• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.11-24
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• 2022

This study aimed to investigate the flora of Jinjosan Mt. (Uljin-gun, Gyeongsangbuk-do). The vascular plants were surveyed 9 times between March 2019 and April 2020. The results of this survey revealed a total of 414 taxa comprising of 87 families, 274 genera, 365 species, 12 subspecies, 32 varieties, and 5 forms. Among them, 9 taxa were Korean endemic plants and 5 taxa were rare plants of Korea. In addition, the specific plants by floristic region were 66 taxa including 1 taxon of grade IV, 18 taxa of grade III, 24 taxa of grade II, and 23 taxa of grade I. Additionally, eight taxa were classified as plants adaptable to climate change. Thirty-one taxa were of alien plants and three taxa were of ecosystem disturbance species, which were also investigated. The percentage of naturalized plants species and the urbanization index were estimated to be 7.5% and 5.0%, respectively. Our results provide basic data on vascular plants flora, and will guide the conservation processes of plant resources such as plant diversity and distributional changes in Jinjosan Mt.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.341-350
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• 2014

In this study, aquatic and aerial algae were collected in various environments in Hongcheon-river of Gangwan-do between December 2011 and June 2012, with the aim of adding newly described genera and species to the Korean flora. As a result, five genera and eight species were recorded for the first time in Korea. These newly recorded genera and species were Cylindrocapsa geminella, Leptosira mediciana, Pseudendoclonium basiliense var. brandii, Stichococcus minor, S. deasonii, Eustigmatos polyphem, Nephrodiella lunaris, and Xanthonema exile. The eight taxa identified in this study mostly corresponded to their reported morphological characteristics. However, some differences from previous published descriptions were found; N. lunaria, reported to be an aquatic species in a previous study, was found to be an aerial algae inhabiting on rocks and mosses. Cylindrocapsa geminella was found to transform into attached or planktonic algae depending on the environmental condition, and the cell wall was found to be changed. Likewise, E. polyphem was seen to change cell-shape or chloroplast color according to the environment.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.379-403
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• 2009

The Purpose of this study is to research the problems of trade restriction for an environment protection. Environmental regulation relate to trade are Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna & Flora, Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, Kyoto Protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes & Their Disposal, Cartagena Protocol on Biosafty and WTO Agreement. Regulatory action for environmental protection has economics instrument, command & control, liablity, damage compensation, voluntary agreement. In the case of our country, impact of regulatory action for environmental protection is low. Because is recognized position of developing country yet. For in the balance rules of trade and enviroment, First must satisfy WTO's basic principles and principle of quantitative restrictions prohibition, Second, operation of protection action must reasonable and objective standards Third, must satisfy GATT article 20 (b) clause and (g) protestation each essential factor To grow for environment advanced country, we should do i) using of FTA ii) international cooperation strengthening for developing country position iii) construction of environment information network

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.150-165
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to evaluate bacteriocin activity against human flora. Lactobiocin, a bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus sp. HY 449, inhibited the growth of Starphylococcus epidermidis, Starphylococcus aureus, Streptoccoccus pyogenes and Propionibacterium acnes. When crude bacteriocin was added to indicator cells during logarithmic growth, the optical density(O.D 650nm) of cells without bacteriocin increase after 5h of incubation. Whereas in the presence of bacteriocin, the O.D of cell suspensions decreased. The similar patterns were observed for absorbance readings at 280 nm and 260 nm. The release of cellular components when cell were treated with Lactobiocin suggests some degree of membrane damage or cell lysis. Scanning electron microscopy of cells following treatments with Lactobiocin in PBS buffer revealed disruptures of cell morphology. These results indicate that bacteriocin appears to cause cell lysis of tested strains. In cytotoxicity on human fibroblast, LD$\_$50/ of Lactobiocin was ca. 50 mg/ml and no change was observed cell proliferation at the same concentration. Any irritation and allergic reaction did not observed when evaluated by human patch test for Lactobiocin.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.85-101
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• 2013

