• 기본간호학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.359-368
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• 1999

Background : The purpose of this study was to determine whether cleansing the perineum and urethral meatus and using midstream urine affect the rate of bacterial contamination of urine specimens, and to determine the optimum urine collection method. We studied 41 asymptomatic healthy nursing school students. Women who were menstruating were not excluded from this study. Method : The first and midstream urine samples were collected during consecutive urinationsby each woman. The first sample was not a clean-catch specimen, and the second one was a clean-catch specimen. Both specimens were studied by urinalysis and bacterial culture with standard methods. Results : 41 women met the study criteria and 39 successfully completed the study. None of the urine cultures were positive. 68.3% of the non clean-catch first urine cultures, 53.7% of the non clean-catch midstream cultures, 33.3% of the first clean-catch urine culteres and 30.8% of the midstream clean-catch urine were found to be contaminated. There was a significant difference in the bacterial contamination rates between the first and midstream urine, and the clean-catch and non clean-catch urine(p=0.035, p =0.001 respectively). On urinalysis, 7.3% of the non clean-catch first urine, 7.3% of the non clean-catch midstream urine, 2.6% of the clean-catch first urine and 2.6% of clean-catch midstream urine were found to be above grade 2. Conclusions : According to our results, the bacterial contamination rate was the lowest in midstream and clean catch urine specimens. Threrfore it is recommended that the midstream clean-catch technique is the standard practice for collecting urine specimens for bacterial culture in women.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.619-628
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• 2022

일반적으로 의료기관에서 요로감염을 확인하기 위한 방법으로 요검사(urinalysis)와 항균제 감수성 검사가 포함된 소변배양(urine culture)을 시행한다. 소변 검체는 채집하기 전에 요도 및 회음부 주변을 소독하는 것이 중요하며, 첫 소변이 아닌 중간소변으로 채집하는 것이 중요하다. 첫 소변과 중간소변을 자동으로 쉽게 분리할 수 있는 특허컵(특허 제10-1732843호)을 발명하였고 이를 이용하여 특허컵과 일반컵을 비교 평가하였다. 특허컵으로 분리한 첫 소변(N=24), 중간소변(N=24)의 nitrite (P<0.001), WBC (P=0.005), 세균 colony 수 (P=0.001), colony 양성률 (P=0.004) 으로 유의한 높은 수치를 얻었다. 이는 특허컵을 이용하여 분리한 첫 소변과 중간소변이 잘 분리되었음을 알 수 있다. 또한 특허컵을 이용하여 분리한 중간소변(N=24)이 일반컵을 이용하여 채집한 중간소변(N=24) 보다 세균 colony 수가 통계적으로 유의하게 많았다(평균 7.9개 vs 평균 4.0개, P=0.002). 이는 특허컵을 이용하여 분리한 중간소변이 일반컵을 이용하여 채집한 중간소변 보다 요로감염검사에 대해 민감도(sensitivity)가 높다는 것을 의미한다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.25-31
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To date, sodium intake has been evaluated based on spot urine instead of 24-hour (hr) urine collection. Nevertheless, the optimal method for assessing daily sodium intake remains unclear. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Fifteen male (age 32.7 ± 6.5 years) participants were offered 3 meals with a total of 9-10 g salt over 24 hours, and 24-hr urine was collected from the second-void urine of the first day to the first-void urine of the second day. Twenty-four-hr urinary sodium (24UNa) was estimated using Tanaka's equation and the Korean formula, and spot urine Na, potassium (K), chloride (Cl), urea nitrogen (UN), creatinine (Cr), specific gravity (SG) and osmolality (Osm) were measured. The ratios of urinary Na to other parameters were calculated, and correlations with total measured 24UNa were identified. RESULTS: Average 24-hr urine volume was 1,403 ± 475 mL, and measured 24UNa was 143.9 ± 42.1 mEq (range, 87.1-239.4 mEq). Measured 24UNa was significantly correlated with urinary Na/UN (r = 0.560, P < 0.01), urinary Na/Osm (r = 0.510, P < 0.01), urinary Na/Cr (r = 0.392, P < 0.01), urinary Na/K (r = 0.290, P < 0.01), 24UNa estimated using Tanaka's equation (r = 0.452, P < 0.01) and the Korean formula (r = 0.414, P < 0.01), age (r = 0.548, P < 0.01), weight (r = 0.497, P < 0.01), and height (r = 0.393, P < 0.01) in all spot urine samples. Estimated 24UNa based on the second-void spot urine of the first day tended to be more closely correlated with measured 24UNa than were estimates from the other spot urine samples. The significant parameters correlated with the second-void urine of the first day were urinary Na/K (r = 0.647, P < 0.01), urinary Na/Cr (r = 0.558, P < 0.05), and estimated 24UNa using Tanaka's equation (r = 0.616, P < 0.05) and the Korean formula (r = 0.588, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Second-void urine is more reliable than first-void urine for estimating 24UNa. Urinary Na/K in the second-void urine on the first day is significantly correlated with 24UNa. Further studies are needed to establish the most reliable index and the optimal time of urine sampling for predicting 24UNa.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.482-488
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• 2006

