• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.323-329
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• 2000

막결합형 활성슬러지 공정은 막오염으로 인한 플럭스 감소 때문에 시스템의 경제성과 효율성이 떨어지는 문제점을 지니고 있어 막오염에 대한 체계적인 연구가 요구되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 한외여과막과 결합된 활성슬러지 시스템을 운영하면서 막오염 유발 인자를 규명하고자 하였다. 활성슬러지 공정의 운전 초기에 급격한 플록 크기 감소와 동시에 급격한 플럭스 감소가 관찰되었다. 초기 플럭스 감소현상은 활성슬러지 플록의 입자 크기 감소로 인한 케이크 저항의 증가가 주요 원인이었다. 이것은 운전시간에 따른 각 여과 저항값을 측정하여 확인하였다. 또한, 플록 해체로 인하여 EPS 양이 운전 전보다 약 150 % 가량 증가한 것을 볼 때 EPS 양의 증가가 케이크 저항 증가의 또 다른 원인이 될 수 있음을 제시하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.289-298
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• 2009

The blue-green algae which caused odor problem in the tap water are difficult to precipitate in sedimentation basin and clogged the filter void rapidly. The studies of this paper were not only oxidation, coagulation and sedimentation processes for effectively removing blue-green algae but yellow clay and polyamine for verification as coagulants aids. The results of this research are summarized as follows: Higher ozone dose(C) and longer contact time(T) were needed for a high degree of removing blue-green algae efficiency. the removal rate of blue-green algae was proportional to the $C\times T$ value. The removal percent of chlorophyll-a by sedimentation and filter without pre-ozonation was about 75% but 1 mg/L pre-ozonation could increase the removal percent of chlorophyll-a to 99% and more pre-ozonation could remove completely. Though the removal efficiency of turbidity could increased by high dose of chlorination, the dissolved organic carbon was increased. More chlorine dose from 4 to 10 mg/L dissolved organic carbon was decreased. Using yellow clay as coagulant aids increased density of floc so the settling velocity of floc become rising but polyamine could not increase settling velocity of floc though it could formated large floc.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.625-630
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• 2004

입상여과는 표준식 정수처리 공정에서 입자물질 제거의 최종공정으로 대부분 사용되고 있다. 따라서 양질의 수돗물을 만들기 위해서는 입상여과에서 높은 수준의 입자물질 제거가 요구되고 있다. 그러나 여과공정에서 모든 입자물질을 제거할 수 없으며, 또한 입자물질의 부착특성은 입자와 용액의 물리화학적 특성에 따라 달라진다. 실험실규모의 여과칼럼과 입경 0.55mm의 유리구슬을 여재로 한 여과실험이 수행되었다. Min-U-Sil 5가 입자물질로 사용되었으며 입자물질을 불안정화하기 위하여 액반을 사용하였다. 운전조건은 표준입상여과와 동일하였으며 여과속도는 5m/h 였다. 입자와 여재가 모두 음의 표면전하를 갖을 경우 작은 표면 전하를 갖는 입자가 여과초기에 여재에 잘 부착되었다. 작은 표면전하를 갖는 입자의 선택적 부착은 유출수의 제타 전위분포를 더 음인 방향으로 이동시켰다. 한편 입자의 표면전하가 양의 값을 갖을 경우는 여과수 입자의 표면전하가 양의 큰 값에서 작은 값으로 변하였는데 이는 입자와 여재사이의 이온전이에 기인하는 것으로 생각된다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.717-726
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• 2007

Fully-grown flocs in a mixing tank of membrane filtration with dead-end membrane are ruptured while passing through a pump and the ruptured flocs are aggregated again in a Membrane-Feed-Pipe (MFP). To look at more details, this study tries to relate the reaggregation to a parameter of mixing intensity in MFP, i.e., G-value. The G-value is a function of Reynolds number, pipe diameter, friction factor and average velocity in MFP. To deal with polydispersity condition, we develop a representative particle size called in this study EDPD (Effective Diameter for Polydispersity condition in Dead-end filtration). The experimental results show that as the G-value increases, the EDPD decreases and also the cake resistance increases. Through comparison between EDPD and cake resistance, these results show that cake resistances are controlled by reaggregation phenomenon in MFP. The effect of detention time in MFP, however, does not affect the reaggregation of the broken flocs as G-values are increased.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.74-81
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 케이크 여과 장치의 설계와 케이크 여과 이론의 전개에 가장 큰 역할을 하는 평균 비저항값을 새로운 여과 실험방법인 "여과-투과(filtration-permeation) 실험방법"에 의해 측정하였다. 과거부터 사용되어온 전형적인 여과 실험방법에 의해 측정 되는 평균 비저항값을 여과 평균 비저항 $\alpha_{avf}$이라 하고, 이미 형성된케이크에 입자 제거수를 첨가하여 측정한 평균 비저항값을 투과 평균 비저항 $\alpha_{avf}$이라 하였다. 서로 다른 세 가지 현탁액(입자 현탁액, 응집 현탁액, 고분자 현탁액)에 대해서 "여과-투과 실험방법"으로 케이크 여과를 수행하여 여과기간의 평균 비저항값과 투과기간의 평균 비저항값을 계산하였다. 또한 투과기간의 평균 비저항 값을 기준으로 이론적인 여과과정이 연구되었다. 이 연구결과 입자 여과 조작에서 침전의 영향이 무시될 수 없다는 것이 밝혀졌다. 통상적으로는 침전을 무시하고 있다. 또한 입자 여과과정에서 일정하다고 간주되고 있는 현탁액의 고체분율 5도 변화한다. 통상적인 플럭의 여과과정에서는 케이크 내의 고체분율, $S_c$의 값을 정확히 알기 어렵다는 것을 보였다. 이런 중요한 여러 문제점이 "여과-투과 실험방법"을 통해서는 모두 해결 된다는 것을 보였다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.38-46
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• 2005

