• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.73-85
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• 2023

This study examined the nutritional information using the nutrition labels of gimbap sold at convenience stores and evaluated nutritional adequacy compared to dietary reference intakes for Korean adolescents. Thirty gimbaps (triangular gimbaps and regular gimbaps according to the main ingredients of vegetables, fish, and meat) were purchased at five convenience stores of different brands with many stores in Korea. The food and nutrition labels of the gimbaps were investigated, and nine minerals were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The average price of gimbap was 1,906.7 won, and average energy was 292.0 kcal, and the protein content was 15.5% of the recommended intake for Korean male adolescents aged 15~18 years. The mineral content ranged from 6.9% for zinc to 39.0% for selenium. Except for sodium and selenium, the energy, protein, and mineral content did not meet 1/3 of dietary reference intakes for adolescents. For the index of nutritional quality (INQ), calcium and zinc were the lowest in the triangular and regular gimbap, respectively. The INQ of potassium was significantly higher in triangular gimbap with vegetables. The content and INQ of selenium were in regular gimbap with fish, and the zinc INQ was in regular gimbap with meat. Overall, gimbap sold in convenience stores has a high sodium content, and the contents of energy, protein, and minerals, except selenium, are insufficient for a single meal.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.72-80
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• 2012

This study examined the effects of custom nutrition education on dietary intakes and clinical parameters in patients diagnosed with iron deficiency anemia. A total of 34 patients visited the anemia clinic of Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital. Among these, only 16 patients were available for follow-ups. A follow-up was conducted by a clinical dietitian 2 months from the first nutrition education session. Patients were all women. For custom nutrition education, we investigated anthropometric data, dietary assessment (24 hr-recall, FFQ), and self-recognized anemic symptoms. Weight did not show a significant difference but hemoglobin, hematocrit (P<0.01), serum iron, and serum ferritin (P<0.05) were significantly increased after the nutrition education. Serum total iron binding capacity was significantly decreased (P<0.01). Self-recognized symptoms such as dizziness, fatigue (P<0.001), shortness of breath, headache (P<0.01), brittle nails, and sore tongue (P<0.05) were significantly improved. Daily intakes of protein (P<0.05), total iron (P<0.01), and animal iron (P<0.001) were significantly increased. A significantly negative correlation was observed between current serum iron and the intake of carbohydrates, fat, or phosphorus (P<0.05). But current serum ferritin showed a significantly positive correlation with the frequency of intake of meat, poultry, and fish. It could be concluded that the custom nutrition education might be effective on quality of diet as well as iron status and it might also improve the clinical parameters in patients diagnosed with the iron deficiency anemia.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.394-402
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to investigate diet quality and changes in nutrient and food intake with increase in age. Subjects were 69 patients(28 males, 41 females) living in Jeon-ju city, over middle-aged, and they were the same patients studied 4-7 years ago in a previous study. Dietary survey with one day 24-hour recall method was used. Energy, calcium, vitamin A and vitamin B$_2$intakes were lower than the RDA and vitamin C was in excessive status in pre-test and post-test. In food groups examrned, the consumption of potatoes, beans, vegetables, seaweeds, beverages, seasonings, oils, fish & shells and milks was increased amount than 4-7 years before but the consumption of cereals(p<0.01), sugars, seeds, fruits, processed food, meats and eggs was decreased. Diet quality was assessed by %RDA, nutrient adequacy ratio(NAR), mean adequacy ratio(MAR), dietary diversity score(DDS), meal balance and food group pattern. In %RDA, those proportion of appropriate intake in post-test in were higher than those in pre-test. For most nutrient except vitamin A, the levels of NAR in post-test were higher than in pretest. The MAR, an index of overall dietary quality, was 0.77 for pre-test and 0.83 for post-test(p<0.05). When we counted the major food groups consumed(KDDS), 62.3% of subjects had a KDDS of 3 in pre-test and 42.0% of subjects had a KDDS of 4 in post-test. Based on these results, in terms of variety and balance, total diet quality was improved with advancing of age.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.546-554
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the perception of sugar reduction, nutrition education, and frequency of snacking in children according to the self-perceived dietary preferences for sweet taste by mothers in Busan. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A total of 277 mothers were surveyed, and their perceptions of sugar reduction and the frequency of snacking in children were assessed using a questionnaire. The subjects were classified into either a sweet (n = 91) or an unsweet (n = 186) group according to their self-perceived preferences for a sweet taste. RESULTS: In the sweet group, the results for sweet products were sweetened ice (86.8%), confectionery (74.7%), processed milk (73.6%), carbonated beverages (71.4%), and fermented milk (53.9%). In the unsweet group, the results were sweetened ice (88.7%), carbonated beverages (78.5%), processed milk (75.8%), confectionery (69.4%), and fermented milk (50.5%). The necessity of sugar intake reduction was high in both groups (sweet = 89.0%, unsweet = 82.8%). Beverage purchases after identifying the nutrition labeling was significantly lower in the sweet group than in the unsweet group (P < 0.05). The reasons for the beverage purchases instead of water were "habitually" (50.5%) and "like sweet taste" (25.3%) in the sweet group (P < 0.01). Snacking in children was significantly higher in the sweet group based on the increased frequencies of carbonated drinks (P < 0.01), fast food (P < 0.001), candy and chocolate (P < 0.05), crackers (P < 0.01), ramen (P < 0.01), and fish paste/hotdogs (P < 0.01). The frequency of purchase education after identifying the nutrition labeling was significantly lower in the sweet group than in the unsweet group (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that a perception of sugar reduction and practical nutrition education aimed at reducing the sugar intake are necessary to improve dietary habits.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.1263-1272
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• 1999