In order to search for distribution characteristics on C4 plants at the paddy fields, uplands, orchard and roadside in South Korea, vascular plants were investigated. Flora investigation had been carried out from May 2002 to October 2006 at 241 plots. In the results of survey, the flora of these areas consist of 74 families, 231 genera and 352 species totally. The class frequencies were arranged by the order of Magnoliopsidae (255 species), Monocotyledoneae (89 species), Pteropsida (7 species) and Sphenopsida (1 species). The number of species in each investigated agricultural field types was 55 families with 203 species in paddy field, 49 families with 218 species in uplands, 44 families with 115 species in orchard and 48 families with 202 species in roadside respectiviely. Representative species compositions of these four agricultural field types were characterized by Artemisia princeps, Persicaria thunbergii in paddy field, Artemisia princeps, Erigeron annuus in upland and roadside, Commelina communis, Digitaria ciliaris in orchard, respectively. Therefore, indicative species in agricultural ecosystem was Artemisia princeps. Among the investigated 352 species, $C_4$ plants identified were 38 species, and the occurrence ratio of $C_4$ monocotyledonous plants were higher in paddy field, orchard and roadside than upland. Such differences in the occurrence ratio of $C_4$ plants under diverse agricultural field types reflect differences in environmental condition such as micro-climate, soil moisture under various agricultural fields. Dominant $C_4$ monocotyledonous plants were Digitaria ciliaris and Commelina communis, while $C_4$ dicotyledonous plants were Amaranthus mangostanus and Chenopodium album var. centrorubrum in agricultural fields. Naturalized plants were identified as 47 species and occurrence ratio were higher in upland and roadside than other agricultural field types. Among the investigated naturalized plants, $C_4$ plants were Amaranthus mangostanus and Amaranthus retroflexus. Distribution characteristics of representative $C_4$ plants in agricultural field types, revealed that the projected increase in temperature due to climate change may provide better conditions for the growth of $C_4$ plants. Thus, the necessity of long-term monitoring should be conducted on the diffusion of $C_4$ plants that may threaten influence agroecosystem in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2014

Marine algal flora and community structure were seasonally investigated at four sites in the vicinity of the Igidae on the southern east coast of Korea from May 2010 to February 2011. A total of 66 species including 9 of Chlorophyta, 14 of Phaeophyta, 43 of Rhodophyta were found during the survey period. Among these species, 16 species were found throughout the year. Seasonal mean biomass in wet weight was 123.6 (spring), 2,061.6 (summer), 412.0 (autumn), 678.9 (winter) $g{\cdot}m^{-2}$. Maximum biomass was recorded in summer($2,061.6g{\cdot}m^{-2}$), and minimum was recorded in spring($123.6g{\cdot}m^{-2}$). Spatial maximum and minimum species number were recorded at station 3 and 4(50 species) and at station 1(47 species). At station 1, 2 directly exposure on Yongho and Daeyeon cheon (stream) run off, and discharge from Nambu sewage treatment plants near coastal area, species diversity was relatively low and dominant species were similar throughout four seasons. The R/P, C/P and (R+C)/P value reflecting flora characteristics were 3.07, 0.64 and 3.71, respectively. The flora investigated could be classified into six functional groups such as coarsely branch form 39.39 %, sheet form 30.30 %, thick leather form 13.64 %, filamentous form 12.12 %, crustose form 3.03% and jointed calcareous form 1.52 % during survey period. The number of marine algae species in Igidea were 96 species at 1996 to 1997 and 66 species at 2010 to 2011, respectively. The change of seaweed species is due to the pollution loaded from sewage treatment plant and stream. We thus recommend that the positive maintenance control method like sewage treatment, for the protection of seaweed bed should be proceeded to near coastal area.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.71-84
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• 2017

