• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.573-601
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• 2009

The present study investigated the perceptual span during reading Korean, using the moving-window display change technique introduced by McConkie and Rayner(1975). Eight different window sizes were used in Experiment 1. They were 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 characters in size and the full line. Reading rate, number of fixation, saccadic distance, fixation duration were compared between each window-size condition and the full line condition. The reading rate was no higher in the full line condition than in the 15 character condition but was higher than in the other conditions. The number of fixations was no larger in the full line condition than in the 15 character condition, had a tendency to be larger than in the 13 characters condition, and was more than in the other conditions. The result pattern of the saccadic distance based on character was the same as that of the reading rate, and the saccadic distance based on the pixel was the same as that of the number of fixation. Similarly, for fixation duration, there was no differences between whole line condition and 15, 13, and 11 characters condition. The fixation duration had a tendency to be shorter in the 9 characters, and was shorter in the 7, 5, and 3 characters conditions than whole line condition. In Experiment 2, based on asymmetry of perceptual span, the 6 different window sizes(0, 1, 2, 3, 4 characters in size and the full line) were used. There was a difference only between the 0 condition and the other conditions in the reading rate, number of fixations, fixation duration. Considering the pattern of eye-movement measures above, the perceptual span of Korean readers extends about 6-7 characters to the right of fixation and 1 character to the left of fixation.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.298-303
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• 2023

Unstable pelvic ring injuries are potentially life-threatening and associated with high mortality and complication rates in polytrauma patients. The most common cause of death in patients with pelvic ring injuries is massive bleeding. With resuscitation, external fixation can be performed as a temporary stabilization procedure for hemostasis in unstable pelvic fractures. Internal fixation following temporary external fixation of the pelvic ring yields superior and more reliable stabilization. However, a time-consuming extended approach to open reduction and internal fixation of the pelvic ring is frequently precluded by an unacceptable physiologic condition and/or concomitant injuries in patients with multiple injuries. Conservative treatment may lead to pelvic ring deformity, which is associated with various functional disabilities such as limb length discrepancy, gait disturbance, and sitting intolerance. Therefore, if the patient is not expected to be suitable for additional surgery due to a poor expected physiologic condition, definitive external fixation in combination with various percutaneous screw fixations to restore the pelvic ring should be considered in the acute phase. Herein, we report a case of unstable pelvic ring injury successfully treated with definitive external fixation and percutaneous screw fixation in the acute phase in a severely injured polytrauma patient.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.544-548
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• 2002

The object of this study was to investigate nitrogen fixation activity of rhizobium inoculated at seed coat when drought condition was applied in flowering period of soybean c.v. Samnamkong. The rhizobia used in this experiment were indigenous rhizobium, R2l4, RJl-29, USDA110 and USDA122. The experiment was done with 1/2000 Wagner pots in laboratory and greenhouse and was tested in completely randomized design with four replications. Nitrogen fixation activity in coventional culture was the highest in R2l4 and indigenous rhizobium among the five rhizobia strains. As given drought condition from flowering to maturity, nitrogen fixation activity was higher in R2l4 and RJl-29 than indigenous rhizobium. Leaf area and relative index (drought/convention) of pod weight were higher in USDA122, RJl-29 and R2l4 than indigenous rhizobium as given drought condition from flowering to maturity. High positive correlation was observed between nitrogen fixation activity of rhizobium and relative index(drought/convention) of pod weight. High negative correlation was observed between respiration of plant and relative index (drought/convention) of leaf area.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.40-44
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the changes in postural stability according to ankle fixation in healthy university students. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Thirty healthy subjects (15 males and 15 females, 20.13 years, 167.49 cm, 65.87 kg) were recruited on a voluntary basis. The BT4 system (HUR Laps Oy, Tampere, Finland) was used to measure the static (standing posture with eyes open and eyes closed) and dynamic (external perturbation and limits of stability (LOS) in the forward, backward, left, and right side) balance abilities. External perturbation was measured by the subject's postural sway velocity and area for 20 seconds after being impacted by a gym ball. Static and dynamic stabilities were measured with ankle joint fixation and non-fixation conditions. Ankle fixation was provided using Mueller tape on both ankle joints. Results: For static stability under the standing posture, there was no significant difference between standing with ankle joint fixation and non-fixation conditions. However, dynamic stability (external perturbation and LOS in the forward, backward, left, and right side) was significantly higher in the standing with the non-fixation condition compared to the standing with ankle joint fixation condition (p<0.05). Conclusions: Our results reveal that ankle joint fixation can influence dynamic stability during standing. Thus, we believe that this result provides basic information for making improvements in postural control and may be useful in balance training for fall prevention.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.261-268
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• 1987

