• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.690-706
• /
• 2019

Paddy fields play an important role in the biodiversity conservation of agroecosystems as man-made wetlands. This study focused on the floristic composition and characteristics of paddy fields in South Korea. The flora surveys were conducted in 33 areas in nine provinces at two times (June and August) in 2016. The results showed that the vascular plants of the paddy fields in South Korea included 389 taxa, composed of 51 families, 219 genera, 350 species, four subspecies, 30 varieties, and five forms. Among the 51 families, Gramineae was the most diverse in species (76 taxa), followed by Compositae (61 taxa), Leguminosae (32 taxa), Cyperaceae (27 taxa), Polygonaceae (15 taxa), and Scrophulariaceae (12 taxa). Based on the occurrence frequency of each species, Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. (100%), and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P.Beauv. (100%) were the highest, followed by Acalypha australis L. (97.0%), Bidens frondosa L. (97.0%), Alopecurus aequalis Sobol. (97.0%), Rorippa palustris (Leyss.) Besser (93.9%), Ludwigia prostrata Roxb. (93.9%), Lemna perpusilla Torr. (93.9%), Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis(90.9%), Rorippa palustris(Leyss.) Besser(87.9%), Eclipta prostrata(L.) L.(87.9%), Commelina communis L.(87.9%), Artemisia princeps Pamp.(84.8%), Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.(84.8%), Cyperus microiria Steud.(84.8%), and Aneilema keisak(Hassk.) Hand.-Mazz. (81.8%). The biological type of paddy fields in South Korea was determined to be Th-R₅-D₄-t type. Rare plants were found in six taxa: Aristolochina contorta Bunge, Penthorum chinense Pursh, Sagittaria sagittifolia subsp. leucopetala (Miq.) Hartog, Ottelia alismoides (L.) Pers., Pseudoraphis ukishiba Ohwi, and Acorus calamus L. Eighty taxa contained naturalized plants composed of 15 families, 54 genera, 76 species, three varieties, and one form. The urbanization and naturalization indices were 24.8% and 20.6%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.37 no.4
• /
• pp.447-466
• /
• 2019

The orchard flora where perennial fruit trees are grown may be different than in arable fields where annual crops are grown. The study focused on the floristic composition and characteristics of orchards in South Korea. The flora surveys were conducted in 36 areas in nine provinces at two times (May-June and August-September) in 2014. The results showed that the vascular orchard plants in South Korea included 466 taxa, which contained 91 families, 278 genera, 420 species, two subspecies, 39 varieties, four forms, and one hybrid. Among the 91 families, Compositae was the most diverse in species (66 taxa), followed by Gramineae (51 taxa), Leguminosae (28 taxa), Cyperaceae (18 taxa), Polygonaceae (17 taxa), Cruciferae (16 taxa), and Labiatae (14 taxa). Based on the occurrence frequency of each species, Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koel. (100%) was the highest, followed by Acalypha australis L. (94.4%), Commelina communis L. (94.4%), Persicaria longiseta(Bruijn) Kitag.(91.7), Capsella bursa-pastoris(L.) L. W. Medicus(91.7%), Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers. (91.7%), Mazus pumilus (Burm. f.) Steenis (86.1%), Artemisia princeps Pamp. (86.1%), Cyperus microiria Steud. (86.1%), Stellaria aquatica (L.) Scop. (83.3%), Stellaria media(L.) Vill.(83.3%), and Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) P. Beauv.(83.3%). The biological type of orchards in South Korea was determined to be Th-₅-D₄-e type. Rare plants were found six taxa: Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl, Aristolochia contorta Bunge, Melothria japonica (Thunb.) Maxim., Ardisia crenata Sims, Gnaphalium hypoleucum DC., and Aster koraiensis Nakai. Eighty-five taxa contained naturalized plants composed of 23 families, 58 genera, 80 species, four varieties, and one form. The urbanization and naturalization indices were 26.3% and 18.2%, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.371-387
• /
• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the flora of Mt. Unbongsan in the basalt areas of Korea. From the results of eight field surveys undertaken from March to October 2017, we identified 404 total taxa, representing 364 species, seven subspecies, and 33 varieties, which were placed in 256 genera and 91 families. The plant formation of Mt. Unbongsan is a deciduous broad-leaved and conifer mixed forest, which is common in the middle part of the Korean peninsula. Most of the mountain is covered by a young secondary forest, which is mainly composed of Quercus monglica and Pinus densiflora. Out of these 404 taxa, 193 were the first records for the region, six were endemic to Korea, three were listed on the Korean Red List of threatened species, 34 were floristic target species, and 40 were invasive alien species. The naturalized index(NI) percentage was 9.9%. Mt. Unbongsan has plant diversity, which was associated with the geomorphological landscapes. We considered that the composition and distribution of the species were affected by different environmental factors according to the presence of granite, taluses, block streams, drying ridges, valleys, puddles, wetlands, and streams.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.90-109
• /
• 2016

