• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.58-66
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• 2012

Even after establishment of H.264/AVC standard, the video coding experts group (VCEG) of ITU-T has researched on development of promising coding techniques to increase coding efficiency based on the key technology area (KTA) software. Recently, the joint collaboration team video coding (JCT-VC) which was composed of the VCEG and the motion picture experts group (MPEG) of ISO/IEC is developing a next-generation video standard namely HEVC intended to gain twice efficiency than H.264/AVC. An adaptive interpolation technique, one of various next-generation techniques, reported higher coding efficiency. However, it has high computational complexity and does not deal with various error characteristics for videos. In this paper, we investigate characteristics of interpolation filters and propose an effective fixed interpolation filter bank including diverse properties of error. Experimental results is shown that the proposed method achieved bitrate reduction by 0.7% and 1.3% compared to fixed directional interpolation filter (FDIF) of the KTA and the directional interpolation filter (DIF) of the HEVC test model, respectively.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.69-85
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• 2002

Reduction of fishing grounds, which was caused by the recent fisheries agreements between Korea, Japan, and China, Is Increasing the important of coastal fisheries. Korea's coastal fisheries, however, need special management measures owing to the following problems. First, there are too many fishing fleets even though fisheries resources are continuously decreasing. Despite the fact that some of the fishing vessels have been scrapped, there still remain too many vessels and especially approximately 27,000 vessels increased during 1997-1998. Second, as the condition of fisheries resources changed radically, many fishermen are fishing by methods which they were not permitted to. These fishing methods cannot be legally supported and so there is a huge gap between the system and the reality, Third, two or three licenses are given to each coastal fishing vessel because a single license cannot give sufficient income, but some of these are formally acquired. So under such circumstances, efficient management of fisheries is impossible. Fourth, absence of demarcation among regions and industries is causing frequent conflicts and there are concerns about the decreasing fisheries resources due to competitive fishing practices. Therefore, considering the above mentioned problems Korea's coastal fisheries management should be developed as the following: First, new licenses should be limited while expanding the buy-back program. The government is currently planning to limit new licenses by introducing the fixed license number system in coastal fisheries but is somewhat passive about the buy-back program. Second, fisheries management which is based on self-regulation should be established. In order to increase the effect of fisheries management, the fishermen should decide by themselves the fish and fishing methods they would be exploiting and directly regulate them. Third, it is necessary to integrate the licenses of coastal fisheries. Since coastal fisheries management through the license system has distinct limitations, it is preferable to unify risking licenses and let the fishermen decide specific matters on their own. Finally, it is necessary to establish boundaries among the regions and industries. Joint fishing areas among regions(cities and provinces) should be established and fishing in other areas should be permitted on condition of paying the required fees. On the other hand, it is also necessary to permit coastal fishing only within certain distances.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.302-308
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• 2013

Purpose: To present clinical results of proximal first metatarsal opening wedge osteotomy and low profile plate fixation in hallux valgus deformity. Materials and Methods: Thirty-two patients (39 feet) underwent surgery for hallux valgus deformity. Fourteen patients (18 feet; Group A) underwent proximal first metatarsal opening wedge osteotomy fixed with low profile titanium plate ($Arthrex^{(R)}$), and 18 patients (21 feet; Group B) underwent proximal chevron osteotomy with two K-wires. Improvement in hallux valgus angle (HVA), 1, 2 intermetatarsal angle (IMA), range of motion of 1st metatarsophalangeal joint, VAS score, and the length of first metatarsal on weight-bearing radiograph were evaluated preoperatively and at final follow-up. Results: HVA improved from $36.2{\pm}6.6$ degrees to $11.7{\pm}5.1$ degrees, and 1, 2 IMA improved from $15.7{\pm}2.6$ degrees to $7.2{\pm}1.9$ degrees. VAS score improved from $7.2{\pm}1.2$ to $1.4{\pm}0.9$. There were no significant differences clinically and radiologically. Conclusion: Proximal first metatarsal opening wedge osteotomy with stable fixation using low profile plate may be an effective surgical option for correction of hallux valgus deformity.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.91-99
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• 2022

