• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1617-1621
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• 2002

Two hundred and sixteen single comb white egg layers of the White Leghorn hens of 24 weeks of age were randomly allocated to 12 groups with three replications of six hens in each. Hens were fed in a factorial arrangement 2${\times}3{\times}$2, on diets containing either 16 or 18% crude protein with 0, 3 or 6% fish meal, replacing groundnut meal with soybean meal. Soybean meal incorporation improved (p<0.05) egg production, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency and egg weights. Egg quality traits of specific gravity, shape index, albumen index, yolk index and shell thickness remained unchanged. Laying performance was significantly (p<0.05) better at 18% than on 16% dietary protein level. Use of fish meal linearly improved egg production and feed conversion efficiency on diets supplemented with groundnut meal and fish meal incorporation showed quadratic improvement on feed conversion efficiency with SBM diets at 16% dietary protein level. Therefore, use of soybean meal as substitute of groundnut meal is recommended in layer diets, at 16% dietary protein level and fish meal incorporation could be beneficial for layers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.221-232
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of replacing fish meal or soybean meal with feather meal or bromelain treated feather meal in broiler diets on the performances and nutrient utilization. Two hundred and twenty-five broilers were randomly allotted to five dietary treatrnents((1) control, basal diet; (2) PFM 50, 50 % of the fish meal replaced with bromelain treated feather meal; (3) PFM 100, 100% of the fish meal replaced with bromelain treated feather meal; (4) PSM 20, 20 % of the soybean meal replaced with bromelain treated feather meal; and (5) PSM 40, 40% of the soybean meal replaced with bromelain treated feather meal) in a 5-week feeding trial. In the overall period, body weight gain of the PFM 50(1,807 g), PSM 20(1,816 g) and PSM 40(1,823 g) were the highest and that of the PFM 100 was 1,744 g. The body weight gain of the control(1,698 g) was the lowest(p < 0.05) among treatments. Feed conversion was significantly(p< 0.05) improved when bromelain treated feather meal replaced 20% of the fish meal in the basal diet. Digestibilities of dry matter, ether extract, organic matter and phosphorus were not different among the treatments. Digestibility of crude protein of PFM 50(65.87 %), PSM 20(67.18 %) and PSM 40(67.56%) were the highest, and that of the control(54.49%) was the lowest(p < 0.05) among treatments. Arrunonia and hydrogen sulfide gases from the feces were significantly(p < 0.05) decreased in chicks fed the PFM 50, PSM 20 and GFM 40 diets, when observed after 3 weeks of feeding trials. Feed costs of the control and PFM 50 were 604 and 629 won, respectively but that of PSM 50 was 820 won. Therefore, replacement of fish meal with bromelain treated feather meal in the diets for chicks could be useful for economic production.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.267-271
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• 2005

A feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effect of various fish meals as dietary protein source on growth, feed utilization and body composition of Juvenile flounder. Ten experimental diets were prepared to contain different fish meals: 4 kinds of white fish meal (WM-1, 2, 3, 4), 3 kinds of herring meal (HM-1, 2, 3), mackerel meal (MM), WM mixture and HM+MM mixture. Dietary energy and protein levels were designed to be isocaloric ($3.8 kcal g^{-1}diet$) and isonitrogenous ($46\%$) by adjusting the levels of fish meal, wheat flour and squid liver oil. Three replicate groups of fish (initial mean weight: 11.1 g) were hand-fed to visual satiety two times daily for 7 weeks. Survival was not significantly different among all groups. Weight gain of fish fed the HM-1 and HM-3 diets was the highest, but not significantly different from that of fish fed the either WM-2 or HM+MM diets. The lowest weight gain was found in fish fed the W-1 and WM-3 diets. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the WM-2, HM-1, HH-3, MM and HM+MM diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed other diets. Daily feed intake of fish fed the WM-3 diet was highest, but not significantly different from that oi fish fed the either WM-4 or WMM diet. Significant differences were found in contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash of whole body of fish. The results of this study indicated that growth of flounder can be affected by dietary fish meal source and quality, and WM-2, HM-1, HM-3 and HM+MM mixture are considered as useful dietary fish meal sources under these experimental conditions.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.349-353
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• 2009