This study aims to investigate the flora of Mt. Cheonma (Namyangju-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea), including Korean endemic, rare and endangered plants. To support the biodiversity and usefulness of this investigation, we checked the red list plants, floristic regional indicator plants, climate change adaptation target plants and naturalized plants, and compared composition of plant species in Mt. Cheonma with nearby mountains. Totally, we performed 22 field investigations from April 2012 to October 2014. The number of vascular plants in this region is 433 taxa and comprised of 94 families, 266 genera, 378 species, 2 subspecies, 46 varieties, and 7 forms. Among them, there are 13 endemic plants designated by Korean Forest Service, whereas only 10 taxa are endemic species by Korean Ministry of Environment (KME). According to the IUCN criteria, there are 12 rare and endangered plants composed of 9 Least Concerned (LC), 2 Vulnerable species (VU), and one Endangered species (EN) found by Korea National Arboretum (KNA). Meanwhile, 8 taxa including 7 Least Concerned (LC) were found in Red List of KME. The floristic regional indicator plants designated by KME were 49 taxa. In addition, there are 14 taxa in The Adaptable to Climate Change Plant List designated by KNA, while only 19 taxa are naturalized plants. Generally, there are 190 common taxa in Gwangju Mountains area, and only 51 taxa are distributed in Mt. Cheonma.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.18 no.1
• /
• pp.63-87
• /
• 1995

The present study was undertaken to classify and describe the Quercus mongolica forest on Mt. Sobaek (36°50'∼ 37°07'N, 128°25'∼ 128°35'E), Korea by a reciprocal averaging methol (RA ordination) and the methodology of the ZM school of phytosociology. Atemporal vegetation tabel was prepared by the RA ordination. As a result it showed that the RA ordination on the first axis is very applicable for selecting the character and differential species of vegetation units of the Quercus mongolica forest. The phytosociological investigations were carried out in 34 stands on the mountain. The field data obtained were classified by the tabel comparison method. For the establishment of new vegetation units, the floristic composition of the Quercus mongolica forest was compared with those of the other vegetation units of the Mt. Sobaek, Considering the candidates of the character and differential species derived from RA ordination. As the result, the forest vegetation was classified into the following vegetation units; Fagetea crenatae Miyawaki et al. 1968 Acero-Quercetalia mongolicas Song 1988 em. Takeda et al.1994 Lindero-Quercetalia mongolicae Kim 1990 1. Lindero-Quercetum mongolicae assoc. nov. 1-1. quercetosum serratae subassoc. nov 1-2. typicum subassoc. nov. Rhododendro-Qurcion mongolicas Song 1988 em. Takeda et al. 1994. It is inferred that the Lindero-Quercion mongolicae and the Rhododendro-Quercion mongolicae corresponded to the cool-temperate forests of central and northern areas, respectively, in Korean Peninsula. Syntaxonomical synonyms were also rearranged based on the result of the present study. On the other hand, the RA ordination of stands and species on the first and second axes revealed some environmental gradients such as altitute, human impact and species richness between the vegetation units. However, the RA ordinations is considered to be less indicative for the gradients of the lower vegetation units than association. With the present study. some phytosociological problems in Korea were discussed here in detail from the floristic viewpoint.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.453-460
• /
• 2008

