• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.69-76
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• 2001

The purpose of this research is to investigate the thermal performance of embossing surface sandwich panel and flat surface sandwich panel. To do this research, thermal performances in summer season at the six points of embossing surface sandwich panel and flat surface sandwich panel are investigated focusing on the temperature. Three kinds of embossing surface sandwich panel and one kind of flat surface sandwich panel are used for this research. At the same size of sandwich panel, the average temperature differences of flat surface sandwich panel between average temperature at the 0.5 mm below copper plate and average outside air temperature and surface temperature are higher than those of embossing surface sandwich panel. The average heat transfer rate of flat surface sandwich panel in higher than that of embossing surface sandwich panel. More study will be needed about the size of diameter and height of embossing, and materials of embossing surface sandwich panel.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.917-924
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• 2000

The purpose of this research is to investigate the thermal performance of embossing surface sandwich panel and flat surface sandwich panel during the summer. To do this research, thermal performances in summer season at the six points of embossing surface sandwich panel and flat surface sandwich panel are investigated focusing on the temperature. Three kinds of embossing surface sandwich panel and one kind of flat surface sandwich panel are used for this research. At the same size of sandwich panel, the average temperature differences of flat surface sandwich panel between average temperature at the 0.5 mm below copper plate and average outside air temperature and surface temperature are higher than those of embossing surface sandwich panel. The average heat transfer rate of flat surface sandwich panel is higher than that of embossing surface sandwich panel. More study will be needed about the size of diameter and height of embossing, and materials of embossing surface sandwich panel.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.22 no.5 s.170
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• pp.63-71
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• 2005

When an almost flat surface under test is measured by an interferometer, the measurement result is largely influenced by systematic errors that include geometrical errors of a reference flat surface. To determine the systematic errors of the interferometer by the conventional method that is called the three flat method, we must take the reference flat surface out from the interferometer and measure it. Because of difficulties to set the reference flat surface to the interferometer exactly and quickly, this method is not practical. On the other hand, the method that measures a surface under test with some shifts in the direction being perpendicular to the optical axis of the interferometer is studied. However, the parasitic pitching, rolling and up-down movement caused by the above shifts brings serious error to the measurement result, and the algorithm by which the influences can be eliminated is not still established. In this paper, we propose the self-calibration algorithm for determining the systematic errors that include geometrical errors of a reference flat surface by several rotation shifts and a linear shift of general surface under test, and verify by a numerical experiment that this algorithm is useful for determining the systematic errors.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.880-887
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• 1998

In order to study heat transfer characteristics of spray cooling for the purpose of uniform and soft cooling of high temperature surface a series of experiments for a hot horizontal copper flat plate was performed by downflow spray water using flat spray nozzle. Cooling curves were mea-sured under the various experimental conditions of flow rates and temperatures of cooling water Surface temperature surface heat fluxes and heat transfer coefficients of horizontal upward-facing flat surface were calculated with cooling curves measured at each radial positions near the cooling surface by TDMA method. Generally heat transfer characteristics for spray cooling is simi-lar to boiling phenomenon of pool boiling. The minimum heat flux(MHF) appear at the surface temperature of about ${\Delta}Tsat=250^{\circ}C$ and the critical heat flux(CHF) appear at about ${\Delta}Tsat=250^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2009

Generally, curved surfaces of ship hull are deformed by flame bending (line heating), multi-press forming, and die-less forming method. The forming methods generate the required in-plane/bending strain or displacement on the flat plate to make the curved surface. Multi-press forming imposes the forced displacements on the flat plate by controlling the position of each pressing points based upon the shape difference between the unfolded flat plate and the curved object shape. The flat plate has been obtained from the unfolding system that is independent of the ship CAD. Apparently, the curved surface and the unfolded-flat surface are expressed by different coordinate systems. Therefore, one of the issues is to find a registration of the unfolded surface and the curved shape for the purpose of minimum amount of forming works by comparing the two surfaces. This paper presents an efficient algorithm to get an optimized registration of two different surfaces in the multi-press forming of ship hull plate forming. The algorithm is based upon the ICP (Iterative Closest Point) algorithm. The algorithm consists of two iterative procedures including a transformation matrix and the closest points to minimize the distance between the unfolded surface and curved surfaces. Thereby the algorithm allows the minimized forming works in ship-hull forming.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.11 no.4 s.35
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• pp.9-13
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• 2006

