• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.313-342
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• 2014

A Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) benchmark for Uncertainty Analysis in Modeling (UAM) is defined in order to facilitate the development and validation of available uncertainty analysis and sensitivity analysis methods for best-estimate Light water Reactor (LWR) design and safety calculations. The benchmark has been named the OECD/NEA UAM-LWR benchmark, and has been divided into three phases each of which focuses on a different portion of the uncertainty propagation in LWR multi-physics and multi-scale analysis. Several different reactor cases are modeled at various phases of a reactor calculation. This paper discusses Phase I, known as the "Neutronics Phase", which is devoted mostly to the propagation of nuclear data (cross-section) uncertainty throughout steady-state stand-alone neutronics core calculations. Three reactor systems (for which design, operation and measured data are available) are rigorously studied in this benchmark: Peach Bottom Unit 2 BWR, Three Mile Island Unit 1 PWR, and VVER-1000 Kozloduy-6/Kalinin-3. Additional measured data is analyzed such as the KRITZ LEU criticality experiments and the SNEAK-7A and 7B experiments of the Karlsruhe Fast Critical Facility. Analyzed results include the top five neutron-nuclide reactions, which contribute the most to the prediction uncertainty in keff, as well as the uncertainty in key parameters of neutronics analysis such as microscopic and macroscopic cross-sections, six-group decay constants, assembly discontinuity factors, and axial and radial core power distributions. Conclusions are drawn regarding where further studies should be done to reduce uncertainties in key nuclide reaction uncertainties (i.e.: $^{238}U$ radiative capture and inelastic scattering (n, n') as well as the average number of neutrons released per fission event of $^{239}Pu$).

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.205-213
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• 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze body stability Joint coordination pattern though as bending stiffness of shoes during stance phase of running. Method: 47 male subjects (Age: 26.33 ± 2.11 years, Height: 177.32 ± 4.31 cm, Weight: 65.8 ± 3.87 kg) participated in this study. All subjects tested wearing the same type of running shoes by classifying bending stiffness (A shoes: 3.2~4.1 N, B shoes: 9.25~10.53 N, C shoes: 20.22~21.59 N). They ran 10 m at 3.3 m/s (SD ±3%) speed, and the speed was monitored by installing a speedometer at 3 m intervals between force plate, and the measured data were analyzed five times. During running, ankle joint, MTP joint, coupling angle, inclination angle (anterior-posterior, medial-lateral) was collected and analyzed. Vector coding methods were used to calculate vector angle of 2 joint couples during running: MTP-Ankle joint frontal plane. All analyses were performed with SPSS 21.0 and for repeated measured ANOVA and Post-hoc was Bonferroni. Results: Results indicated that there was an interaction between three shoes and phases for MTP (Metatarsalphalangeal) joint angle (p = .045), the phases in the three shoes showed difference with heel strike~impact peak (p1) (p = .000), impact peak~active peak (p2) (p = .002), from active peak to half the distance to take-off until take-off (p4) (p = .032) except for active peak~from active peak to half the distance to take-off (p3) (p = .155). ML IA (medial-lateral inclination angle) for C shoes was increased than other shoes. The coupling angle of ankle angle and MTP joint showed that there was significantly difference of p2 (p = .005), p4 (p = .045), and the characteristics of C shoes were that single-joint pattern (ankle-phase, MTP-phase) was shown in each phase. Conclusion: In conclusion, by wearing high bending stiffness shoes, their body instability was increased during running.

• 사회복지연구
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.107-133
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• 2010

본 연구는 한국사회에 확산되는 기러기 가족의 구성원으로서 기러기 아빠의 분거가족경험을 총체적으로 이해하기 위해 7명의 기러기 아빠를 대상으로 심층 인터뷰한 후 질적연구 방법을 활용하여 분거가족 경험의 일반적 구조를 파악하였다. 연구 결과, 기러기 아빠의 분거가족경험은 전후 맥락과 시간성을 고려하여 가족분거 결정단계와 초기단계, 유지단계로 구분되었고 5개의 상위 구성요소가 도출되었다. 먼저, 가족분거 결정단계는 "조기유학의 내·외적 필요" 로 나타났고, 가족분거 초기단계는 "가족이탈의 해방과 결핍" 으로 도출되었으며 가족분거 유지단계는 "고갈된 독거인의 삶", "가족없는 공간을 채움", "분거기간의 장기화: 와도 걱정, 안와도 걱정" 으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 연구결과에 근거하여 가족분거를 경험한 기러기아빠에 대한 실천적 함의를 제시하였다.