Severely worn dentition causes various complications such as loss of tooth structure, discoloration, pulp complications and loss of function and aesthetics. In this case, the patient showed particularly severe attrition in the anterior teeth and lack of space for restoration. The amount of vertical dimension was determined based on the diagnostic wax up, and the patient's adaptation was evaluated by using a removable occlusal splint for 6 weeks. Thereafter, the coordination of the muscular nervous system, aesthetics, temporomandibular joint were re-evaluated for 3 months by restoring the fixed provisional restoration. Through the above treatment process, the final restoration was completed with full mouth fixed prosthesis using monolithic zirconia, and functionally and aesthetically stable results were obtained.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.274-281
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• 2022

Background: In the present study, the age- and sex-adjusted Constant score (CS) in a normal Indian population was calculated and any differences with other population cohorts assessed. Methods: The study participants were patients who visited the outpatient department for problems other than shoulder and healthy volunteers from the local population. Patients without shoulder pain/discomfort during activity were included in the study. Subjects with any problem that might affect shoulder function (e.g., cervical, thoracic spine, rib cage deformity, inflammatory arthritis) were excluded. Constant scoring of all participants was performed by trained senior residents under the supervision of the senior faculty. Shoulder range of movement and strength were measured following recommendations given by the research and Development Committee of the European Society for Shoulder and Elbow Surgery (2008). A fixed spring balance was used for strength measurement; one end was fixed on the floor and the other end tied with a strap to the wrist of the participant, arm in 90° abduction in scapular plane with palm facing down. Results: Among the 248 subjects (496 shoulders), the average age was 37 years (range, 18-78 years), 65.7% were males (326 shoulders) and 34.3% females (170 shoulders). The mean CS was 84.6±2.9 (males, 86.1±3.0; females, 81.8±2.9). CS decreased significantly after 50 years of age in males and 40 years of age in females (p<0.05). The mean CS was lower than in previous studies for both males and females. Heavy occupation workers had higher mean CS (p<0.05). A linear standardized equation was estimated for calculating the adjusted CS for any age. Conclusions: Mean CS and its change with age differed from previous studies among various population cohorts.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.304-308
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• 2010

Purpose: Many causes for triggering or locking of the fingers have been discussed in other literatures. The most common one is known stenosing tenosynovitis, which causes, a mismatch between the volume of the flexor tendon sheath and its contents. However, repeated trauma to the hand is uncommon cause of trigger finger. Therefore, we present a case of a rare condition of stenosing tenosynovitis which developed from a repeated relatively weak superficial flexor tendon injury. Methods: The patient was a 62-year-old woman who showed a painless, fixed and round mass on her right hand with no particular cause. Active and passive range of motion of the metacarpophalangeal joint of long finger was limited in flexion and extension. Ultrasonographic finding showed injured flexor digitorum superficialis tendon had fibrillar architecture with swelling between hyperechoic synovial membrane and hypoechoic surrounding area. Surgical exploration revealed that a bunched portion of the flexor digitorum superficialis and A1 pulley cause triggering during operation after adhesiolysis of scar tissue. Results: After releasing the A1 pulley, the range of motion of the metacarpophalangeal joint of long finger showed no limitation and histological examination of the subcutaneous tissue revealed fibrous fatty degeneration. In this case, releasing the A1 pulley with adhesiolysis of the subcutaneous scar tissue was successful and we obtained good functional outcome. Conclusion: We examined a patient in whom a repetitive impact forces to the palm caused longitudinal tear of the flexor tendon, leading to trigger finger. We experienced a rare case of stenosing tenosynovitis and trigger finger caused after close injury to flexor digitorum superficialis and its degenerative changes that caused mass like effect. To the best of authors' knowledge, our case of close injury to the flexor digitorum superficialis and unique morphologic change before rupture of tendon is rarely to be reported.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.647-653
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• 2013