In the present study, a numerical analysis of transient mixer flow is performed considering free surface formation. The flow patterns and free surface shape in a mixers formed by flat paddle and pitched paddle impellers are predicted. In a flat paddle mixer, two flow circulation regions are formed due to strong radial flow, whereas one large circulation is formed in a pitched paddle mixer due to axial downward flow. These differences affect the free surface evolution and shape. It is seen from the results that a flat paddle mixer gives deeper free surface at center region than a pitched paddle mixer. The free surface of 8-blades-flat-paddle mixer is also simulated to compare with the available experimental and simulation results. The present computational results agree reasonably well with the experimental data.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.1822-1828
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• 2004

Electrochemical, in situ electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope (EC-STM), and attenuated total reflectance-FTIR (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopic methods were employed to investigate the preparation of atomically flat Si(111)-H surface in ammonium fluoride solutions. Electrochemical properties of atomically flat Si(111)-H surface were characterized by anodic oxidation and cathodic hydrogen evolution with the open circuit potential (OCP) of ca. -0.4 V in concentrated ammonium fluoride solutions. As soon as the natural oxide-covered Si(111) electrode was immersed in fluoride solutions, OCP quickly shifted to near -1 V, which was more negative than the flat band potential of silicon surface, indicating that the surface silicon oxide had to be dissolved into the solution. OCP changed to become less negative as the oxide layer was being removed from the silicon surface. In situ EC-STM data showed that the surface was changed from the initial oxidecovered silicon to atomically rough hydrogen-terminated surface and then to atomically flat hydrogenterminated surface as the OCP moved toward less negative potentials. The atomically flat Si(111)-H structure was confirmed by in situ EC-STM and ATR-FTIR data. The dependence of atomically flat Si(111)-H terrace on mis-cut angle was investigated by STM, and the results agreed with those anticipated by calculation. Further, the stability of Si(111)-H was checked by STM in ambient laboratory conditions.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1483-1495
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• 1994

A quantitative analysis of a surface roughness for a precision machining of a sculptured surface in milling process is treated under superposition theory in this paper. The geometrical surface rouhgness is calculated as a function of feed per tooth, path interval, radii of tool and cutting edge, and radii of curvatures of workiece. Through machining experiments in a 3-axis machining center, we confirmed the adequacy of the adequacy of the analysis. While cutter mark is neglegible in ball endmilling, it is significant in flat endmilling. When feed per tooth is very small, flat endmilling gives superior finish to ball endmilling. In flat endmilling, cutting condition and cutter path should be strategically chosen to balance the cutter mark height and cusp height.

• Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.1037-1048
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• 1997

We show that an asymptotically Euclidean scalar-flat Kahler metric ona complex surface can be smoothly conformally compactified at the infinity point. We discuss some implication of this, characterizing such metrics on $C^2$ blown up at some points.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1966

Frequently , large masses of the young short necked clam, Tapes japonica , die at their tidal flats in summer and this phenomenon has not been explained clearly. The purpose of the present investigation is to study the thermal condition and the chlorinity level of tidal flats in which the young clam appears to be injured. A study is also mad efor the burrowing organism in the lower layer of the esturay over which the fresh water flow during the low tide. Observation are made at five places of the tidal flat near Ikawazu Fixheries Laboratory of Tokyo University during the ebb and flow tide period of the spring tide. The diurnal and monthly changes of tidal temperatures and chlorinities are measured. Results of the study are ; 1. The surface temperature of the tidal flat increases with the ebb tide, reaches the highest between 12-14PM, and gradually decreases thereafter. The temperatures of tidal flat below 5 and 10 cm increase gradually until the flow tide reaches the surface. 2. At the spring tide in summer , the diurnal change of surface of the tidal flat temperature is very extensive ; it reaches 37-39$^{\circ}C$ in August. At the depths of 5 and 10 cm the temperature remains at 33 $^{\circ}C$ and 31$^{\circ}C$ , respectively. 3. The chlorinity of the tidal flat is higher during May through June and lower July through August, and this seems to be related to the amount of rainfall. 4. The chlorinity of the surface of tidal flat increases slightly during the ebb and flow tide periods. The observed higher chlorinity of surface of the tidal flat was 18.82% Cl. 5. At near the esturay, the fresh water that overflows the tidal flat affects the chlorinity of the surface but no such influence to the depth of the flat. 6. From above observations, it is assumed that the young short necked clam in the tidal flat could be exposed to the severe change of environmental conditions. The high temperature of the tidal flat in summer and the low chlorinity of it at flood period may be considered as the change in environment.