• 에너지공학
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.221-227
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 바이오매스 및 플라스틱에 가스화 효율을 높이기 위한 탄산염 촉매 또는 Ni based 촉매를 혼합한 시료에 대하여, 고정층 반응기를 이용하여 급속 등온 열분해 실험을 수행하여, 생성된 가스의 온도, 시료 및 촉매의 영향에 관한 분석을 통하여, 최적의 수소 생성 수율을 얻고자 한다. 고위발열량 측정 결과, 바이오매스보다 플라스틱 폐기물의 발열량이 높아짐을 알 수 있었다. 원소분석 결과로부터 수소 함량은 플라스틱 시료가 더 높았다. 계산된 활성화 에너지는 촉매 적용에 의해 감소하였고, 5 wt% 이상의 경우에는 큰 변화를 보이지 않았다. 수소수율은 플라스틱 폐기물이 포함된 시료, 온도에 대해서는 대부분 높은 온도 범위에서 최대값이 얻어졌다. 또한 대부분의 시료에서 높은 혼합비를 갖는 조건의 수소수율이 가장 높은 결과를 보였으나, 5 wt% 이상의 조건에서는 촉매 혼합비 증가의 영향은 미비하여, 활성화 에너지의 결과와 잘 일치함을 확인하였다. 전체적으로 촉매 반응이 무촉매 반응에 비하여 높은 수소수율이 얻어졌다. 촉매 종류에 대하여, 탄산염 촉매인 $Na_2CO_3$ 및 $K_2CO_3$보다 Ni-$ZrO_2$ 촉매가 수소 생산을 위한 목적에 더 적합한 촉매임을 확인하였고, 본 연구로부터의 최대 수소수율을 위한 조건은 $900^{\circ}C$, 20 wt%의 Ni-$ZrO_2$(1:9) 촉매가 혼합된 Pitch Pine, Polyethylene 시료에 대하여 65.9 vol%의 높은 수소수율의 결과를 얻었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.478-482
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• 2021

고정층 상압 유통식 반응기를 사용하여 Ln(1)-Ni(5)/SBA-15 (Ln = Dy, Eu, Pr, Tb) 촉매상에서 메탄의 부분 산화 반응을 수행하여 수소의 수율을 조사하였다. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) 분석으로 Ni(5)/SBA-15 촉매에 1 wt%의 Eu를 첨가함으로써 Eu(1)-Ni(5)/SBA-15의 O1s와 Si2p의 핵심 전자 수준의 화학적 이동이 있었으며, O1s, Ni2p_3/2, Si2p의 원자의 비가 1.284, 1.298, 1.058로 증가하였다. 촉매 표면상에 O^-, O^2-의 산소와 Eu³⁺, Ni⁰, Ni²⁺, Si⁴⁺의 이온이 존재함을 알 수 있었다. Eu(1)-Ni(5)/SBA-15 촉매상에서 수소의 수율은 57.2%이었으며, Ln(1)-Ni(5)/SBA-15 (Ln = Dy, Pr, Tb)보다 우수한 수소 수율을 보여주었고 25 h의 반응에서 안정된 촉매 활성을 유지하였다. Eu를 Ni(5)/SBA-15에 1wt%를 첨가함으로서 금속과 담체 간에 강한 상호 작용에 의한 SMSI 효과로 산소 빈자리를 만들고 촉매 표면상에 Ni⁰, N²⁺의 나노입자의 분산을 증가시켜 촉매 활성을 유지시켰다.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.445-451
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• 1990

산화 바나듐(V$_2$O$_5$)이 알루미나에 담지된 촉매상에서 메틸피라진으로부터 시아노피라진으로의 암옥시화반응(Ammoxidation)을 연속흐름식 고정층 반응기에서 조사하였다. 알루미나에 담지된 산화 바나듐은 전처리의 환원온도에 따라 다양한 산화상태의 결정상을 형성하며, 이들 바나듐 산화물의 산화상태의 변화는 메틸피리진으로부터 시아노피라진으로의 반응활성에 영향을 준다. 알루미나에 10${\%}$ 산화 바나듐이 담지된 촉매를 600$^{\circ}C$ 수소기류하에서 2시간 환원처리하여 바나듐의 산화상태가 V$^{3+}$에 가까운, 즉 촉매상의 바나듐의 주된 결정상이 V$_2$O$_3$이며 V$_6$O$_{13}$및 V$_2$O$_4$(VO$_2$)가 공존할 때 메틸피라진으로부터 시아노피라진으로의 암옥시화반응에 최적의 반응활성과 선택도를 갖는 것으로 나타났다.