The effects of carnitine in diets with or without added fat (5% lard or soybean oil) were evaluated in 72 Large White ${\times}$ Landrace ${\times}$ Duroc pigs weaned at 35 days of age. Pigs were fed a 1.30% lysine corn-soybean basal diet+15% dried whey+4% fish meal with carnitine at 0 or 50 mg/kg and either 0% added fat, 5% soybean oil or 5% lard for 6 weeks in a $2{\times}3$ factorial trial (6 treatments, 3 pens per treatment, 4 pigs per pen). Addition of carnitine increased average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) in the second two weeks of the six-week trial and overall, but had no significant effect on feed per gain (F/G). Lard alone depressed ADG (p<0.05) in the last two weeks of the trial and overall, but the ADG for pigs fed lard+carnitine was similar to the control. Lard reduced feed intake in the first two weeks of the trial (p<0.05). Carnitine reduced the percentage of pigs with poor (ADG<375 g/d) growth (15 vs 40%; p<0.05). The greater uniformity of growth was most evident in low-weaning-weight pigs in the second period (16 vs 62%, p<0.005). Addition of fat did not produce any positive effect on uniformity and had no interaction with carnitine on uniformity. Carnitine addition increased serum total carnitione and short-chain acyl-carnitine levels (p<0.05), but did not modify free carnitine levels. Serum carnitine levels were lower at weaning than at 14, 28, or 39 days after weaning (p<0.05). Carnitine increased serum protein levels on day 14 (p<0.05). Addition of fat in the form of soybean oil or lard did not improve piglet growth performance. Addition of 50 mg/kg of carnitine to the diet of weanling pigs enhanced postweaning performance.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.729-738
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• 1998

Background and purpose : Stroke is a leading cause of death in Korea. Early measures to prevent stroke are extremely important since it has no cure. Korean might have different risk factors since their dietary habits and socio-economical status differ from most western countries. However, the risk factors for stroke in Korea have not yet been identified. Moreover, the lifestyle of healthy Korean adults has not been investigated. In this study we investigate the lifestyle of healthy adults living in Seoul and rural areas and compare the lifestyles of the two. Methods : One hundred seventy one subjects were studied. Among the subjects studied, 128 were from Seoul, the other 43 were from the country area. The age of the subjects was limited to over 40 years. Blood pressure, fast blood sugar, and cholesterol were measured. The subjects' height, weight, body mass index, total body fat, skinfolds thickness of triceps, subscapular and abdomen were measured to determine obesity. Using a structured interview, we assessed : sodium intake, physical activity and exercise, consumption of vegetables, fat, fish and fruits. The results of the two groups were compared. Results : There were no statistical differences in age and education between the two groups of subjects. The mean age of the subjects were 66 years old. The subjects residing in rural areas had a higher intake of sodium(p<0.05), lower physical activity(P<0.05), and higher BMI and body fat (p<0.05) as compared to the subjects in Seoul. Subjects with hypertension were between 24% and 33% and the prevalence of hypertension was the highest when compared to the prevalence of DM or hypercholesterolemia. However, the prevalence of hypertension, DM, hypercholesterolemia, were not significantly different in these areas. Conclusion : Our results show that subjects living in rural areas eat more salty food, exercise less, and tend to be obese. The finding of this study lead to speculation that Korean living in rural areas have less information about the effects of diet on health than city dwellers do. General health and nutrition education programs aimed at the prevention of stroke and other such conditions for rural area Koreans may close the risk factor gap between rural and urban dwellers.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.320-330
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• 2001

This study was to obtain information about the dietary habits, the dietary attitudes, nutrition knowledge, and the food consumption of middle school students and to assess relationships between the dietary habits, the dietary attitudes, and nutrition knowledge of middle school students. Data were collected from 390 middle school students in Kimcheon. In the dietary habits, the regularity of breakfast showed the highest point and the snack consumption showed the lowest point. Female students were lower in the regularity of breakfast, and male students were higher in overeating of dinner and night. In the dietary attitudes and the perceived importance of nutrition, male students showed more favorable attitudes and perceived more importance of nutrition. In the nutrition knowledge, the responses to items 'Cola or cider doesn't have calories' and 'An egg contains lots of cholesterol' were the lowest point. Female students had higher knowledge than male students. In the food intake, grains, milk.yogurt.cheese, and fruits were always eaten or frequently eaten. While fast food, spicy and salty food, seaweeds, carbonated drinks, and yellow or green vegetables were eaten in lower frequency than other foods. Male students consumed more meat.ham.egg.fish, fried.stir-fried food, fast food, carbonated drinks, and spicy and salty food than female students. The correlation between dietary attitudes and dietary habits was statistically significant. The correlation between dietary attitudes and the perceived importance of nutrition was statistically significant. But the correlation between dietary attitudes and nutrition knowledge was statistically significant for female students, not significant for male students. Nutrition knowledge was related to the perceived importance of nutrition. It might be suggested that effective nutrition education program might be developed and implemented to ensure the good eating behaviors of middle school students.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2014