In this research, we tried to combine the coagulation/sedimentation process as pre-treatment with UF membrane filtration to reduce the membrane fouling and to improve the permeate water quality. We used the Jet Mixed Separator (JMS) as coagulation/sedimentation process. We observed that the HPC and E.Coli can't be removed through the direct UF memebrane filtation of surface water. The removal efficiency of dissolved organic substances, indicated by E260 and DOC, was 40% and 15%, respectively. However, the removal efficiency of it increased two time as a result of combination of JMS process as coagulation/sedimentation pre-treatment. This was resulted from the formation of high molecular humic micro-floc through JMS process. The accumulation amount of irreversible cake layer which was not removed by backwashing was less than direct UF membrane filtration of surface water. Moreover, the loading rate of fouling induced substances, such as humic substances and suspended substances, on membrane surface decreased drastically through JMS process. As a result, the accumulation amount of irreversible cake on membrane surface was decreased.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.763-770
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• 2007

There are many design parameters affecting filtration efficiency such as filteration rate, media packing depth, size distribution, and so on. The sphericity, the ratio of the surface area of an equal volume sphere to the real surface area of the particles, is one of major physical characters of media. The effect of sphericity on the performance of anthracite filter has been investigated. Media from eight water treatment plants have been collected. The sphericity of each media has been calculated by using well known headloss equations such as Kozeny equation, Dahmarajah equation etc.. Columns packed with anthracite media having different sphericity have been used to compare headloss development, floc accumulation in the bed, particles in bed water, filtrate turbidities after backwash and so on. The repeated experiments have indicated that the sphericity of anthracite media may not have remarkable influence on the filter performance as it has been suspected. It also has been prospected in the experiment that the media of higher sphericity would store more particles in the bed and give better filtrate quality, if provided that the effective size and the size distribution of media would be the same.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.311-318
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of various types of coagulant on dewaterability and settleability of sewage sludge for the application of dewatering process. Cationic organic coagulants and inorganic coagulants of the aluminium base were used; PAC (Poly Aluminium chloride, $Al_2O_3$ 17%) and C-210P (0.2%). After Jar test, PAC 26 mg/L and 0.2% C-210P 55 mg/L was decided as the optimum concentration of the coagulant according to zeta potential measurement. pH, alkalinity and viscosity were measured in all experiments and the data on sedimentation characteristics is analyzed by SDI, SVI sedimentation rate and solid flux. The SRF(Specific Resistance of Filtration) experiment was conducted with the result of single and dual injection system as the dewaterability experiment. As a result, the organic coagulant making large floc has good characteristics of sedimentation and agglutination. Also, it is observed that the organic coagulants injection has a better dewaterability efficiency of coagulants under the condition of the lowest SRF value, followed by dual and inorganic coagulants injection.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.41-46
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• 2010

In this study, we found that dewatering properties were related with physico-chemical properties such as sludge concentration, pH, and zeta potential with sewage sludge, Ionic contents in digested sludge were in the order of $Ca^{2+}$ (14.2 mg/g) > $Mg^{2+}$ (1.9 mg/g) > $Na^+$ (1.4 mg/g) > $K^+$ (1.0 mg/g). Divalent ion more than monovalent have influenced on physico-chemical and dewatering properties. Floc size distribution in activated (AS) and digested sludge (DS) increased on lower pH range to be near isoelectric point and than specific resistance to filtration (SRF) decreased. A linear increase in SRF ($5.25\times10^{13}\sim2.86\times10^{14}$ m/kg in AS and $6.89\times10^{14}\sim1.09\times10^{15}$ m/kg in DS) was observed throughout low concentration range of 1230~9960 mg/L in AS and 2700~5400 mg/L in DS.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제10권5호
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• pp.331-338
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• 2019

This study aimed to investigate the membrane fouling and sludge characteristics in a pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) operated under low temperature ($7^{\circ}C$). To elucidate the mechanisms of membrane fouling at low temperature, we studied the correlation between MBR performances and physicochemical properties of sludge including extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), relative hydrophobicity (RH) and floc size during long-term operation. The MBR was shown able to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD) stably and efficiently (>90 %) in the case of overgrowth of filamentous bacteria (bulking sludge) at low temperature. On the other hand, the occurrence of filamentous bulking greatly accelerated membrane fouling, as indicated by membrane filtration period of 14 days for filamentous bulking at $7^{\circ}C$, in comparison with that of 27 days for non-bulking sludge at $24^{\circ}C$ The overgrowth of filamentous bacteria resulting from low-temperature condition led to an increased release of EPS, higher RH, smaller floc size and lower fractal dimension of sludge. These factors accelerated the formation of compact cake layer on membrane surface in association with performance diminution in terms of increase in transmembrane pressure (TMP) of the membrane and thus the decrease in membrane permeability.