• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.467-473
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• 2011

Flavonoid are large group of the polyphenolic compounds which are distinguished by an aromatic or phenolic ring structure and the phenolic compounds are induced by microbial infection, ultraviolet radiation, temperature and chemical stress. They are known for their antioxidant activity, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial and anti-cancer activities. In this study, changes in flavonoid content were investigated using heterologous chalcone isomerase (CHI) expression system. Also, phenolic compounds level was measured to examine the relation between flavonoids and phenols contents. Explants of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were transformed with Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA 4404 strain containing pFLH-CHI (derived from pPZP2Ha3) vector constructed with CHI gene from Brassica rapa. The putative transgenic plants were confirmed by genomic DNA PCR analysis. Also the transcription levels of the gene were analyzed by semi-quantitative RT-PCR with gene specific primers. The total flavonoid contents were increased at $T_0$ and $T_1$ generations over 1.4 and 4.0 fold, respectively. Total phenol contents also increased at $T_1$ generation. These results indicate that CHI gene plays an important role to regulate the accumulation of flavonoids and its component changes.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1566-1569
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• 2016

Three flavonoids were isolated from dried flowers of Sophora japonica using repetitive column chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The flavonoids were identified as rutin (1), quercetin-3'-O-methyl-3-O-α-ʟ-rhamnopyranosyl(1 → 6)-β-ᴅ-glucopyranoside (2), and quercetin (3) on the basis of spectroscopic analysis and comparison of values reported in the literature. These compounds inhibited the action of sortase A (SrtA) from Streptococcus mutans, a primary etiologic agent of human dental caries. The onset and magnitude of inhibition of saliva-induced aggregation of S. mutans treated with compound 1 was comparable to that of untreated S. mutans with a deletion of the srtA gene.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.284-292
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• 2021

Recently, a phytoestrogenic functional food has been developed using the fruits of Sophora japonica. Phytochemical investigation of fruits of S. japonica led to the isolation of eight flavonoid glycosides using various chromatographic techniques. The isolated compounds were identified as genistin (1), sophoricoside (2), genistein 7,4'-di-O-β-D-glucopyransoide (3), sophorabioside (4), genistein-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside-4'-O-[(α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside] (5), sophoraflavonoloside (6), nicotiflorin (7) and kaempferol-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), respectively, by comparison of their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature. In addition, a new HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination of the isolated compounds was developed to quantitate the contents of flavonoids in S. japonica and S. flavescens. The method was validated in terms of limit of detection, limit of quantitation, specificity, linearity, precision and accuracy. The validated method was successfully applied to determine eight flavonoids in two Sophora species. The contents of eight flavonoids varied according to the parts and species. Particularly, it was found that only the fruits of S. japonica contained sophoricoside, a phytoestrogenic isoflavone.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.3
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• pp.378-390
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• 1997