• Educational Technology International
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.25-55
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• 2019

The core purpose of the study is to develop and validate an ADDIE model based instructional model for English Language Teaching (ELT) in early childhood classroom in Bangladesh as an aid to teachers to reconstruct their knowledge and experience more strategically, and for them to design and implement their instruction more structurally. This study is developmental in nature which has been divided in five phases as follows. Phase I: Existing methods and instructional strategy review, Phase II: Instructional model development, Phase III: Delphi 1st round, Phase IV: Delphi 2nd round and Phase V: Model validation. After reviewing relevant literature and existing strategy in phase I, the 1st version of instructional model is made phase II. Next in phase III and phase IV, two rounds of Delphi have been conducted where experts related to different concerning areas of this study reviewed the 1st version and gradually the final version of the instructional model is made. Finally, the instructional model for English teachers of early childhood classroom in Bangladesh got validated by the same Delphi panelists in Phase V. In respect with each phases of ADDIE, the instructional model elaborates the 1) representative key points, 2) instructors' activities prescribed for the instructors, 3) supporting strategies. Both the conceptual and procedural models are included in this study for clearer identification of the whole process. Lastly the study provides some recommendations for instructors and practitioners on choosing the instructional model like doing prior need analysis, incorporating teacher training programs, training students, keeping on researching for finding effective teaching technique and tools and being open to changes etc. In addition, the study also acknowledges its limitations like not being able to consider the psychological factors due to time limitation. Finally, at the end the study points out the areas that welcome further research.

• 간호행정학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.135-146
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to develope, based on the Nursing Intervention Classification (NIC) system. a set of standardized nursing interventions which had been validated. and their associated activities. for use with nursing diagnoses related to home health care for women who have had a caesarian delivery and for their newborn babies. This descriptive study for instrument development had three phases: first. selection of nursing diagnoses. second, validation of the preliminary home health care interventions. and third, application of the home care interventions. In the first phases, diagnoses from 30 nursing records of clients of the home health care agency at P. medical center who were seen between April 21 and July 30. 1998. and from 5 textbooks were examined. Ten nursing diagnoses were selected through a comparison with the NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association) classification In the second phase. using the selected diagnoses. the nursing interventions were defined from the diagnoses-intervention linkage lists along with associated activities for each intervention list in NIC. To develope the preliminary interventions five-rounds of expertise tests were done. During the first four rounds. 5 experts in clinical nursing participated. and for the final content validity test of the preliminary interventions. 13 experts participated using the Fehring's Delphi technique. The expert group evaluated and defined the set of preliminary nursing interventions. In the third phases, clinical tests were held at in a home health care setting with two home health care nurses using the preliminary intervention list as a questionnaire. Thirty clients referred to the home health care agency at P. medical center between October 1998 and March 1999 were the subjects for this phase. Each of the activities were tested using dichotomous question method. The results of the study are as follows: 1. For the ten nursing diagnoses. 63 appropriate interventions were selected from 369 diagnoses interventions links in NlC., and from 1.465 associated nursing activities. From the 63 interventions. the nurses expert group developed 18 interventions and 258 activities as the preliminary intervention list through a five-round validity test 2. For the fifth content validity test using Fehring's model for determining lCV (Intervention Content Validity), a five point Likert scale was used with values converted to weights as follows: 1=0.0. 2=0.25. 3=0.50. 4=0.75. 5=1.0. Activities of less than O.50 were to be deleted. The range of ICV scores for the nursing diagnoses was 0.95-0.66. for the nursing interventions. 0.98-0.77 and for the nursing activities, 0.95-0.85. By Fehring's method. all of these were included in the preliminary intervention list. 3. Using a questionnaire format for the preliminary intervention list. clinical application tests were done. To define nursing diagnoses. home health care nurses applied each nursing diagnoses to every client. and it was found that 13 were most frequently used of 400 times diagnoses were used. Therefore. 13 nursing diagnoses were defined as validated nursing diagnoses. Ten were the same as from the nursing records and textbooks and three were new from the clinical application. The final list included 'Anxiety', 'Aspiration. risk for'. 'Infant behavior, potential for enhanced, organized'. 'Infant feeding pattern. ineffective'. 'Infection'. 'Knowledge deficit'. 'Nutrition, less than body requirements. altered', 'Pain'. 'Parenting'. 'Skin integrity. risk for. impared' and 'Risk for activity intolerance'. 'Self-esteem disturbance', 'Sleep pattern disturbance' 4. In all. there were 19 interventions. 18 preliminary nursing interventions and one more intervention added from the clinical setting. 'Body image enhancement'. For 265 associated nursing activities. clinical application tests were also done. The intervention rate of 19 interventions was from 81.6% to 100%, so all 19 interventions were in c1uded in the validated intervention set. From the 265 nursing activities. 261(98.5%) were accepted and four activities were deleted. those with an implimentation rate of less than 50%. 5. In conclusion. 13 diagnoses. 19 interventions and 261 activities were validated for the final validated nursing intervention set.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제27집
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• pp.35-77
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• 2016