Hot pepper growth in no-tillage cultivation on recycled ridge was increased by 22% compared with tillage cultivation. At 3 years after no-tillage cultivation, hot pepper growth was increased by 12% compared with tillage cultivation. Dry weight of unripe hot pepper at 2 years of no-tillage cultivation was 348.4 kg/10a increasing 16% compared with tillage cultivation while dry weight of unripe hot pepper was decreased at 3 years of no-tillage cultivation. Bacteria flora at 2 years of no-tillage cultivation was significantly increased compared with tillage cultivation. Bacteria flora was not significantly different at 3 years of no-tillage cultivation. Actinomyces flora at 2 years of no-tillage cultivation was significantly increased compared with tillage cultivation. Actinomyces flora was decreased at 3 years of no-tillage cultivation. Fungi flora at 2 and 3 years of no-tillage cultivation was increased by 1.3 and 1.7 times respectively, compared with tillage cultivation. Generation amount of carbon dioxide at no-tillage cultivation soil was remarkably decreased by 41% compared with tillage cultivation. Population of animalcule in early stage of hot pepper soil was 2 species and 6 individuals on Collembola and Acari at tillage cultivation. Population of animalcule in hot pepper soil was 5 species and 11 individuals including Chilopode at one year of no-tillage cultivation. Population of animalcule in hot pepper soil was 3 species and 5 individuals including Coleoptera and Chilopode at 2 years of no-tillage cultivation. Population of animalcule was 4 species and 40 individuals including Hypogastrurigae and 8 species and 97 individuals including Earwig (Labidura japornica) at 46 days after transplanting on tillage cultivation. Population of animalcule was 9~10 species and 101~107 individuals on no-tillage cultivation. Nature status for environmental change as index organism was 19 points and 33 points, at tillage and no-tillage cultivation, respectively. These results indicate that no-tillage agriculture of korean-style on recycled ridge plays a very important roles on pepper growth, biodiversity of animalcule, and greenhouse gases at plastic film greenhouse soil in no-tillage systems.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.807-813
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• 2000

One hundred fifty grams of Korean fermented soybean paste and hot pepper-soybean paste were packaged in glass jar of 232 mL and Sotred at 5, 13, 22 and 30℃. During the storage, the changes in their microbial flora and quality attributes were monitored. Carbon dioxide production rate from the stored pastes were also determined from initial change of CO₂concentration in headspace of the pack. Hot pepper-soybean pate showed much higher CO₂ production rate higher dependence of CO₂ production on temperature compared to soybean paste. Total aerobic bacteria count and lactic acid bacteria count did not change significantly through the storage. Yeast count in soybean paste decreased slowly after initial uprise while that of hot pepper-soybean paste steadily decreased. Surface color of hot pepper paste changed to dark red with slight decrease in 'L' value and slight increase in 'a' and 'b' values, whereas any significant color change was not observed in soy paste. Titratable acidity increased with time with higher increase in soybean paste, but pH stayed at constant level for both pastes. All the rates of quality change were higher with higher temperature. Pressure buildup due to CO₂ production needs to be considered first in designing the packages of the fermented pastes before their color changes and other chemical quality changes.

• Journal of Marine Life Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.81-85
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• 2019

This study was carried out to observe the changes of seaweed community in artificial reefs installed in September, 2016 in Namae-ri, Yangyang-gun, and Seokbyeong-ri, Pohangsi, Korea. Field surveys were conducted by SCUBA diving once a season in February, May, August, and November of 2017, and quantitative survey and qualitative survey were carried out in parallel. In this study, a total of 94 species, including 11 green algae, 15 brown algae and 68 red algae were appeared. 66 species (8 green algae, 9 brown algae, 49 red algae) and 65 species (7 green algae, 9 brown algae, 49 red algae) were collected and identified in Yangyang and Pohang. In dominant species, Yangyang was dominant species of Saccharina japonica and subdominant species of Ulva australis. Pohang dominated in order of Colpomenia sinuosa and Gelidium elegans. In both coastal areas, Ulva spp., Colpomenia sinuosa were grown at the early stage of reforestation, and perennial seaweeds such as Saccharina japonica, Ecklonia cava and Gelidium elegans were grown. In order to clarify the clustering relation through flora change, it is necessary to monitor the transition process until the seaweed community is stabilized by observing the long-term change through continuous monitoring.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.111 no.1
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• pp.1-18
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• 2022

In this study, the vascular plants of the Mt. Deokhangsan protected area were surveyed for the purpose of forest genetic resources conservation in Gangwon-do, South Korea. The flora on Mt. Deokhangsan were classified as follows 537 taxa, 90 families, 302 genera, 479 species, 4 subspecies, 51 varieties, and 3 forms. Among the taxa, 19 were Korean endemic plants and 17 were rare and endangered plants. Plants as indicators of limestone areas were found in 33 taxa. Naturalized plants were found in 27 taxa and species threatened by climate change were found in 33 taxa, including 11 endemic plant taxa and 22 northern plant taxa. Plants endemic to Korea and northern plants were mainly found at the study site, whereas southern plants were not found. Thus, Mt. Deokhangsan apparently has an environment suitable for the growth of northern plants.