A green house experiment was conducted to find out the differences in the amount of biologically fixed nitrogen and kjeldahl nitrogen on the different soil texture, kinds and amounts of fertilizer nitrogen under light (photosynthetic $N_2$-fixation) and dark (heterotrophic $N_2$-fixation) condition in submerged paddy soil. The reults obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The amount of biologically fixed nitrogen per mg carbon from different organic matter was obtained as 0.13 mg in glucose, 0.09 mg in rice straw, and 0.07 mg in refused mushroom compost and barley straw under 60 days of incubation. 2. Nitrogen fixing activities were decreased with increase of fertilizer nitrogen and those tendency was pronounced more in sandy soil with application of urea than that of ammonium sulfate. 3. The application of ammonium sulfate in sandy soil under light condition was increased the photosynthetic $N_2$-fixation and the applied urea was remarkably reduced the heterotrophic $N_2$-fixation in sandy soil. The proportion of biologically fixed total nitrogen after experiment in sandy soil was obtained as 25% for dark(heterotrophic $N_2$-fixation) and 75% for light (photosynthetic $N_2$-fixation) condition. On the other hand, very similar biological $N_2$-fixing tendency was obtained between kinds of nitrogen fertilizer and two light condition in clayey soil. 4. The kjeldahl nitrogen was remarkably decreased after experiment under dark condition with application of urea than that of light condition with ammonium sulfate, and no remarkable decreasing tendency was obtained in clayey soil between two kinds of fertilizer nitrogen. 5. The high significant positive correlationship was obtained between calculated biological nitrogen fixation by acetylene reducing activity and kjeldahl nitrogen after experiment under light (y=0.8488X-5.9632, $r=0.9928^{**}$, n=21) and dark (y=0.8795X-7.1056, $r=0.9782^{**}$, n=21) condition. In this experiment condition, conversion factors of 6:1 was obtained from biological nitrogen fixation to soil nitrogen.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.361-368
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• 2007

Biological samples can be fixed either by chemical method by using chemical solution or physical methods by using heat treatment. The problem in traditional heat fixation is unsatisfactory quality due to uneven heat conduction in specimen and loss of inner cell contents. Chemical fixation method also bears several intrinsic problems like the limit in specimen size, time consumption in fixative impregnation, and loss of low molecular weight cell components. These factors deteriorate the quality of fixed specimen, thus limit the magnification and contrast of tissue pictures. Microwave heat has been reported to be a good alternative to current chemical methods to overcome these problem. In this study, we tried to introduce the microwave energy method to routine fixation work in hospital. We replaced chemical fixative with saline to provide moderate reaction condition, and used frozen section to reduce time for sample preparation. Temperature was measured at each experiment. The fixation of rat kidney tissue with 2.45 GHz electromagnetic wave and saline showed similar result to the control group fixed with traditional chemical method. Human tumor tissue fixed with 2.45 GHz electromagnetic in frozen section was improved in terms of histochemistry of PAS and immunohistochemistry of tumor marker like cytokeratin. Total turnaround time was reduced from $24\sim38$ h to to $2\sim4$ h. In conclusion, the quality of samples prepared by microwave heating method was at least as good as that of traditional method. If the condition for the fixation of different specimens is standardized, this new method could be applied to routine work in hospital, and could save working time as well.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Technology Engineers
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.321-327
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• 2009