Two feeding trials were conducted to evaluate the soybean meal as a substitute for the fish meal in diet (experiment I), and experimental practical diet and commercial diet (experiment II) for growth of far eastern catfish. In the experiment I, three replicate groups of juveniles (average weight 7.2 g) were fed one of diets containing 0, 10 and 20% soybean meals for 66 days. Survival and final mean weight were not significantly affected by dietary soybean meal levels. No significant differences were observed in feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and protein retention of fish fed between 0% (control diet) and 20% soybean meal diets. However, fish fed 10% soybean meal diet showed the lower feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and protein retention, and higher daily feed intake compared with fish fed control diet and 20% soybean meal diet. The contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash in the whole body were not significantly affected by dietary soybean meal levels. In the experiment II, three replicate groups of juveniles (average weight 7.3 g) were fed either the formulated diet or commercial diet for 66 days. Survival and final mean weight were not significantly different among treatment. Significantly higher feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio and protein retention, and lower daily feed intake were observed in fish fed experimental practical diet compared with fish fed commercial diet (P<0.05). Proximate compositions of the whole body were not significantly affected by diets. The results of these studies suggest that soybean meal can be used as a substitute for fish meal up to 20% in diet, and the dietary formulation used in the experiment II could be applied to the practical feed for far eastern catfish.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.849-856
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• 2009

In this study, dietary supplementations of Korean Meju, fermented soybean meal (F-SBM) by Aspergillus oryzae, and A. oryzae itself were evaluated on growth performance, feed utilization, immune responses and phosphorus availability in juvenile parrot fish, a marine aquaculture fish species. Four isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets were formulated to contain 8% soybean meal (control diet), 4% Meju (50% soybean meal was replaced by Meju), 4% F-SBM (50% soybean meal was replaced by F-SBM), or 0.08% A. oryzae itself. One of the four experimental diets was fed to triplicate groups of fish for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, no significant differences were found in growth performances and feed utilization. Red blood cell counts in the fish fed the A. oryzae diet were significantly higher than that of fish fed the control diet. The antioxidant activity in Meju diet was significantly higher than that of the control and A. oryzae diets. Fish fed Meju and F-SBM diets showed numerically higher antioxidant activity of serum compared to that of fish fed the control diet, even though it was not significant. Liver superoxide dismutase activity of fish fed the test diets was significantly higher than that of fish fed the control diet. The apparent digestibility coefficients of protein of fish fed all the diets were not significantly different. Phosphorus absorption was numerically increased in fish fed F-SBM and A. oryzae diets compared to that of fish fed the control diet. This study indicates that the fermentation process of soybean meal does not impair growth performance and feed utilization in parrot fish. The fermentation process could enhance the availability of phosphorus in soybean meal and non-specific immune responses of parrot fish.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.365-373
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• 2020

This study was designed to evaluate the influence of dietary supplementation of Tenebrio molitor larvae (TM) as an alternative source of protein to fish meal on growth response, retention of nutrient, hematological factors, immune system, and intestinal integrity in weaned pigs. A total of 180 weanling pigs (initial bodyweight of 6.27 ± 0.15 kg; 21 d) were distributed based on the bodyweight between 3 treatments with 6 replicates in each treatment including 10 piglets per replicate. The diets corresponding to treatments consisted of a fish meal diet (CON), a fish meal-dried mealworm diet (TM1, 50% replacement of fish meal with TM meal), and a dried mealworm diet (TM2, 100% replacement of fish meal with TM meal). This study was performed in two phases as phase 1 (d 0 to 14) and phase 2 (d 15 to 28). The pigs in the TM2 treatment showed a greater gain to feed ratio compared with the TM1 pigs in phase 1. Throughout the experimental period, the average daily gain (ADG) of the TM1 pigs was significantly greater than that of the TM2 treatment. The IgG concentration was increased in the TM1 and TM2 treatments compared with the CON pigs in phase 1. In conclusion, the supplementation of TM meal (50% replacement of fish meal) did not show any adverse effects in the performance of weanling pigs, however, 100% replacement of fish meal with TM meal is not recommended.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.343-354
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• 1995

A series of feeding experiments were conducted to study the possible utilization of blood meal as a dietary protein source in growing common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Diets were formulated on isonitrogenous and isocaloric basis of $40\%$ crude protein and 3,640 kcal/kg diet : diet 1 (100 FMP, control), $100\%$ fish meal Protein (FMP) : diet 2 (25 BMP), $75\%$ $FMP+25\%$ blood meal protein (BMP) : diet 3 (50 BMP), $50\%$ $FMP+50\%$ BMP : diet 4 (75 BMP), $25\%$ $FMP+75\%$ BMP : d;et 5 (100 BMP), $100\%$ BMP. As the dietary protein sources, $34.2\%$ of animal protein were supplied by FMP and/or BMP, and approximately $65.8\%$ of plant protein were used. In the first experiment, weight gain and feed efficiency were improved with increased level of blood meal protein in the diets. Weight gain and feed efficiency from fish fed diets 4 and S were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those from fish fed diets 1, 2 and 3. The second experiment was designed as a cross-over study to prove the first experiment's results. This cross-over study shows that weight gain from fish fed diet 5 is greater than that from fish fed diet 1. The third experiment was conducted to compare palatability between diet 1 (100 FMP) and 5 (100 BMP). The data from this palatability study indicated that the palatability of diet 5 was lower than that of diet 1 initially, however, the palatability of iiet 5 was improved and not worse than that of diet 1 within a week. Therefore, these findings may suggest that the fish meal can be replaced with blood meal completely in growing common carp diets.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1230-1236
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• 2012

