• KSBB Journal
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.317-323
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• 2006

본 연구는 다가올 물 부족에 따른 하나의 대안으로서 중수도 시스템에 초점을 맞추어, 생활오수를 이용하여 혐기/무산소/호기조의 $A^2O$ 생물막 공법으로 구성된 상향류식 고정상 담체 반응기로 처리한 오수를 하향류식 은나노 모래여과 반응기에 다시 연속 통과시켜 이중 처리하여 얻은 처리수를 중수도에 활용이 가능하지에 대하여 연구하였다. 이중 공정 후 배출수의 pH는 $7.39{\sim}8.06$(평균 7.84) 범위이었고, $COD_{Mn}$은 $8{\sim}18mg/L$(평균 12.1 mg/L), $BOD_5$는 $2.1{\sim}10mg/L$(평균 4.9 mg/L)로 중수도 수질 기준에 적합하였다. SS는 $3{\sim}9mg/L$의 범위로 평균 농도가 4.95 mg/L를 나타내면서 SS 제거율이 94.8%로 대부분 법적 기준치 5 mg/L 이하로 처리되어 가능성을 보여 주었다. 대장균군 수의 평균 제거율이 99.1%이었으며, 배출수의 평균 대장균 군수는 65 MPN/100mL이 검출되었으나 중수도 수질 기준에는 불검출로 되어 있으므로 완벽한 제거를 위해서는 0.2 mg/L 이상의 결합잔류염소의 양을 고려한 염소 처리를 하여야 한다. SEM 사진으로부터 은모래 표면에서는 박테리아가 존재하지 않음을 알 수 있었다. 이 외에 중수도 수질 기준에 포함될 가능성이 있는 총질소 및 총인의 제거율은 각각 50.3%와 27.2%이었다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.277-286
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• 2003

Nitrification performance of fixed film biofilters using coarse sand, loess bead, or styrofoam beads in biofilter columns 1 meter high and 30cm in diameter were studied at different hydraulic and organic matter loading rates. Synthetic wastewater was supplied to the culture tank in order to maintain desired TAN concentrations in inlet water to biofilters. All the biofilters were conditioned 5 months before start of sampling. TAN and $NO_2-N$ conversion rates increased with an increase in the hydraulic loading rate (HLR). However, the improvement in biofilter performance was not linearly correlated to HLR in styrofoam bead filters. This is mainly due to the characteristics of the styrofoam beads used. TAN conversion rates of sand filters increased with the increase of HLR up to $200m^3/m^2$. per day. No increase in the TAN conversion rate was observed at the highest HLR since flooding on the media surface took place. HLR had a significant impact on the TAN conversion rates in loess bead filter up to the highest HLR tested (P<0.05). TAN conversion rates were much less at organic matter loading rates of 9 and 18kg $O_2/m^3$ per day than those without the addition of organic matter in styrofoam bead filters. The addition of glucose resulted in a reduction of the TAN conversion rate from 540 to 284g $TAN/m^3$ per day. No significant difference of TAN conversion rates between the two organic matter loading rates was found (p<0.05). This indicates that the impact of organic matter on nitrification becomes less and less sensitive with an increase in the COD/TAN ratio. At an organic matter loading rate of 9kg $O_2/m^3$. per day, a great reduction of TAN conversion rates was observed in sand filters and loess bead filters. Clearly, organic matter can be one of the most Important Impacting factors on nitrification. $NO_2-N$ conversion rates showed a similar trend for TAN. Based on the TAN and nitrite conversion rates, styrofoam beads showed the best performance among the three filter media tested. Also, the low gravity and price of styrofoam beads make the handling easier and more cost-effective for commercial application. The results obtained at the highest organic matter loading rates can be used in the biofilter design in recirculating aquaculture system.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.797-805
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• 2012

Contribution of immobilized media with bacteria to the odor removal was evaluated in a lab scale bio-filter compared to that with sponge or ceramic media without the immobilized bacteria. Candida tropicalis for volatile organic compounds and ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) for inorganic compounds were used as seeds in lab-scale bio-reactors. Three different type of media in the bio-reactors that immobilized bioreactor (IBR), sponge bioreactor (SBR), and ceramic bioreactor (CBR) were examined, respectively. An empty bed contact time (EBCT) of the bio-filters was fixed as 60 seconds, and the inlet concentration of toluene was changed from 20 ppm to 200 ppm to observe the removal efficiency depending on the concentrations. As a result, the maximum elimination capacities of IBR, SBR, and CBR were 166 $g/m^3/hr$, 138 $g/m^3/hr$, and 138 $g/m^3/hr$, respectively. In addition, toluene as an organic compound and ammonia as an inorganic compound were applied together with different inlet concentrations varied from 80 ppm to 250 ppm of toluene and from 2.5 ppm to 40 ppm of ammonia. The toluene maximum elimination capacities in IBR, SBR, and CBR were 97.4 $g/m^3/hr$, 59.5 $g/m^3/hr$, and 81.9 $g/m^3/hr$, respectively. The ammonia maximum elimination capacities were reached as 7.2 $g/m^3/hr$ in IBR, 6.6 $g/m^3/hr$ in SBR, and 7.0 $g/m^3/hr$ in CBR.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.271-279
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• 2016

The recent development of the HD (High Definition) and UHD (Ultra High Definition) technology allowed the growth of 3D contents market. Yet the majority of the 3D contents in the market are strictly for 6.5 cm inter-ocular distance, causing various visual discomforts for the viewers who have different inter-ocular distance. Moreover, because the 3D contents are created for a fixed viewing distance, the change of the viewing distances when watching 3D contents can also cause visual conflicts. To solve this problem, we devised techniques that consider the environmental information of the viewer watching 3D contents. By analyzing the relationship between viewing distance, inter-ocular distance, and perceived depth, we created an adaptive content viewing system that reflects the viewer's environment to minimize any conflicts in watching 3D contents. From our experiments, we found that the performance of our adaptive content viewing system was reasonable.