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the lower extremities muscle activation between squatting exercise with gym ball and wall for improving muscle strengthening in lower extremities. METHODS: Participants were 21 university students (males 10, females 11) who didn't have any problem with orthopedic surgery. Participants performed squatting exercise with gym ball and wall. Squatting exercise with gym ball were performed using by gym ball behind back, and the gym ball were fixed in back and wall. We asked participants to push back the gym ball slightly to prevent fall of ball. Wall squatting exercise, we ask participants to contact their back in wall slightly in order to prevent trunk flexion during performed squatting exercise. Each squatting exercise had performed until knee joint were flexed at 60 degree, and maintained five seconds. We collected data from E.M.G of Biceps femoris, Gastrocnemius, Vastus medialis and lateralis, Tibialis anterior of lower extremity in isometric phase of knee joint angle 60 degree of each squatting exercise. We analysed data using by ANOVA and independent t-test of SPSS PC ver.20.0 in order to compare the muscle activation between squatting exercise with gym ball and wall. RESULT: All of lower extremities muscle activation showed more higher value in squatting exercise with gym ball than squatting exercise with wall, especially there was significantly difference of muscle activation in vastus medialis, tibialis anterior between squatting exercise with gymball and with wall. CONCLUSION: On comprehensively considering the results of the present study, we suggested that squatting exercise with gym ball was more effective method improving lower extremity muscle strengthening.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.631-637
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• 2005

This paper presents a stiffness analysis method for a low-DOF parallel manipulator, which takes into account of elastic deformations of joints and links. A low-DOF parallel manipulator is defined as a spatial parallel manipulator which has less than six degrees of freedom. Differently from the case of a 6-DOF parallel manipulator, the serial chains in a low-DOF parallel manipulator are subject to constraint forces as well as actuation forces. The reaction forces due to actuations and constraints in each limb can be determined by making use of the theory of reciprocal screws. It is shown that the stiffness model of an F-DOF parallel manipulator consists of F springs related to the reciprocal screws of actuations and 6-F springs related to the reciprocal screws of constraints, which connect the moving platform to the fixed base in parallel. The $6{times}6$ stiffness matrix is derived, which is the sum of the stiffness matrices of actuations and constraints. The six spring constants can be precisely determined by modeling the compliance of joints and links in a serial chain as follows; the link can be considered as an Euler beam and the stiffness matrix of rotational or prismatic joint can be modeled as a $6{times}6$ diagonal matrix, where one diagonal element about the rotation axis or along the sliding direction is zero. By summing the elastic deformations in joints and links, the compliance matrix of a serial chain is obtained. Finally, applying the reciprocal screws to the compliance matrix of a serial chain, the compliance values of springs can be determined. As an example of explaining the procedure, the stiffness of the Tricept parallel manipulator has been analyzed.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.230-235
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• 2009

In our country, the application of the design method of face to face dimension in wall-slab apartment has passed 10 years. So MC design method has fixed in the design step to some degree. In Design and Work Execution of House the exclusive area of the apartment was calculated by face to face dimension. And the term of face to face dimension was known broadly to clients, construction company, etc. But design method of face to face dimension is not to simply extend the room size so far as wall depth in design process but to ensure the actual space should be considered with efficient use and assembly of building components. That is to say, Design method of face to face dimension is not to be defined by design step but to be related with construction and maintenance. However in construction process the point of face to face design method was not understood even now. So the purpose of this study was to extract the effect and question of face to face design method in construction process by survey of actual condition of structure and construction quality, and compare this result with existing construction method. The following project of this study is to survey of actual condition of interior components such as gypsum board, windows & doors etc. Therefore this study is to induce architectural long-life through architectural standardization construction and component's exchange, and, by the subject of the study on Apartment to have design guideline and basis for joining part between Gypsumboard and windows.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.20 no.6 s.73
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• pp.88-92
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• 2006

Large-scale model tests of welded topside joints were carried out to observe the fatigue behavior of API 2W Gr.50 steel produced by POSCO. The fatigue crack behaviors for various loading conditions were measured and investigated around the critical joint sections. The experimental results have been verified with numerical approaches and also compared with the AWS D1.1 and DnV RP-C203 design curves. The large-scale experiment models were fabricated, based on the actual operating east area fixed platform. The dimensions of the models were slightly modified to accommodate the test facilities and capacities. The fatigue test was carried out having ${\Delta}Q$ of T1=705.6kN, T2=749.7kN and T3=793.8kN. The three specimens were statically loaded 20 times, with various loadings of about 50kN intervalsbetween the maximum and minimum loads required in the fatigue tests. This loading removed the residual stress in the specimen before the fatigue tests. The topside joint crack was initiated from the brace heel, where the maximum tensile stress occurred. The API 2W Gr.50 steel satisfied the AWS D1.1 detail category C and DnV RP-C203 detail category F ${\Delta}S-N$ curve.