration is assumed, it can be interpretated that water quality exceeds desired criteria when average mean flow rate is over 51 cms.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 2005

In this study, field surveys were performed for 12 stations in main stream of Hongjechun and 3 stations in 2 tributaries, respectively, in order to find out dried reaches of the stream, and to examine the water quality of the stream, and to suggest methods to improve the stream concerned into eco-stream. In the results of water quality in stream, however distinct difference for seasonal variation of the water quality was not found, the water quality of winter was relatively better than that of other seasons. Annual mean concentration of BOD was 6.5mg/L in the upper reach, 11.8mg/L in the middle reach, 15.3mg/L in the lower reach of main stream, and total mean was 12.5mg/L, while the BOD concentration was 3.6mg/L in the upper reach, and was 9.6mg/L in the low reach of Gukichun, the tributary. Based on flow examination, the level of water depth was so low and the flow can not be traveled downstream in the reach between ST-9 and ST-10 for low water season, whereas it was observed that the flow was traveling except the dry season even the water level was lower than that of adjacent stations.

• International Journal of Quality Innovation
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 2005

The concept of Total Quality Management may be perceived from different philosophical perspectives. In this paper we shall present a view on TQM from the perspective of Field-Being philosophy and compare it with the alternative philosophical views. From the perspective of Field-Being philosophy, the goal of TQM is to achieve the free flow of excellence at all levels: individual, team and organizational. By overcoming rigidity in thinking, behavior and performance TQM turns into an art-the Art of Quality Management, which is the source of true stakeholder delight.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.73-86
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• 2003

In this study, we performed 8 times of water quality sampling and continuous measurement of flow to identify wastewater flow characteristics for wastewater treatment basins of Namyangju city. The field survey has been conducted 6 times in dry weather period and 2 times in wet weather period. Each survey conducted 24-hr water quality sampling in the interval of 2-hr. From the analysis of flow data and water quality data, the following conclusions can be drawn. For Namyangju-1 station, which represents residential and commercial mixed area, flow rises early in the morning before office-going hour and moves up and down within narrow range, and lasted after office-leaving hour, resulting from continuous commercial activity. In case of Namyangju-5 station representing community and Namyangju- 6 station representing residential area, the flow immediately falls down after rising early in the morning and later rises again at the office-leaving hour, and arrives at peak flows around late evening. In the analysis of wastewater characteristics for weekdays and weekends, without landuse types the flow rate of weekends is higher than that of weekdays because it reflects population, being not contributed to generate wastewater during the working hours of weekdays, stay home and produce wastewater for weekends period.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.3-14
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• 2000

The primary objective of this study is to estimate the suitable flow in need for conservation and restoration of the fish habitat in running water ecosystem, which has very important status in the instream flow for stream environment. Year, monthly low flows are estimated to properly maintain the fish habitat. Water depth and velocity are simulated, and also water temperature and Dissolved Oxygen(DO) are predicted at gradually varied flow using estimated low flows. These simulated conditions for each low flow are graphically compared with the requirements to maintain fish habitat at each life stage. These processes were applied to 3 riffle transects located at Dalcheon(Dal stream) in the South Han river. Pirami (Zacco platypus) was selected as a representative fish species in Dalcheon. It was shown that the suitable flow for maintaining the representative fish habitat at each life stage depends on hydraulic conditions rather than water quality conditions, and the flow ranges from the 10-year minimum low flow to consecutive 7-day 2.33-year low flow.w flow.