• 한국인쇄학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2010

The 200mesh screen was tensioned and fixed on a frame. When applied tension to 5N and 10N per unit area, a side length of opening of the screen was 163.223${\mu}m$ and 168.224${\mu}m$, respective. But side length not tensioned was 158.879${\mu}m$. We knew that a side length of opening of the screen rarely changes with tension applied to the screen. The appearances that a side length of opening of the screen expand little are due to a decreasing diameter of thread by means of tension. In a thickness measurement of screen, While the high density mesh screen that had a lot of knots that crossed a line of latitude and longitude per unit area appeared a higher numerical value, the low density mesh screen that had a few knots appeared a low numerical value.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국HCI학회 2009년도 학술대회
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• pp.240-244
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• 2009

In this paper, we present FloatingPad, a touch pad based device with better scrolling feature and more interaction styles than a traditional touch pad. When we interact with a real object like a picture or a book, we manipulate on the object, and we also move, rotate, and flip the object. We applied this idea into a touch pad. In FloatingPad, the touch pad is not fixed to the device. It is floating on the device; it can be slid on the device. Therefore a user can have additional degree of freedom of input by shifting and rotating the touch pad while having the traditional touch pad input. By using this technique, the interactivity of the touch pad can be augmented, and better scrolling feature can be provided by reducing clutching occurs on the position scrolling devices by using the movement of the touch pad as rate control. We implemented the prototype device and conducted a user study with three applications developed for FloatingPad.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.250-256
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• 2017

This study investigated the removal efficiency of organic matter and nitrogen from fish farm effluent by hydraulic retention time (HRT) using an upflow biological filter (ANR system) reactor. The recycling time and influent flow in the reactor were controlled to 14.8, 7.4, 5.5 and 3.2 h to evaluate HRT. In addition, each reactor was coupled to a fixed bed upflow filter charged with media. The results showed that removal efficiency was ${\geq}95%%$ with an HRT of 5.5 h, and nitrification efficiency was reduced to 81% with an HRT of 3.2 h, although nitrification efficiency temporarily decreased due to the shock load as HRT decreased. Total nitrogen removal rate was also reduced to about 65% with an HRT of 3.2 h, which was considered a washout effect of nitrifying and denitrifying microorganisms by increasing the shearing force to the filter media, which decreased organic matter and nitrogen removal efficiency.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.327-331
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• 2005

The study was conducted with two laboratory biological aerated filter (BAF) reactors: denitrification filter (DF) and nitrification BAF. The influent flow (Q) was fixed to 48 L/d and total empty bed contact time (EBCT) was 1 hr. The flow direction was upflow with NRCY of 1 to 2Q. The secondary effluent was fed to the reactors and the influent concentrations were adjusted with some stock solutions to simulate by-pass concentration during rainfall. The study results indicate that COD and SS removal efficiencies were excellent and not influenced by temperature. Nitrification efficiency was over 90% at the influent loading less than $1.12kg/media\;m^3/d$, but the efficiencies were decreased in low temperature. TN removal efficiencies were 10% to 60%.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2002년도 추계학술대회 논문집 전기물성,응용부문
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• pp.6-8
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• 2002

In order to prepare magnetic recording layer with a good quality crystallographic characteristic. We prepared $Co_{77}Cr_{20}Ta_3$ layer for perpendicular magnetic recording media on slide glass substrate by Two-Step Methode. The thickness of magnetic layer was fixed 100 nm and buffer layer were varied from 10 to 50 nm, and input current was varied from 0.2[A] to 0.5[A]. The surface morphology and crystal orientation of the CoCrTa films were examined with XRD. Prepared thin films showed improvement of dispersion angle of c-axis orientation ${\Delta}{\theta}_{50}$ caused by inserting buffer layer.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.122-129
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• 2019

Flow uniformity in aftertreatment system is an important factor in determining uniform catalytic reaction and filtration. In this study, variety types of DOC-DPF system design were analyzed to increase flow uniformity. For this analysis, ANSYS Fluent was used with porous media setup for DOC and DPF. Turbulent flow was modeled by standard $k-{\varepsilon}$ model excepting porous media. Uniformity index was utilized to evaluate the flow uniformity quantitatively. Reference design showed low velocity region because two large vortex were generated before baffle. When radius of DOC-DPF system was increased, exhaust pressure acting on the inlet decreases and velocity distribution was shifted to one side. When inlet pipe was set to axial center of DOC-DPF system velocity distribution was symmetric. However, flow was not dissipated until the front end of DOC and showed higher uniformity index. When the volume of DOC was reduced while fixed volume of entire DOC-DPF system and baffle plate is located downstream of the DOC-DPF system, there was improvement in uniformity index.