This paper studied the influences of the main design parameter-the expansion angle and the material properties of the self-expansion anterior cruciate ligament fixation device on the contact condition with the bone and the initial stability of the device. Using finite element analysis, the stress distributions of the ring part of the device and the wall of the bone tunnel were calculated. And the micro-migration of the device by the pull-out force was calculated. From the analysis results, it was found that when designing the self-expansion type anterior cruciate ligament fixation device, it is desirable to use the material having higher Young's modulus and to design the fixation device that all wedges uniformly maintain contact with bone to obtain initial stability after operation.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.8-14
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• 2024

Purpose: Ankle fracture fixation is the gold standard of treatment but it does have its own complications. There is inadequate data regarding the comparative effectiveness of early vs. delayed fixation for open ankle fracture outcomes. This study compares the clinical and functional outcomes of open ankle fractures treated by early or delayed definitive fixation and identifies the limitations of both methods. Materials and Methods: All 73 patients enrolled in the study underwent surgical intervention within 24 hours of injury. The early fixation group (group A) consisting of 39 patients underwent definitive fixation as an index procedure, while the delayed fixation group (group B) consisted of 34 patients who underwent debridement and external fixator application as an index procedure and definitive fixation when soft tissue condition was conducive. All patients were evaluated at 2, 6, and 12 weeks postoperatively and then three monthly for a year. Results: Enneking and American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society scores were markedly higher in the early fixation group at 6 months postoperatively (p-values <0.001 and 0.011, respectively). However, no discernible intergroup difference was evident at 12 months postoperatively. Between 6 and 12 months, group functional outcome scores were significantly different. At 6 months, there was a substantial difference in dorsiflexion between the two groups (p-values 0.001 and <0.001, respectively), but no difference was observed at 12 months postoperatively. At 6 and 12 months, group average plantar flexions were non-significantly different. Conclusion: Early definitive fixation of complex ankle fractures using a targeted approach produced promising results for lower grade open fractures (grades 1 and 2), and delayed definitive fixation, after initial external fixation to allow for soft tissue stabilization, produced promising results for higher grade open fractures (grades 3A and 3B). At 12-month follow-ups, clinical and functional outcomes achieved using these strategies were equivalent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.13 no.3 s.31
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• pp.242-251
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in easy-care and strength properties of the wet fixation processed viscose rayon fabrics. Rayon fabrics were treated with mixed resins of melamine formaldehyde (MF) and DMDHEU by one bath and two bath wet fixation processes. The MF/DMDHEU mixed resin concentrations were 50/100, 50/150, 100/100, 100/150 and 150/100(g/1). Magnasium chloride was used as a catalyst. Treated fabrics were evaluated by nitrogen content, DP rating, wrinkle recovery angle, breaking strength, tearing strength and abrasion resistance. The properties were compared to the fabrics treated by conventional Pad-Dry-Cure (PDC) method. Wet fixation processed fabrics showed DP ratings of higher than 3 and higher than 275 degrees of wrinkle recovery angles in all the mixed resin concentrations. Wet fixation processed fabrics showed increase in breaking strength and tearing strength but decrease in abrasion resistance. However, the decrease in abrasion resistance was much less than the conventional PDC treated fabrics. The one bath wet fixation processed fabrics showed better physical properties than the two bath processed fabrics in general. The optimum treatment condition was the mixed resin concentration of MF/DMDHEU, 100/100 g/l in one bath wet fixation process.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.64-66
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• 1993

We experienced 2 cases of surgical immobilization with Judet`s strut for flail chest with multiple rib fractures. The patients were undertaken explorative thoracotomy for unevacuated hematoma and chest wall fixation for paradoxically moving segments of ribs after initial trials of internal fixation, i.e. mechanical ventilation with endotracheal intubation. Immediately after operation, the patient`s general condition and respiratory status were improved remarkably. Mechanical ventilation and endotracheal intubtion were removed on postoperative second day without any events.