• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1989.07a
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• pp.468-472
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• 1989

In this paper a Korean authoring system is designed to write a CAI courseware in Hangul/English by an author who is a nonprogrammer. It saves nock time in authoring a courseware and maintains high level transplantity among CAI systems. By interfacing ah expert graphic utility, image information can be processed more easily and efficiently. Programming control of the flow of CAI courseware can be ramification and individual learning possible, fitting various demands of learners and learning and learning ability.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1018-1025
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• 2014

An ROP attack creates gadget sequences which consist of existing code snippets in a program, and hijacks the control flow of a program by chaining and executing gadget sequences consecutively. Existing defense schemes have limitations in that they cause high execution overhead, an increase in the binary size overhead, and a low applicability. In this paper, we solve these problems by introducing zero-sum defender, which is a fast and space-efficient mitigation scheme against ROP attacks. We find a fundamental property of gadget execution in which control flow starts in the middle of a function without a call instruction and ends with a return instruction. So, we exploit this property by monitoring whether the execution is abused by ROP attacks. We achieve a very low runtime overhead with a very small increase in the binary size. In our experimental results, we verified that our defense scheme prevents real world ROP attacks, and we showed that there is only a 2% performance overhead and a 1% binary size increase overhead in several benchmarks.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.44-56
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• 1974

Very few studies regarding the effects of preoperative nursing intervention on children's welfare after surgery have been conducted. The purpose of this study was 1) to evaluate the effects of preoperative nursing instructions on children's physical recovery and emotional state after surgery and 2) to analyse the relationship between the effects of preoperative nursing instructions and the age and general anxiety of child. The study was conducted flow: August 15th to October 30th at Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea. A total of 41 Pediatric surgical Patients, between the age of 4 to 14, participated in the study. Twenty patients, randomly selected, were visited by the experimenter in the evening before, surgery and received specific preoperative nursing instructions. These instructions were designed to alleviate emotional stress and were adopted to the age of child. The postoperative recovery of these patients were then compared with a randomly selected control group of 21 patients who received only the routine preoperative care by the staff in the hospital Dependent variable were vomiting, pain medication, ability to void, elevation of temperature, infection, the between surgery and hospital discharge and postoperative emotional stress which was measured by the vital signs. Because of the limitation of the sample size it was difficult to obtain valid statistical results. However, the analysis of the raw data indicates that: 1) the preoperative nursing instructions appears to promote physical recovery and it seems especially effective in preventing elevation of temperature and shortening the length of the hospital stay, 2) the preoperative nursing instruction also seems to be effective in relieving the child's emotional stress(situational anxiety) after surgery, 3) the patient's general anxiety level preparatively seems to be a predictor of postoperative problems, 4) the preoperative nursing instructions were an effective means of promoting physical recovery in every age group as long as the child understood the instructions. The above data would seem to indicate that all preoperative pediatric patients four years of age or older, if they can understand, should have preoperative nursing instruction in order to alleviate postoperative stress and enhance physical recovery. The level of general anxiety preparatively deserves special attention since the amount of nursing instruction needed seems to vary with tile level of anxiety.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.97-102
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• 1999

The effects of pharmacist's intervention for asthma patients using self-monitoring of peak expiratory flow rate in medication teaching model was evaluated for 3 months in improving clinical outcomes including emergency visits, hospitalizations, antibiotics use, symptoms and sleep disturbance. Twenty seven patients were enrolled in study and twenty three patients completed the follow-up schedules. The selected patients were given the pre-designed instruction for medication including appropriate use of medication, metered-dose inhaler(MDI) technique, identifying and controling asthma triggers and recognizing early signs of deterioration. There were significant improvements in clinical outcomes, in terms of emergency visits, hopitalizations, antibiotics use, symptoms and sleep disturbance. There were also significant improvements in the MDI use, environmental control, and medication knowledges. There was a progressive increase in peak expiratory flow rate during the three-month intervention. In conclusion, pharmacist's intervention using self-monitoring of peak expiratory flow rate has a significant impact on improving clinical outcomes in asthma patients.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.415-422
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of scientific program for gifted elementary students using metacognition on learning-flow and lingual interaction. For the purpose, the two classes for elementary science of P Institute for Gifted Education located in Pusan were assigned to experimental and control groups, respectively. The experimental and controls groups received eight sessions applying a program for scientifically gifted students using metacognition and same program without using it, respectively. The learning-flow test and the lingual interaction observed among students and between teacher and students pre and post program were compared and analyzed. The results shows that there was no significant difference between pretest and posttest in experimental group, indicating that learning-flow is not a construct obtained by short-term using of metacognition. For the lingual interactions, however, the amounts of conversation and the ratio of high level conversation in experimental group were 1.6 and 1.5 times higher than those in control group. This suggests that the lingual interaction may be varied among classes even with same experiments, by instruction method. The lingual interaction is not active in control group where the experimental results may be obtained easily only with sincere attitude while, in experimental group, questions using metacognition and providing intellectual stimulation is continuously presented, leading to high level of lingual interaction, therefore it is considered that the development of scientific program for gifted elementary students using these advantages is needed.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.401-410
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• 2002

