• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.386-393
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• 2016

It is essential to provide good environment for juvenile fish to grow and spawn in order to keep reproduction mechanism of fisheries resources. However, harvesting juvenile fish deprives adult fish of the opportunity to reproduce, thereby changing self-regulating renewable resources into non-renewable ones and preventing sustainable harvesting as well as reducing fishers' income. We reviewed the catch status of Korea on juvenile mackerel and analyzed how reducing the catch ratio of juvenile mackerel may affect the spawning stock and Korean fishermen's revenue. In addition, we analyzed the problem of caching juvenile mackerel in Korean fisheries and current efforts to protect and reduce the catch ratio of juvenile mackerel in Korea. Furthermore, we suggested future efforts to protect juvenile mackerel. The result of the study showed that reducing the catch ratio of juvenile mackerel from 44.4% to 30.0% would increase fishers' revenue by 60.6 billion KRW. We suggest the changing of purse seine fishery's catching methods from night operation to day operation, relocation of fishing vessels to move to other fishing grounds when fishing vessels meet high density of juvenile mackerel, and consumers' clever choice of consuming adult mackerel in order to accelerate the move toward protecting juvenile mackerel in Korea.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.61-83
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• 2002

Korea has designated 28 trade ports and 22 coastal ports under the Ports Act. If fishery ports and small inlets are counted, the number amounts to hundreds of ports. However, untimely and inefficient maintenance and repair works face Korean ports with functional loss, decreasing efficiency, and even catastrophe. Thus, further examinations on the maintenance or redevelopment of forts in Korea are urgent. Since the Korean War and the higher economic growth period in the 1970s, Busan Port has developed in a variety of ways, according to the necessity of social conditions at any given time, without any development Philosophy or systematic long-term master plan. As a result, ports and coastal industrial facilities have rushed to gather around the present North Busan Port, which has taken on mixed functions between ports and cities, adversely affecting several of their interactions. To resolve these circumstances, several redevelopment schemes were suggested for centering the old zone in the Busan Port interim. However, comprehensive evaluation and redevelopment schemes combining functions of both ports and cities, and effectively utilizing coastal zones have never been presented. In this respect, this study sets the priority order of the extracted unit project. This study analyzes the existing functions and facilities of Busan Port, extracting facility zones through redevelopment which is certain to fail or to decrease in efficiency. furthermore, this study presents status and development directions of specified redevelopment unit projects of higher priority order, and pursues the integrated plan of efficiency for Busan Port.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2015

This study aimed to evaluate the TAC policy and to examine the effective annual TAC quota in the sandfish stock rebuilding plan using a bioeconomic modelling method. In the analysis, first, a sandfish bioeconomic model was developed by combining a sandfish stock population model and economic models by fishery and second, achieving stock rebuilding targets and changes of fishing revenues by the level of annual TAC quota were examined. Model results indicated that the TAC 1,500ton policy would have the greatest impact on the increase of sandfish stock biomass comparing to the status quo and other TAC policies. In addition, it was evaluated that the total fishing revenues of coastal gillnet and danish seine fisheries could be increased the most in the TAC 2,500ton policy. In both cases of TAC 3,500ton and 4,000ton, the fishing revenues of both fisheries were inversely reduced due to the decrease of catch by coastal gillnet and the decline of market prices by danish seine's excessive catch. Furthermore, they would have a negative impact on sandfish stock biomass.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.98-121
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• 2000

The Korean fishery encountered a difficulty situation, due to the new regime of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and the decreasing fisheries resources in Korean waters. In addition, the coastal areas are deteriorated by industrial wastes, sewage, farming wastes and pollution from aquaculture. In this situation, it is necessary to study the TAC (total allowable catch) - based management system, the development of fishing gears and appropriate fishing methods for stock conservation, and the automation system of fishing gears for improving the efficiency of fisheries. The objective of this study is to look for an appropriate system in marine production and resource management under the new UNCLOS (United National Convention for the Law of the Sea) regime for subjects in fishing gears and methods, production system, and information, and fisheries resources management. The results of this study could be used as scientific information to maintain and develop the Korean fisheries and to establish fisheries policy for the management of fisheries resources in Korean waters.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.667-677
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• 2013