This study conducted an analysis of plant species composition and vegetation at sea cliffs of the uninhabited islets off Ganghwa-gun by applying discontinuous classification method & continuous ordination method of species composition table by correlation. The analysis results are as follows: First, the plant showing the highest appearance frequency was Parthenocissus tricuspidata Planch.(58.3%), followed by Carpinus coreana Nak., Viburnum carlesii Hemsl. and Kalopanax septemlobus Koidz.(37.5%,respectively). As for a plant community, it was found that it consisted of Quercus mongolica community, Tilia mandshurica community, Carpinus coreana community, Sorbus alnifolia community and Pinus thunbergii community; as for the community distribution classified by individual islet, it was revealed that Quercus mongolica community appeared at Sosongdo and Bunjido; Tilia mandshurica community at Sosongdo and Daesongdo; Carpinus coreana community appeared at Woodo, Suribong and Bido; Sorbus alnifolia community at Susido, Sosongdo and Daesongdo, and Pinus thunbergii community at Seokdo and Woodo, respectively. The plant similarity classified by uninhabited islet was found to be the highest at Sosongdo and Daesongdo. This research judged the reason why the typical grassland community of coastal cliffs did not join these islets to be environmental conditions of rock landform where there exists almost no surface soil at most sea cliffs; thus, more detailed study on this was required.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.36-42
• /
• 1971

The effects of irregular burning of vegetation by man were studied in relation to composition and productivity in a non-agricultural montane grassland in the Chongsun area, Kangwon-Do, Korea. The floristic composition in all study area includes 38 species. Three of the stations are dominated by Arundinella hirta and one is dominated by Miscanthus sinensis. The standing crop of the first station, which was fired in early spring, 1970, was 358.7g/$m^2$ to 497.5g/$m^2$; that of the second station, fired in late 1969 was 351. 5g/$m^2$; the third station, fired sometime in 1968, had a standing crop of 314.5g/$m^2$ to 397.1/$m^2$; the fourth station, having had no recent fires, had a standing crop of 370.0g/$m^2$ to 448.0g/$m^2$. The daily productivity shows a maximum of 6.03g/$m^2$ in the first station, and a minimum of 0.85g/$m^2$ in the fourth station. The productivity of grassland in the study area is at a maximum during July and August because of much precipitation, and decreases rapidly in the months to follow. The productive structure of the first and fourth stations is shown in Fig. 2 and 3. At the first station the maximum height attained by the plants was 180cm. In the height range of 50cm to 100cm there was a maximum of assimilative organs (5.6g/0.25$m^2$$\times$10cm), while in the height range below 50cm there was a maximum of non-assimilative organs (13.0g/0.25$m^2$$\times$10cm). At the fourth station, which has not been fired recently, the maximum height reached by the plants was commonly below 100cm. The assimilative organs showed a maximum abundance in the height range of 40cm to 50cm (4.5g/0.25$m^2$$\times$10cm). while the non-assimilative organs showed their greated abundance in the height range below 10cm (6.0g/0.25$m^2$$\times$10cm). There was a direct relationship between daily productivity and organic matter, available phosphorous, exchangeable calcium and potassium. It appears that the nutrients provided by the ash created in the firing of the study can be an important factor in the productivity of these grasslands.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.29-41
• /
• 2015