Fish meal grades SL1 and SL2 from Sardine (Sardinella longiceps) and NJ from Pink Perch (Nemipterus japonicas) were evaluated as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen in the medium for alkaline protease production by Bacillus pumilus MTCC 7514. The analysis of the fish meal suggests that the carbon and nitrogen contents in fish meal are sufficient to justify its choice as replacement for other nutrients. Protease production increased significantly (4,914 U/ml) in medium containing only fish meal, compared with the basal medium (2,646 U/ml). However, the elimination of inorganic salts from media reduced the protease productivity. In addition, all the three grades of fish meal yielded almost the same amounts of protease when employed as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. Nevertheless, the best results were observed in fish meal SL1 medium. Furthermore, protease production was enhanced to 6,966 U/ml and 7,047 U/ml on scaling up from flask (4,914 U/ml) to 3.7 and 20 L fermenters, respectively, using fish meal (10 g/l). Similarly, the corresponding improvement in productivities over flask (102.38 U/ml/h) was 193.5 and 195.75 U/ml/h in 3.7 and 20 L fermenters, respectively. The crude protease was found to have dehairing ability in leather processing, which is bound to have great environmental benefits.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.153-161
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• 1997

This study was conducted to evaluate the possible utilization and the replacing range of leather meal (LM) or meat and bone meal (MBM) as a fish meal replacer for the dietary animal protein source of growing israeli carp, Cyprinus carpio. Five different diets were formulated on isonitrigenous and isocaloric basis of 38.5% curde protein and 15.3 KJ/g diet. Percentage of the graded levels of replacement of white fish meal (WFM) by LM/MBM on the basis of crude protein were at follows : diet 1, 100% WFM (control) ; diet 2, 75% WFM+25% LM ; diet 3, 50% LM ; diet 4, 75% WFM+25% MBM ; diet 5, 50 WFM+50% MBM and LM or MBM, and approximately 64.5% of plant protein. After one week of conditioning period, fish averaging 10g were divided into five groups and fed one of the experimental diets for 12 weeks. In the first and the second 4 weeks of feeding trials, there were no significant differences in weight gain between two groups of fish fed diet 1 (control) and 2 (P>0.05), while fish fed diet 3, 4 and 5 had a significantly lower body weight gain than fish fed diet 1 (P<0.05). In contrast to those two periods, all diet groups were not significantly different compared to diet 1 in body weight gain during the third 4 weeks of feeding trial (P<0.05). These results indicated that LM and MBM could be used as a fishmeal replacer up to 50% in growing israeli carp.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.469-474
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the utilization of defatted soybean meal as a substitute for fish meal in the diet for juvenile flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Duplicate groups of average weighing 35 g were fed one of four isonitrogenous ($54{\%}$) and isocaloric (575 kcal/100 g diet) diets containing $0{\%}, 10{\%}, 20{\%} and 30{\%}$ soybean meal for 45 days. Survival rates of all groups were $100{\%}$, Weight gain of fish decreased with increasing dietary soybean meal levels, However, this value was not significantly different between fish fed the control and $10{\%}$ soybean meal diet (P > 0.05). Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio decreased with increasing dietary soybean meal levels, but no significant differences were found among fish fed the control, $10{\%}\;and\;20{\%}$ soybean meal diets (P > 0.05). Daily feed and protein intake increased with increasing dietary soybean meal level. Crude protein and moisture content of liver tended to decrease and crude lipid content tended to increase with decreasing of dietary soybean meal levels. Plasma total cholesterol levels of fish fed the diets containing $20{\%}\;and\;30{\%}$ soybean meal were significantly lower than that of fish fed control diet (P < 0.05), Plasma GOT level significantly increased with increasing dietary soybean meal level (P < 0.05). It is concluded that soybean meal can be used as a partial substitute for fish meal up to $10{\%}$ in this dietary formulation for growth of juvenile flounder.