This study aims to examine the actual status of the urban heat island in Daegu by analyzing the data of 17 automatic weather stations installed in the Daegu area. And the results can be summarized as follows: First, regarding the temperature distribution in Daegu by summer time zones, for the 31 days(August 1st till 31st), 18 days showed daily maximum temperature over $30^{\circ}C$, and 11 days indicated daily minimum temperature over $25^{\circ}C$. The day that showed the highest daily maximum temperature was August 5th, which indicated $36^{\circ}C$. Second, about the spatial distribution of time ratio exceeding $30^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, the area with the highest time ratio exceeding $30^{\circ}C$ is mostly the downtown(central area), eastern area, and northern area. Meanwhile, regarding the time ratio exceeding $25^{\circ}C$, the downtown area centering around the central area were high as over 70%, and the outskirts were low as under 65%. Third, considering the temporal distribution of daily maximum temperature and daily minimum temperature, daily maximum temperature was shown around 14:00 to 15:00 while the daily minimum temperature was indicated around 17:00 to 18:00. Daily maximum and minimum temperature were appeared at northeast and downtown, respectively. Fourth, regarding the spatial distribution of tropical days and tropical night days, tropical days showed 77% and tropical night days indicated 42% before and after the 24th and also the 13th each. Tropical days were occurred up to 24 days at northeastern area. And the southwestern area of Daegu showed under 22 days. The downtown showed the 14 days of the tropical night. However, the outskirts indicated relatively few days as under 10 days. Fifth, about the spatial distribution of the average daily temperature range (the difference between the highest temperature and lowest temperature), the central area, the central part of the city, showed the smallest as $7.2^{\circ}C$, and as it was closer to the northern area, it became larger, so in the eastern and northern area, it was over $8.8^{\circ}C$ or so.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.1-23
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• 1999

In the Northeast Asian region fisheries agreements of the past regarding high seas as an agreement area were transformed or new agreements were introduced in order to conform to the EEZ regime. However, the existing joint regulatory zone which “open” status is somewhat similar to the high sea not only disappear, but also two new systems were established. To begin with, parties of the agreement claimed their EEZs to be from the territorial sea baselines to the extent set forth, problem of the fishery access of the other party under the agreement is to be solved on the principle of reciprocity and on recognizing of the catch results achieved in the past. In regards to the overlapping zones like neutral zone of the East Sea of Korea(Sea of Japan) and neutral zone to the south of the Cheju Island, provisional measures zones in the Yellow Sea and in the East China Sea, and transitional zone of the Yellow Sea special fisheries management systems reflecting the legal character of the zone involved are applied. Moreover, as fisheries agreements defining open sea as an agreement zone are not able to conform to the EEZ regime, so new fisheries agreements must be taken out from old systems and conceptions, and must be understood and enforced from the new point view. Therefore, countermeasures needed to do so should be developed, and their basic structure is as follows. Firstly, the basic concept of the EEZ regime requires that the coastal states have sovereign rights on their sea zones' natural resources and bear responsibilities appropriate to their allowed jurisdiction. Each Northeast Asian state should adjust the structure of fishing industries and employ advanced fisheries management system, and should make efforts toward such issues of the state policy as increasing fishery resources and preserving ocean environment. Secondly, measures should be developed to solve the international fisheries disputes which are to occur under enforcement of the new fisheries agreements system. In regards to the acts of violation the fisheries laws in the foreign EEZ the principle of jail sentence prohibition is established by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, and every fisheries agreement reflects this principle. Therefore, the present question is to consider concrete measures to enable the easy release of the seamen, who violated fisheries laws slightly and well-intently, through establishment and management of the guarantee fund needed to make collateral reasonable. Thirdly, Korean-Russian and Russian-Japanese fisheries relations were formed on the basis of the EEZ regime, since 1992 and 1977 respectively, and are expected to maintain mutually beneficial cooperative character. As for Korean-Chinese-Japanese fisheries relations, the operational problems of overlapping zones, and problem of the permits for EEZ mutual access should be solved on the basis of the principle of reciprocity and equity rather than unilaterally from any side.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.305-312
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• 2010

Seagrass beds are a type of coastal wetland with many ecosystem services and precious economic values. Seagrass meadows used to be widespread along the coasts in northern Chinese seas, yet they have long been overlooked and lack devoted study on their history and status. This paper firstly reveals, by synthesis of information on composition of seagrass species and their distribution, that the seagrasses in this region have experienced considerable declines, both in terms of distribution and biomass, from the earliest record to present days. Then, a case study at the seagrass bed of Chudao is described to show the status of representative seagrass meadows. The results indicate that the environmental condition is good, seagrasses are in recovery, the planktoners are healthy and rich fishery resources and the mammal finless porpoise are associated with the seagrass bed. The cause(s) of historical seagrass decline and current conditions are also discussed, and future recommendations on seagrass protection and mapping are suggested.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.31-38
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• 1978

