• 설비공학논문집
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.800-810
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• 2006

The R-134a flow distribution is experimentally studied for a heat exchanger composed of round headers and 10 flat tubes. The effects of tube protrusion depth as well as mass flux, and quality are investigated, and the results are compared with the previous air-water results. The flow at the header inlet is stratified. For the downward flow configuration, the liquid distribution improves as the protrusion depth or the mass flux increases, or the quality decreases. For the upward configuration, the liquid distribution improves as the mass flux or quality decreases. The protrusion depth has minimal effect. For the downward configuration. the effect of quality on liquid distribution is significantly affected by the flow regime at the header inlet. For the stratified inlet flow, the liquid is forced to rear part of the header as the quality decreases. However, for the annular inlet flow, the liquid was forced to the frontal part of the header as the quality decreased. For the upward flow, the effect of the mass flux or quality on liquid distribution of the stratified inlet flow is opposite to that of the annular inlet flow. The high gas velocity of the annular flow may be responsible for the trend. Generally, the liquid distribution of the stratified inlet flow is better than that of the annular inlet flow. Possible explanation is provided from the flow visualization results.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.685-695
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• 2004

복합레진은 치질과 우수한 결합력을 가지며 심미적인 이유로 치과의 대표적 수복재로 자리잡고 있다. 그러나 저작력에 따른 마모와 구강내 환경에서의 수분흡수에 따른 가수분해가 복합레진의 강도약화를 야기하고 있다. 실험에 사용된 복합레진은 현재 임상에서 많이 사용되고 있는 Point4, Tetric flow, Heliomolar flow, Filtek supreme 이다. 각 제품의 화학적 분해와 마모도를 평가하기 위해 각각 10개의 시편을 제작하여 그 중 5개는 $37^{\circ}C$의 수중하에 1Kg의 하중을 가하여 10,000 cycle동안의 마모도를 측정하였다. 나머지 5개 시편은 무게 측정을 한 후 0.1N NaOH용액, 3ml에 저장하여 $60^{\circ}C$에서 보관한 후 2주 후 제거하여 1.23% HCl로 2시간 동안 중화하고 증류수로 세척한 후 $60^{\circ}C$에서 건조하였다. 무게 손실, 분해층 깊이 및 시편내의 Si의 농도 변화. 최대 마모 깊이를 근거로 평가하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 각 제품의 무게 손실량은 Heliomolar flow, Filtek supreme, Point4, Tetric flow 순이었으며 Heliomolar flow, Filtek supreme을 제외한 다른 제품간에는 유의한 차이를 보였다(P<0.05). 2. 각 제품의 표면하 분해층 깊이는 Filtek supreme, Heliomolar flow, Tetric flow, Point4 순이었으며 Heliomolar flow, Tetric flow을 제외한 다른 제품간에는 유의 한 차이를 보였다(P<0.05). 3. 각 제품으로부터 용출된 Si은 Filtek supreme, Heliomolar flow, Point4. Tetric flow 순이었으며 Point4, Tetric flow을 제외 한 다른 제품간에는 유의한 차이를 보였다(P<0.05). 4. 최대마모깊이 측정시 Heliomolar flow, Point4, Filtek supreme, Tetric flow 순이며 0.1N NaOH 용액에 보관한 레진의 마모깊이가 물에 보관한 레진에 비해 증가한 양상을 보였다. 5. 주사전자현미경 관찰시 NaOH 용액에 보관한 후 레진 기질과 충전제 사이의 결합의 파괴를 관찰할 수 있었으며, 공촛점 레이저 현미경 관찰시 NaOH 용액에 보관한 후 수복재의 기질과 충전제 사이의 파괴양상인 분해층 깊이를 관찰할 수 있었다.

• Water Engineering Research
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.159-168
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• 2000

In this paper, the increment of the local scour depth at piers by constructing the bridge between existing bridges is examined through the experiments in which 5 piers in the non-cohesive bed material in the experimental flume were installed. In the experiments the maximum distance of 25 times of the pier length and the maximum distortion width of 8 times of the pier width were utilized. Through the experimental studies, it was indicated that low flow, which can be characterized as the flow having low Froude numbers, the maximum bed configuration change is obtained when the piers are installed in the straight line in the flor direction without any distortion. However, In the high flow, which can be characterized as the flow having high Froude numbers, the maximum bed configuration change is obtained when the piers are installed with some distortion from the flow direction. The influence of the bed configuration by interaction between bridge piers is changed depending upon the Froude numbers, the distance between piers, and the distortion width between adjacent bridge piers. Also, because the scour patterns are affected by the bed configuration, the maximum scour should be increased by about 60% compared to that in a single pier if the interaction between bridge piers exists. It can be suggested that the maximum scour depth at bridge piers predicted by applying the existing equations should be increased if the interaction between bridge piers exist. Those cases are found when new bridges are constructed successively in the river in the urban area.