Abandoned paddy field provides an excellent opportunity to improve the species diversity and habitat quality. Ecological characteristic on the changing of plant communities at different seral stages is a major basis data for ecological restoration. In this study, we investigated changes of the species composition and community indices on the plant community associated with abandonment of cultivated rice paddies. The ecological stability of the habitat was evaluated by using eco-floristic characters(Di; Disturbance index, AUI; Actual urbanization index). Survey sites were grouped into six stages(stageI (${\leq}3years$), stageII(3-5years), stageIII(5-7years), stageIV(7-10years), stageV(10-15years), stageVI(${\geq}20years$). Vegetation investigation was done from May 2009 to October 2012 and carried out phytosociological approach. The total flora were summarized as 176 taxa including 58 families, 127 genera, 157 species, 3 subspecies, 15 varieties and 1 forms. At each of successional stages, 64 taxa in stage I, 34 taxa in stage II, 84 taxa in stage III, 83 taxa in stage IV, 92 taxa in stage V, 23 taxa in stage VI were identified. Of the occurrence plants, the species with the highest r-NCD value were Alopecurus aequalis, Juncus effuusus var. decipiens, Persicaria thunbergii, Artemisia princeps, Salix koreensis and Alnus japonica at each stages. Herbaceous annual plants were dominated in the early stage, but its r-NCD value declined in the middle stage and the late stage. On the other hand, herbaceous perennial plants and Persicaria thunbergii, annual hydrophytes, increases in the middle stage. Woody plant and herbaceous plant which appeared in the forest edge increases in the late stage. Community indices correlate with successional stages. Richness and diversity index increase along the successional gradient. But dominance index decrease along the successional gradient. Evenness index was correlated with lower. In the ecological stability analysis of the habitat that evaluated by eco-floristic characters, stage I was the most unstable habitat. And the stability of the habitat has improved according to the successional stage.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.115-123
• /
• 2008

We describe plant biomass in the grasslands of the Mongolian steppe obtained using a quadrat sampling technique. Four sites were studied in the northeastern Mongolia located between $47^{\circ}12'N$ and $47^{\circ}40'N$ and $102^{\circ}22'E$ and $112^{\circ}24'E$, which were typical grasslands of the steppe. Biomass, carbon and nitrogen content were determined for the plants collected from the grazed and ungarazed stands. With the measurements above, we expect to obtain information on grazing effects on the grasslands and carbon sequestration of the grassland from the air. In order to estimate the biomass without destroying the stands, we derived an equation to describe the relationship between plant biomass and v-value using plant height and species coverage within the stand. Estimated plant biomass in the ungrazed and grazed stands ranged between $108.0\;g\;m^{-2}$ and $13.4\;g\;m^{-2}$ and between $97.5\;g\;m^{-2}$ and $14.1\;g\;m^{-2}$ in late June 2005, respectively. Litter in the ungrazed and grazed stands ranged from $330.3\;g\;m^{-2}$ to $78.4\;g\;m^{-2}$ and from $188.0\;g\;m^{-2}$ to $20.3\;g\;m^{-2}$, similarly. Average carbon and nitrogen contents in plants and in litter were 43.0% and 1.9% and 33.7% and 1.4%, respectively. In study sites at Baganuur, the carbon and nitrogen content of plant materials (plant plus litter) was $118.4\;g\;m^{-2}$ and $4.7\;g\;m^{-2}$ on 30 June 2005.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.15 no.2
• /
• pp.67-75
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study was to collect the basic data on establishing the conservation plan for the domestic wetland through flora and life form analysis at Junam wetland. The vascular plants were recorded as 222 taxa; 58 families, 167 genera, 200 species, 3 subspecies, 1 forma and 18 varieties. Among 8 life forms, Therophytes (Th), Hemicryptophytes (H) and Hydrophytes (HH) showed high percentage, and these species comprised 71.1% of the whole flora at Junam wetland. One taxa (Euryale ferox) rare plants designated by Korea Forest Service were observed. The naturalized plants were 38 taxa including Fallopia dumetora, Oenothera odorata, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior and so forth, and naturalized ratio was 17.1%. The naturalized made up about 45 percent of the species composition. The specific plants by floristic region were 13 taxa including Euryale ferox., Hydrocharis dubia, Prunus davidiana and so forth.