Younghung-myun is located on a small island under the jurisdiction of Gyunggi province. The island occupying a total of approximately 40sq km is populated by 5,850 people. Two areas within the island were selected for this survey; 1) Nae 4-ri in Younghung-myun (mainly engaged in farming) 2) Nae 5-ri in Younghung-myun (mainly engaged in fishery) The survey was conducted for the period of 5-12 august 1978. Intake of foods and nutrients of all members in the households surveyed by means of questionnaire was computed based on number of meals a day. On the other hand, daily intake of nutrients by an individual was calculated by sex, age and type of work based on the conversion rate of RDA (Korean Recommended Dietary Allowances for Adult). The results obtained are summarized; 1. Status of food intake Average daily food intake of an individual in the surveyed areas was 1,018gm. Out of 1,018gm above, 490gm which represent 48% of the total intake were from cereals, grains or other vegetative products. Ratio of animal-origin foods was determined as only 16% of the total intake. These findings led us to the conclusion that people in the surveyed areas live heavily on vegetative foods. 2. Status of nutrients intake 1) Overall average intake of calorie by an individual in the surveyed areas was 2026.3Kcal per day. On the other hand, average calorie intake by adult persons was 2,491.3 Kcal per day, which is lower than 2,700 Kcal recommended by RDA by approximately 7.7%. Furthermore, it was observed that most of 2,491.3 Kcal obtained by adult persons was from such vegetative foods as cereals, grains, ect. 2) Overall average intake of protein by an individual in the areas surveyed was 52.2gm per dar. On the other hand, average protein intake among adult persons was 67.7gm a day, which indicates lower intake of protein than 80gm of RDA. It was also found that 84.3% of the protein intake by an adult person was of plant origin. 3) Overall average of fat intake by an individual in the areas surveyed was 18.9gm per day, whereas average fat intake among adult persons was 23. 2gm a day. It was brought to our attention that the average fat intake by adult persons is much lower than 36gm recom mended by RDA. 4) Average calcium intake among adult persons in the areas surveyed was 457.1mg per day, that is somewhat lower than 500mg in RDA. However, average iron intake among adult persons in the areas was slightly higher with 10.5mg a day than 10mg of RDA. 5) With exception with vitamin C, intake of all other vitamin groups, such as vit. A, vit. $B_1$, vit. $B_2$ and niacin, were lower among the inhabitants than recommended by RDA. 3. Economic status Average schooling years of food handlers was 6.5 years with average monthly income of \89,000 in the areas surveyed. Petroleum was used by majority of the households for fuel.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.32-49
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• 2010

Ecosystem-based fisheries management requires a holistic assessment of the status of fisheries by integrating fishery ecosystem indicators for management objectives. In this study four objectives were identified such as the maintenance of the sustainability, biodiversity and habitat quality and socio-economic benefits. The ecosystem-based fisheries assessment (EBFA) model to assess fisheries and their resources at the ecosystem level developed for Korean fisheries (Zhang et al., 2009) has a number of indicators for three management objectives. However, it was found that there were some overlapping components among indicators and that there were difficulties in assessing some indicators in the EBFA model. This study identified problems of the approach and suggested more pragmatic and simpler indicators. It also presented alternative reference points to assess indicators and discussed issues associated with the application of the EBFA model to a marine ranching ecosystem. In this study a total of 24 indicators were used for the assessment which included 4 socio-economic indicators. New indicators and reference points were demonstrated by applying it to the Uljin marine ranch.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.95-100
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• 1995

A survey was carried out on the larval anilsakids in anchovies (Engrnuyis jnponica) which were caught from April to .lune in 1993 at the southern and eastern sea in Korea. Anisakids in anchovies were morphological classified into Anisakis type I and II and Contracaecum type B and C, after fixation in 70% alcohol and clearing in lactophenol. A examined. The infection rates showed no relation with length of the anchovies. The numbers of anisakids by organs of anchovies were 96 (56.1%) from the muscle, 65 (38.0%) from the omentum, 7 (4.1%) from the intestine, 2 (1.7%) from the stomach and 1 (0.6%) from the testis. Infection rates of anchovies with anisakids by localities were 5.1% at Taebyon, 8.0% at Sokcho and 9.2% at Chungmu. The larval uisikids in anchovies may infect humans who often eat raw anchovies.