• 공업화학
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.832-842
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• 1996

성질이 서로 다른 그물 구조형 이온교환수지인 Amberlyst-15, Amberlyst-15(wet)와 Amberlyst XN-1010을 가지고 고정층 상압 유통식 반응장치에서 옥탄가 향상제인 TAME 합성반응을 행하였다. Amberlyst-15가 Amberlyst-15(wet)와 Amberlyst XN-1010에 비해 활성이 좋았는데 그 이유는 겔형 미세입자 내부 활성점의 반응참여 정도가 크기 때문으로 생각되며, TAME 합성반응의 최적 조건들은, 반응온도=$135^{\circ}C$, 반응물 몰비(MeOH/I.A.A.)=1.0~4.0, W/F=2.0~4.0 gr.-cat. hr/gr.-mole일 때이었다. X-ray 회절 분석결과 $2{\theta}=20$에서 styrene divinyl benzene이 가교결합을 나타냈으며, DSC 분석결과 열적 안정성의 순서로는 Amberlyst-15, Amberlyst-15(wet) 및 Amberlyst XN-1010이였다. 본 실험에서 구한 TAME 합성의 겉보기 활성화 에너지 값은 Amberlyst-15:Ea=12.36 kcal/mole, Amberlyst-15(wet):Ea=12.46 kcal/mole 및 Amberlyst XN-1010:Ea=14.72 kcal/mole이였다.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• 제18권E1호
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• pp.29-36
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• 2002

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reaction of promoter catalysts was investigated in this study. A pure anatase type of TiO$_2$ was used as support. Activation measurement of prepared catalysts was practiced on a fixed reactor packing by the glass bead after filling up catalysts in 1/4 inch stainless tube. The reaction temperature was measured by K-type thermocouple and catalyst was heated by electric furnace. The standard compositions of the simulated flue gas mixture in this study were as follows: NO 1,780ppm, NH$_3$1,780ppm, $O_2$1% and $N_2$ as balance gas. In this study, gas analyzer was used to measure the outgassing gas. Catalyst bed was handled for 1hr at 45$0^{\circ}C$, and the reactivity of the various catalyst was determined in a wide temperature range. Conversion of NH$_3$/NO ratio and of $O_2$ concentration was practiced at 1,1.5 and 2, respectively. The respective space velocity were as follows . 10,000, 15,000 and 17,000 hr-1. It was found that the maximum conversion temperature range was in a 5$0^{\circ}C$. It was also found toi be very sensitive at space velocity, $O_2$ concentration, and NH$_3$/NO ratio. We also noticed that the maximum conversion temperature of (W, Mo, Sn) -V$_2$O$_{5}$/TiO$_2$ catalysts was broad. Specially WO$_3$-V$_2$O$_{5}$TiO$_2$2 catalyst appeared nearly 100% conversion at not only above 30$0^{\circ}C$ ut also below 25$0^{\circ}C$. At over 30$0^{\circ}C$, NH$_3$ oxidation decreased with decrease of surface excess oxygen. In addition, WO$_3$-V$_2$O$_{5}$TiO$_2$ catalyst did not appear to affect space velocity, $O_2$ concentration, and NH$_3$/NO ratio.ratio.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.1119-1126
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• 2007

Hydrogen gas and carbon nanotubes along with nanocarbon were produced from commercial natural gas using fixed bed catalyst reactor system. The maximum amount of carbon (491 g/g of catalyst) formation was achieved on 25% Ni, 3% Cu supported catalyst without formation of CO/CO2. Pure carbon nanotubes with length of 308 nm having balloon and horn type shapes were also formed at 673 K. Three sets of catalysts were prepared by varying the concentration of Ni in the first set, Cu concentration in the second set and doping with K in the third set to investigate the effect on stabilization of the catalyst and production of carbon nanotubes and hydrogen by copper and potassium doping. Particle size analysis revealed that most of the catalyst particles are in the range of 20-35 nm. All the catalysts were characterized using powder XRD, SEM/EDX, TPR, CHN, BET and CO-chemisorption. These studies indicate that surface geometry is modified electronically with the formation of different Ni, Cu and K phases, consequently, increasing the surface reactivity of the catalyst and in turn the Carbon nanotubes/H2 production. The addition of Cu and K enhances the catalyst dispersion with the increase in Ni loadings and maximum dispersion is achieved on 25% Ni: 3% Cu/Al catalyst. Clearly, the effect of particle size coupled with specific surface geometry on the production of hydrogen gas and carbon nanotubes prevails. Addition of K increases the catalyst stability with decrease in carbon formation, due to its interaction with Cu and Ni, masking Ni and Ni:Cu active sites.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.116-120
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• 2015