Ten total populations of Korean fir (Abies koreana Wilson) and Manshurian fir [A. nephrolepis (Traut.) Maxim.] were sampled from south Korea to investigate patterns of intraspecific variation in these species and to evaluate a recognition of the two species. Principal components analysis and cluster analysis were performed both on seed-cone data and on needle morphology data. The characters that contributed most to the separation between A. koreana and A. nephrolepis along three principal components axis were leaf width, length of seed, width of seed wing, length of seed wing, cone width, width of scale, and length of bract tip, but these characters were not diagnostic because of overlap in reality. Therefore, all these characters were not reliable in distinguishing these two taxa including bract position (exerted and recurved vs. exerted and straight). The individuals of A. koreana from Mt. Chi-ri appeared quite unique probably on account of its larger cone size and longer scale tip, while those from Mt. Hal-la of A. koreana were generally distinct from others in terms of their larger seed and seed wing and longer scale width. The Mt. Duk-yu specimens of A. korecana appeared somewhat smaller but more data were needed due to the small sampling size. Generally, the gradual clinal geographic trends made evident by the position of resin ducts in leaves of A. koreana can be detected. The southern populations, Mt. Hal-la (an insular population) were generally distinct from the northern populations (Mt. Chi-ri, Mt. Ga-ya and Mt. Duk-yu) in terms of their position of resin duct (medial, within mesophyll vs marginal, close to epidermis : 100% vs 75 or 50%). Although no sharp boundary separating these two species could be detected based on cone and needle morphology, the observed clinal pattern was distinct in northern populations of A. koreana and southern population of A. nephrnlepis. In a preceding study of the flavonoids variation of 20 species in eastern Asia, flavanone (5-deoxyflavanone) was found to be characteristic of A. faxoniana Rehder et Wilson, A. georgei Orr of China and A. koreana of Korea. A. faxoniana, which is assumed to be primitive species, has position of resin duct relative to both the medial and the marginal, while A. georgei and A. koreana are identified by marginal position of resin duct. With respect of foliar flavonoids chemistry, A. koreana was distinct from A. nephrolepis : the southmost samples (Mt. Hal-la and Mt. Chi-ri) contained additional flavonoids derivatives (mainly flavanone) that were not found in the northmost samples of A. nephrolepis except a few individuals from Mts. Seo-rak and Tae-bak populations of Kwang-won province. The presence of A. koreana type flavonoids in two Chinese species suggested that position of resin duct may be a phyletic character. Abies koreana including two Chinese taxa, exhibited the most elaborate and specialized flavonoids profile within the Abies in eastern Asia. Contrary to our initial expectations, the apparent intermediates between A. nephrolepis and A. koreana in Duk-yu and Ga-ya mountains were found. The pattern of variation on position of resin duct and flavonoids chemistry in these populations of A. kareana suggested that genetic interchange or natural hybridization had occurred between these two species. The evidence needed to resolve the status of this taxon is still inconclusive in our opinion until intermediate individuals from Mts. Duk-yu and Ga-ya show indication of hybridization between the two species.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.266-272
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• 1993

Some compounds including flavonoids were tested as scavenger of nitrite which is believed to participate in the formation of N-nitroso compound. Many were found to be potent scavengers and the most potent ones were ascorbic arid, potassium thiocyanate, chlorogenic acid, catechin, morin, luteolin, luteolin-7-glucoside, and naringenin. To evaluate the influence of the above compounds on the endogenous formation of N-nitroso compound, the amount of nitrosoproline (NPRO) was examined by co-incubation of nitrite, proline, and test compounds at various concentrations. The analysis of NPRO by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was newly developed. Most compounds except ascorbic acid and chlorogenic acid were found to be no effects or activatory effects on NPRO formation. From the results obtained, it was suggested that most flavonoids which are contained in our customary diets were not associated with the inhibition of NPRO formation.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.62-62
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• 2018

Inhibition of aldose reductase (AR) has been shown to prevent the onset and progression of many diabetic complications wherein several AR inhibitors were isolated from plants abundant in polyphenolic compounds. Lespedeza cuneata (Fabaceae), a perennial plant indigenous in East Asian countries, is shown to be abundant in these polyphenolic substances such as flavonoids and tannins. However, there are no studies to date regarding its effects on AR. In this study, the inhibitory activity of the methanol extract and stepwise polarity fractions of Lespedeza cuneata on AR was investigated. The bioactive compounds purified from L. cuneata by repeated column chromatography were also tested for AR inhibition. Results show that the ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of L. cuneata exhibited potent inhibition against AR with $IC_{50}$ values of 0.57 and $0.49{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Further analysis led to the isolation of acacetin (1), afzelin (2), astragalin (3), kaempferol (4), and scutellarein 7-O-glucoside (5). The AR inhibitory effects these five compounds were also determined in which compounds 2, 3, and 5 showed potent AR inhibitory effects with $IC_{50}$ values of 2.20, 1.91, and $12.87{\mu}M$, respectively. Quantitative analysis of astragalin (3) by HPLC-UV was also performed in the leaves and roots of L. cuneata (0.626 and 0.671 mg/g, respectively). This study reports that the flavonoids isolated from L. cuneata show promising AR inhibitory activities which can be further developed as natural therapies for treating and managing diabetic complications.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.519-526
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• 2012