This research has been performed by our own investigation, also cooperated with Health and Sanification Division and each of district offices in Busan metropolitan city. After choosing, we collected water samples five times for microbiological examination. As a result of investigating in 160 water samples from urban areas, we could detect 88 cases of Vibrio spp. Furthermore, there were four cases exceeding the acceptable limit of aquarium water (100,00/mL) and another four cases exceeding the limit of Coliform group (1,000 below/100 mL). As a result of investigating that we performed for 271 cases of water samples from coastal areas from April to November, we could detect 130 cases of vibrio species and 10 cases of Coliform group. After performing 17 kinds of antibiotic susceptibility test for 41 cases of isolated Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 27 cases showed tolerance to Amplicllin (AM), all of 31 cases showed intermediate resistance only to Cefazolin (CF) but had sensitivity to the rest of them. As a result of performing antibiotic susceptibility test, serum test and PFGE gene analysis on each 10 pair of Vibrio parahaemolyticus detected concurrently from intake-pipe water and, aquarium water, we couldn't get data showing that they are clearly same species in three kinds of test. In addition, UV sterilization, Ozonization and so on. Based on our research, intake pipe didn't have a problem with microbiological contamination so we are sure that the germ came from supplied fish had caused that kind of contamination. For effective management, UV sterilization or Ozonization which can be handled consistently should be adopted in aquarium.

• CELLMED
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.13.1-13.10
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• 2017

Nutrition is one of the factors influencing cognitive functions. But, the role of nutrition on cognitive functions within the elderly is recognized to a lesser degree. The aim of this academic endeavor was to analyze the affiliation between nutritional status and cognitive functions of the elderly in Korea. 316 subjects, of 114 male and 201 female aged above 65 years, were gathered from university hospital clinics, Elderly Welfare Centers, and Health Welfare Centers located in the district of Seoul, Gyeonggi province, and Incheon in Korea. The cognitive function was tested by the Korean-Mini Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) questionnaire. Nutrition intake was assessed by a 24-hour recall, a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Nutrition adequacy and quality were assessed by the Nutrition Screening Initiative (NSI) checklist, the nutritional adequacy ratio (NAR), and the mean adequacy ratio (MAR). The elderly with normal cognitive function status displayed significantly higher levels of calcium, riboflavin, thiamin, folate, vitamin C, vitamin E, vitamin B6, phosphorous, potassium, iron, niacin, zinc, animal fat, animal protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, total protein, vegetable oil, vegetable protein, fiber than levels of the elderly with moderate cognitive impairment. The K-MMSE score positively correlated with of high consumption of pork, white radish, sea mustard, tomato, tangerine, grape, apple, and ice cream, and K-MMSE was negatively associated with high intake of potato, anchovy, fish cake, and mushroom. The findings suggest that nutritional status is affiliated with cognitive function within the elderly of Korea. The consumption of variety of foods and nutrients ensures adequate cognitive function in the Korean elderly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.535-554
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• 1999

The present study was conducted to investigate the relation of eating behavior and food intake to 534 adolescents' obesity indices. Group means of relative body weight (RBW) were 93.66 for males and 97.12 for females. Body mass index(BMI) were 20.39 for males and 20.41 for females. Respondents were divided into 3 groups on the basis of RBW as an obesity index. Astonishingly, 44.76% of total respondents were underweight and 12.92% overweight and obese. 64.54% of respondents usually skipped their breakfasts and 24.23% their dinners. More males did not have their breakfasts than females. In contrast, more females skipped their dinners than males. A significant difference was found between males and females in their eating habits(p<.001) that should be changed. As their undesirable eating habits, males pointed out 'skipping meals', while females stressed 'overeating'. There were more overeating respondents in the overweight group, while more respondents skipping their meals were found in the underweight group. Many females(72.79%) and males(52.78%) tended to alternate consistently overeating and fasting to lose weight. The most important reason for losing weight was to improve their appearance(61.12%). In addition, nutrient score indices of respondents were very low with a mean of 33.39. Only 42.13% of total respondents showed good nutrient score indices. More males ate meat, bean, white vegetables, potato and fat than females(p<.05), whereas more females ate bread, rice cake and fruit than males(p<.01). Among the 3 groups -overweight, normal weight and underweight groups, overweight group was the most eaters of meat, fish, egg and milk; underweight group was the least eaters of them.