HY 제올라이트 촉매 상에서 2-부탄올의 탈수반응을 통한 부텐 제조에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 고정층 촉매 반응기에서 2-부탄올 탈수 반응을 수행하였다. HY 제올라이트 촉매의 $Si/Al_2$ 비가 증가할 때 2-부탄올의 전환율이 증가하는 경향을 보였는데 이는 산점의 세기가 증가했기 때문으로 해석할 수 있다. 2-부탄올의 탈수반응에 의해 생성된 1-부텐, 트랜스-2-부텐 및 시스-2-부텐의 선택도는 $Si/Al_2$ 몰 비의 변화에 큰 영향을 받지 않았다. 따라서, 본 연구에서 사용한 HY 제올라이트 촉매 중에서 $Si/Al_2$ 몰 비가 60인 촉매가 2-부탄올의 탈수 반응에서 1-부텐의 수율을 최대화하는데 가장 유리한 것을 알 수 있었다. HY (60) 제올라이트 촉매의 경우, 1-부텐의 수율을 최대화하기 위한 최적 반응 온도는 $250^{\circ}C$ 이었다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2012

This study was performed to develop a low Pt content catalyst as a catalyst for HI decomposition in S-I process. Bimetallic catalysts added various amounts of Pt on a silica supported Ni catalyst were prepared by impregnation method. HI decomposition was carried out using a fixed bed reactor. As a result, Ni-Pt bimetallic catalyst showed enhanced catalytic activity compared with each monometallic catalyst. Deactivation of Ni-Pt catalyst was not observed while deactivation of Ni monometallic catalyst was rapidly occurred in HI decomposition. The HI conversion of Ni-Pt bimetallic catalyst was increased similar to Pt catalyst with increase of the reaction temperature over a temperature range 573K to 773K. From the TG analysis, it was shown that $NiI_2$ remained on the Ni(5.0)-Pt(0.5)/$SiO_2$ catalyst after the HI decomposition reaction was decomposed below 700K. It seems that small amount of Pt in bimetallic catalyst increase the decomposition of $NiI_2$ generated after the decomposition of HI. Consequently, it was considered that the activity of Ni-Pt bimetallic catalyst was kept during the HI decomposition reaction.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.199-208
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• 2008

HI decomposition was conducted using Pt/C-based catalysts with a fixed-bed reactor in the range of 573 K to 773 K. To examine the change of the characteristic properties of the catalysts, $N_2$ adsorption analyser, a X-ray diffractometer(XRD), and a scanning electron microscopy(SEM) were used before and after the HI decomposition reaction. the effect of Pt loading on HI decomposition was investigated by $CO_2$-TPD. HI conversion of all catalysts increased as decomposition temperature increased. The XRD analysis showed that the sizes of platinum particle became larger and agglomerated into a lump during the reaction. From $CO_2$-TPD, it can be concluded that the cause for the increase in catalytic activity may be attributed to the basic sites of catalyst surface. The results of both b desorption and gasification reaction showed the restriction on the use of Pt/C-based catalyst.

• 신재생에너지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.30-40
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• 2010

Syngas from gasification of coal can be converted to SNG(Synthesis Natural Gas) through gas cleaning, water gas shift, $CO_2$ removal, and methanation. One of the key technologies involved in the production of SNG is the methanation process. In the methanation process, carbon oxide is converted into methane by reaction with hydrogen. Major factors of methanation are hydrogen-carbon oxide ratio, reaction temperature and space velocity. In order to understand the catalytic behavior, temperature programmed surface reaction (TPSR) experiments and reaction in a fixed bed reactor of carbon monoxide have been performed using two commercial catalyst with different Ni contents (Catalyst A, B). In case of catalyst A, CO conversion was over 99% at the temperature range of $350{\sim}420^{\circ}C$ and CO conversions and $CH_4$ selectivity were lower at the space condition over 3000 1/h. In case of catalyst B, CO conversion was 100% at the temperature over $370^{\circ}C$ and CO conversions and $CH_4$ selectivity were lower at the space condition over 4700 1/h. Also, conditions to satisfy $CH_4$ productivity over 500 ml/h.g-cat were over 2000 1/h of space velocity in case of catalyst A and over 2300 1/h of space velocity in case of catalyst B.