Recently, herbal flavonoids have been implicated for anti-cancer therapy. Flavonoids as a commonly known for their anti-oxidant activity, are contained in the herbal medicine as well as root of plants, vegetables, fruits, grains, tea, and wine. Kaempferol, a component of Polygonati rhizoma, a member of the herbal flavonoids, has been studied for anti-hypercholesterol, anti-hypertension and anti-diabetes. It is also known to be effective in anti-cancer therapy for breast, prostate and other type of cancers. However, the anti-cancer therapeutic mechanisms are pooly understood. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying kaempferol-induced anti-cancer effects using the human liver cancer cell lines, Hep3B, HepG2, and Sk-Hep-1, and human Chang liver cell as a control. As shown by the FACS analysis, measurement of caspase activity, DAPI and trypan blue staining, and DNA fragmentation assay, kaempferol induced apoptosis in the liver cancer cells with the greater potential in Hep3B cells than other liver cancer cells. In addition, we performed microarray analysis to profile the genome-wide mRNA expression regulated by kaempferol. Many of the apoptosis-related genes were significantly induced in kaempferol-treated Hep3B cells, in particular, the genes associated with MAPK cascade. Additionally, kaempferol induced the mRNA expression of genes involved in MKK7-JNK cascade, MKK3-p38 cascade, and caspase signaling pathway, which are all known to trigger apoptosis. Overall, our data suggest that kaempferol has anti-liver cancer effects by inducing apoptosis through the MKK7-JNK cascade, MKK3-p38 cascade, and caspase signaling pathways.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.33 no.2 s.129
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• pp.116-119
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• 2002

Chemical investigation of the roots of Rhodiola sachalinensis A. Bor. (Crassulaceae) has led to the isolation of four flavonoids. Structures of these compounds were identified as $kaempferol-3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (1), $kaempferol-3-O-{\beta}-D-sophoroside$ (2), $herbacetin-3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (3) and $herbacetin-7-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranosyl(1{\rightarrow}3)-{\alpha}-L-rhamnopyranoside$ (4) by the analysis of spectroscopic evidences and comparision with the data of authentic samples.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.544-546
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• 2004

Phytochemical investigation of the whole plants of Grata/aria sessiliflora L. led to the isolation of four flavonoids. The structures of these compounds were identified as 2',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-isoflavone (1), 2',4',7-trihydroxyisoflavone (2), 4',7-dihydroxyflavone (3), and isovitexin (4) using spectroscopic analysis. Among these, compounds 2, and 3 have not been reported from Crotalaria species, whereas compounds 1, and 4 were reported from this plant for the first time.

• CELLMED
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.3.1-3.6
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• 2019

Melissa parviflora Benth. is an aromatic perennial herb of Lamiaceae family. It is one of the most influencial plant and used from centuries in Unani system of medicine for the treatment of various malady such as Epilepsy (mirgi), hemiplegia (falij), migraine (shaqeeqa), insomnia (sehar), indigestion (sue hazm) and palpitation (khafqaan) etc. The Persian physician Avicenna endorsed it for heart problems. It has antitubercular, antipyretic, analgesic and stomachic properties, also used to remove bad breath from mouth, strengthen the gums but its main action is as a tranquillizer and nervine relaxant, it is greatly esteemed for its calming properties. Preliminary performed phytochemical analysis revealed that tannin, flavonoid and saponins are the major components of the plant extract. The plants containing saponins or flavonoids exhibit anticonvulsant activity whereas the flavonoids show various biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic-antitumor etc. Keeping in view the tremendous medicinal importance of the plant Badranjboya in Unani Medicine, this review provides updated information on its phytochemistry, therapeutic uses and pharmacological properties.