대순진리회 여주본부도장은 입지와 여러 가지 상징들을 종교적으로 분석하면, 청계탑 상층부 9단의 기단은 천상의 구천세계, 탑신부 1·2 ·3층은 각각 8면을 구성하여 24절기, 4·5·6·7·8·9·10층은 4면이 7단으로 구성되어 28수, 청계탑 기단부 3층의 12지신은 12월령을 상징한다. 이것은 천상의 변화 단계와 하늘의 별자리를 상징한 것이고 구천상제와 하늘의 별자리를 존숭하는 의미를 담고 있다. 대순진리회 영대에는 15신격이 있고 대원종의 타종수는 15이다. 15는 구궁도에서 마방진의 신묘한 숫자이다. 구궁도는 후천팔괘의 낙서숫자이고, 5와 10은 중앙에 거(居)하는 토에 해당한다. 대순진리회에서는 후천팔괘의 오행토로 이루어진 수리(數理)를 사용한다. 그러므로 대순진리회의 모든 주문과 치성도 오행으로 토를 상징하는 진·술·축·미와 갑·기의 날에 변화가 시행된다. 여주본부도장의 풍수적 입지는 오행 토로 이루어진 천장길방의 대지(大地)이다. 그곳은 피안의 세계이지만 속세의 차안의 세계와 멀리 떨어져 있는 것이 아니고, 복록을 주관하는 후천진경이 도래하기를 기다리는 곳이며 도통군자가 나오는 지상신선 세계의 성스러운 공간으로서 창조되었다. 여주본부도장은 서신사명의 다가올 후천진경을 기다리는 풍수적으로 천장길방의 성스러운 대지이다.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2004

Reproductive cycle, the condition index, sex ratio of the Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas were investigated by histological and morphometric data. The specimens were collected in the two oyster farms of Geoje and Namhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, from November 1995 to October 1996. Growth of shell length in two regions was similar, but growth of total weight of the oyster in Namhae was faster than that in Geoje oyster farm. The spawning periods in female and male clams were from July to October in Geoje and from June to October in Namhae oyster farm. Ripe oocytes were approximately 50 m in diameter. The reproductive cycle of in females and males in Geoje and Namhae oyster farms can be divided into five successive stages: early developing, late developing, ripe, partially spawned and spent/inactive. Monthly changes in gonad developmental phases showed somewhat different patterns between female and male clams except for the spawning period. On the whole, however, monthly changes in the gonad developmental phases showed a similar pattern in the same sex. The sex ratios of females to males in Geoje and Namhae oyster farms were not significantly different from a 1:1 sex ratio ($x^2$ = 0.55 (p > 0.05) in Geoje and $x^2$ = 0.27 ( p > 0.05) in Namhae). Artificial induction of maturation by heating of adult oysters (two-year-old) was investigated from 17 January to 18 March in 1996. Maturity at the fixed water temperature group of $20^{\circ}C$ was 80%, it showed the highest maturity of experimental groups cultured for five weeks. The survival (%) of Crassostrea gigas in the raised water temperature experimental groups (15, 20, $25^{\circ}C$) were over 98.5%, as similar to the control group (100%). But, the survival of C. gigas in the fixed water temperature experimental groups (15, 20, 25, $30^{\circ}C$) were decreased with the increase of the water temperatures. In the fixed water temperature experimental group of $30^{\circ}C$, the survival was 51.1%. Base on these results, the fixed water temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ was the best condition for artificial induction of sexual maturation.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.47-67
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• 2016