Control independence has been put forward as a new significant source of instruction-level parallelism for superscalar processors. In branch prediction mechanisms, all instructions after a mispredicted branch have to be squashed and then instructions of a correct path have to be re-fetched and re-executed. This paper presents a new branch misprediction recovery mechanism to reduce the number of instructions squashed on a misprediction. Detection of control independent instructions is accomplished with the help of the static method using a profiling and the dynamic method using a control flow of program sequences. We show that the suggested branch misprediction recovery mechanism improves the performance by 2~7% on a 4-issue processor, by 4~15% on an 8-issue processor and by 8~28% on a 16-issue processor.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.3-22
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• 2012

Control independence has been put forward as a significant new source of instruction-level parallelism for superscalar processors. In branch prediction mechanisms, all instructions after a mispredicted branch have to be squashed and then instructions of a correct path have to be re-fetched and re-executed. This paper presents a new branch misprediction recovery mechanism to reduce the number of instructions squashed on a misprediction. Detection of control independent instructions is accomplished with the help of the static method using a profiling and the dynamic method using a control flow of program sequences. We show that the suggested branch misprediction recovery mechanism improves the performance by 2~7% on a 4-issue processor, by 4~15% on an 8-issue processor and by 8~28% on a 16-issue processor.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.151-154
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• 2014

An energy of applications had consumed through the complexed inter-action with operating systems, run-time environments, compiler, and applications on various mobile devices. In these days, challenged researches are studying to reduce of energy consumptions that uses energy-oriented high-level and low-level compiler techniques on mobile devices. In this paper, we intented to reduce an energy consumption of Java mobile applications that applied a list instruction scheduling for energy dissipation from dalvik bytecode which extracted Android dex files. Through this works, we can construct the optimized power and energy environment on mobile devices with the limited power supply.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.753-762
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• 2021

WebAssembly(WASM) is a low-level instruction format that can be run in a web environment. Since WASM has a excellent performance, various web applications use webassembly. However, according to our security analysis WASM has a security pitfall related to control flow integrity (CFI) for indirect calls. To address the problem in this paper we propose a new code instrumentation scheme to protect indirect calls, named WACFI. Specifically WACFI enhances a CFI technique for indirect call in WASM based on source code anlysis and binary instrumentation. To test the feasibility of WACFI, we applied WACFI to a sound-encoding application. According to our experimental results WACFI only adds 2.75% overhead on the execution time while protecting indirect calls safely.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.61-71
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• 2007

The instruction level parallelism, which has been used to improve the performance of processors, expose its limit. The change of a control flow by a branch miss prediction is one of the obstacles that restrict the instruction level parallelism. The single chip multiprocessors have been developed to utilize the thread level parallelism. However, we could not use the maximum performance of the single chip multiprocessor in case of executing the coded programs without considering the multi-thread. In order to overcome the two performance degradation factors, in this paper, we suggest the concurrent branch execution method that applies to the multi-path execution method at a single chip multiprocessor. We executes all two flows of the conditional branch using the idle core processor. Through this, we can improve the processor's efficiency with blocking the control flow termination by the branch instruction and reducing the idle time. We analyze the effects of concurrent branch execution proposed in this paper through the simulation. As a result of that, concurrent branch execution reduces about 20% of idle time and improves the maximum 10% of the branch prediction accuracy. We show that our scheme improves the overall performance of maximum 39% compared to the normal single chip multiprocessor and maximum 27% compared to the superscalar processor.