• Ocean Science Journal
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2008

A study of estuarine flows during a neap tide was performed using 13-hour roving acoustic Doppler current profiles (ADCP) and conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) profiles in the Altamaha River estuary, Georgia, U.S.A. The least-squared harmonic analysis method was used to fit the tidal ($M_2$) component and separate the flow into two components: the tidal and residual ($M_2$-removed) flows. We applied this method to depth-averaged data. Results show that the $M_2$ component demonstrates over 95% of the variability of observation data. As the flow was dominated by the $M_2$ tidal component in a narrow channel, the tidal ellipse distribution was essentially a back-and-forth motion. The amplitude of $M_2$ velocity component increased slightly from the river mouth (0.45 m/sec) to land (0.6 m/sec) and the phase showed fairly constant values in the center of the channel and rapidly decreasing values near the northern and southern shoaling areas. The residual flow and transport calculated from depth-averaged flow shows temporal variability over the tidal time scale. Strong landward flows appeared during slack waters which may be attributed to increased baroclinic forcing when turbulent mixing decreases.

• 한국생산제조학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.83-88
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• 2016

Because of the increasing tool cost for cutting hard-to-cut materials, abrasive water jet (AWJ) milling recently has been regarded as a potential alternative machining method. However, it is difficult to control the depth and width of cut in AWJ milling because they vary depending on many AWJ cutting parameters. On 27 conditions within a limited range of pressure, feed rate, and abrasive flow rate, AWJ cutting was conducted on titanium, and depth profiles were measured with a laser sensor. From the depth profile data, depth and width of cut were acquired at each condition. The relationships between depth and parameters and between width and parameters were derived through regression analysis. The former can provide proper cutting conditions and the latter the proper pick feed necessary to generate a milled surface. It is verified that pressure mostly affects depth, whereas abrasive flow rate mostly affects width.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.291-294
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• 2003

Ball indentation tests have been used to estimate the mechanical properties of materials by some investigators. In this study, load-depth curves from ball indentation tests have been analysed using the geometric conditions of ball indentation. Series of numerical calculations and experimental results showed that those curves could be simplified by linear functions. After linearizing the indentation curves, the estimation process of the flow properties became straight forward and the scatter of results could be drastically reduced.

• 한국해양공학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.141-151
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• 1997

This paper deals with a numerical study of flow-guider applied to controlling current in a bay. Two dimensional numerical model for tidal currents based on the depth averaged equation is developed and standard k-.epsilon. model is adopted to determine the turbulence diffusion. Equations are described in a generalized coordinate system to be implemented by non-staggered grid system and discretized by using finite volume method. Unsteady flow is simulated by fully implicit scheme. Hybrid scheme and central differencing are used to compute the convective terms and source terms, respectively. The tidal current in a rectangular bay is simulated and it gives satisfactory results. The realistic and distinct models of a large structure placed in bay are also exemplified with or without flow-guiders. The simulation results show that the flow-guider gives the residual tidal current in the bay by the different flux with respect to the direction of tidal current.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.57-64
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• 1993

A modified kinematic wave model of the overland flow in vegetated filter strips was developed. The model can predict both flow depth and hydraulic radius of the flow. Existing models can predict only mean flow depth. By using the hydraulic radius, erosion, deposition and flow's transport capacity can be more rationally computed. Spacing hydraulic radius was used to compute flow's hydraulic radius. Numerical solution of the model was accomplished by using both a second-order nonlinear scheme and a linear solution scheme. The nonlinear portion of the model ensures convergence and the linear portion of the model provides rapid computations. This second-order nonlinear scheme minimizes numerical computation errors that may be caused by linearization of a nonlinear model. This model can also be applied to golf courses, parks, no-till fields to route runoff and production and attenuation of many nonpoint source pollutants.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.49-59
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• 1999

우리 나라의 세굴현황을 파악하고 교량설계에 대한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 중부지방의 중·소하천에 위치한 교량에 대하여 실시한 세굴조사 자료를 분석하였다. 현장실측은 주로 세굴에 영향을 미치는 물리량들, 즉 수심, 유속, 교각폭, 및 길이, 세굴깊이, 접근각 등을 중심으로 이루어졌다. 지역적으로는 경기도 용인·광주지역, 홍천강의 서면지역, 청평·포천지역, 연천지역, 청주북일지역으로 구분하였으며 교각도 타원과 원형으로 구분하였다. 이들로부터 세굴깊이와 수심, 접근각 도는 Fuoude수 등주요 인자들과의 관계를 도출하였으며 또한 기존의 제안된 세굴공식에 이들을 적용시켜 세굴깊이를 산정하였다. 또한 실측된 세굴깊이와 비교하여 우리 나라에 적용가능한 세굴공식을 제안하였다.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제35권7호
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• pp.930-937
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• 2011

The characteristics of mean velocity and turbulence have been analyzed in the circular open channel flow using PIV measurement data for a wide range of water depth. The measured data are fitted to a velocity distribution function over the whole depth of the open channel. Reynolds shear stress and mean velocity in wall unit are compared with the analytic models for fully-developed turbulent boundary layer. Both the mean velocity and Reynolds shear stress have different distributions from the two-dimensional boundary layer flow when the water depth increases over 50% since the influence of the side wall penetrates more deeply into the free surface. The cross-stream Reynolds normal stress also has considerably different distribution in view of its peak value and decreasing rate in the outer region whether the water depth is higher than 50% or not.