본 연구는 중소규모 도시에 거주하는 노인들의 실제적 신체활동량을 측정하고, 이에 기반하여 이들이 인지하고 있는 신체활동과 관련된 문제점을 사회생태학적 모델을 통해 이해하고 개선방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구는 총 3개의 세션으로 구성되었는데, 1차 설문조사, 2차 가속도계 연구, 3차 포토보이스 연구가 이에 해당된다. 개별적인 3 단계의 연구들은 혼합연구의 기법 중 포섭(nesting)의 방식 통해 통합적으로 분석되었다. 1차 설문조사과정에 참여한 134명의 노인 중 73명의 노인들이 주당 150분의 신체활동에 참여하지 않는다고 응답했으며, 이들 중 40명이 2차 가속도계 연구에 참여하였다. 2차 가속도계 연구에서 32명의 노인이 주당 150분의 중고강도 신체활동(MVPA)를 충족하지 못했으며, 이들 중 최종적으로 6명이 3차 포토보이스 연구에 참여하였다. 이러한 과정을 통해 최종적으로 5개의 테마가 귀납적으로 도출되었다. 1. 올바른 신체활동에 대한 정보 및 서비스 부재, 2. 주변인의 지지 부재, 3. 만성질환으로 인한 제약, 4. 시설의 부재, 5. 기존 생활습관 및 방식으로 인한 신체활동 기회부족이다. 사회생태학적 모델로 분석된 5개의 테마를 통해 최종적으로 개인적, 대인간, 조직적, 공동체적, 그리고 공공정책수준에서의 개선방안이 각각 제시되었다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.488-493
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• 2008

This study compared the effect of injectable combinations of anesthetics on each of the fluorescein angiographic phases in order to determine the most useful anesthetic combination for the procedure. Acepromazineketamine (AK), xylazine-ketamine (XK), diazepam-ketamine (DK) and zolazepam-tiletamine (ZT) group were administered randomly to 8 dogs with a two-week interval between different combination doses. The vital signs including the heart rate and arterial pressure were measured before anesthesia and every five minutes during anesthesia. Serial angiographic images were obtained after injecting a sodium fluorescein dye (25 mg/kg) and the onset time of arterial phase (AP), arteriovenous phase (AVP), early venous phase (EVP) and late venous phases (LVP) were recorded. The onset time of the AP, AVP and EVP were significantly slower in the AK and XK groups than in the DK and ZT groups. The total duration of the AP and AVP in the AK group was significantly longer than those in the ZT group. The heart rates were significantly higher in the DK and ZT groups. The arterial pressure was significantly higher in the AK and XK groups (p<0.05). There were significant differences in each angiographic onset time and duration depending on the changes in the heart rates and arterial pressure. The AK and XK groups showed a long angiographic duration allowing an accurate evaluation. Overall, it is believed that AK and XK are more useful for performing fluorescein retinal angiography than DK and ZT.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.17-35
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to explain developmental process of gait via angle-angle diagram to understand how coordinated relationships and control change with age. Twenty four female children, from one to five years of age were the test subjects for this study, and their results were compared to a control group consisting of twenty one adult females. The Vicon 370 CCD camera, VCR, video timer, monitor, and audio visual mixer was utilized to graph the gait cycle for all test subjects. Both coordinated Intra-limb relationships, and range of motion and timing according to quadrant were explained through the angle angle diagram. Movement in the sagittal plane showed both coordinated relationships and control earlier than movement in the coronal or transverse plane. In the sagittal plane, hip and Knee coordinated relationships developed first (from one year of age.) Coordinated relationships in the Knee and ankle and hip and ankle developed next, respectively. Both hip and ankle and knee and ankle development were inhibited by the inability of children to completely perform plantar flexion during the swing and initial double limb support phases. Children appeared to compensate for this by extending at their hip joint more than adults during the third phase, final double limb support. In many cases the angle angle diagram for children had a similar shape as adult's angle angle diagram. This shows that children can coordinate their movements at an early age. However, the magnitudes and timing of children's angle angle diagrams still varied greatly from adults, even at five years of age. This indicates that even at this age, children still do not possess full control of their movements.