목 적 : 신생아의 첫 태변 및 초뇨 배출 시간은 건강 상태의 양호한 정도를 나타내는 표지이다. 첫 태변 배출 시간과 초뇨 배출 시간에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 여러 인자들에 대해 조사하고 이를 비교 평가 분석함으로써 그 임상적 의의를 비교 관찰하였다. 방 법 : 2004년 11월부터 2005년 4월까지 본원에서 분만된 재태 연령 34주 이상의 신생아 1,221명을 대상으로 하였다. 모체의 인구학적 변수(모체 연령, 분만력, 분만 방법, 양수의 태변 착색 여부, 그리고 모체 당뇨 여부)와 영아의 변수(성별, Apgar 점수, 재태 연령, 출생 체중, 첫 24시간 동안의 수유 유형, 첫 수유 시 연령, 출생 후 12시간까지 수유 횟수, 퇴원 시 연령, 첫 번째 배뇨 시 연령, 첫 번째 태변 배출 시 연령)에 따른 태변 배출 및 초뇨 배출 시간을 비교 분석하였다. 결 과 : 본 연구에서, 58.8%가 12시간 이전에, 95.3%가 24시간 이전에, 99.8%가 36시간 이전에 초뇨가 배출되었다. 그리고 68.3%가 12시간 이전에, 95.8%가 24시간 이전에, 98.3%가 36시간 이전에 태변이 배출되었다. 미숙아와 만삭아를 비교하였을 때 초뇨 배출시 연령은 각각 $6.5{\pm}5.8$시간, $12.1{\pm}6.6$시간이었고(P=0.000), 첫 태변 배출시 연령은 각각 $20.7{\pm}13.5$시간, $10.0{\pm}6.3$시간(P=0.000)으로 미숙아의 경우에 초뇨가 더 빨리 배출되고 태변이 더 늦게 배출되는 경향을 나타냈다. 수유를 빨리 시작한 경우에 초뇨나 첫 태변 배출 시간이 통계학적으로 유의하게 더 빨랐다. 출생 후 첫 12시간 동안의 수유 횟수는 초뇨 배출 시간과는 큰 상관이 없었다(P=0.778). 수유 횟수가 많을수록 24시간 이내에 첫 태변을 배출한 영아가 더 많았으며 이는 통계학적으로 유의하였다(P=0.000). 분만 방법(질식 분만, 수술 분만), Apgar 점수, 출산력, 성별, 수유 유형, 모체 당뇨 여부 등은 초뇨 배출 및 첫 태변 배출시 연령과는 통계학적으로 유의성은 없었다. 결 론 : 재태 연령, 출생 체중, 초기 수유 시작 시간이 초뇨 및 첫 태변 배출 시간과 연관성이 있는 것으로 보여지며, 초뇨 및 태변 배출의 지연을 보일 경우 동반되는 이상 증상의 유무에 대한 면밀한 관찰 외에도 상기 요소들에 대한 사항을 고려하여 성급하고 불필요한 임상 검사 및 치료는 피해야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.257-261
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• 2002

This experimental study was designed to investigate the effect of water extracts of Chukchunwhan on the urine metabolism in rat. The results are summarized as follows ; 1. Treatment with Chukchunwhan-extracts increased excreted-urine volume of rat at the first week, however markedly decreased the excreted-urine volume at 2nd week. 2. Chukchunwhan-extracts inhibited the high level of excreted-urinary protein from rat for two weeks. 3. Chukchunwhan-extracts did not affect on the excreted-urine components of rat except for urinary protein. The results suggest that water-extracts of Chukchunwhan can be applicable to the abnormal volume of urine without medical poisoning, which have been used in the all sort of urinary diseases.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.1059-1065
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• 2020

In hospitals, nurses are subjectively determining the urine status to check the kidneys and circulatory system of patients whose statuses are related to patients with kidney disease, critically ill patients, and nursing homes before and after surgery. To improve this problem, this paper proposes a urine spectrum analysis system which clusters urine test results based on a hybrid machine learning model consists of unsupervised learning and supervised learning. The proposed system clusters the spectral data using unsupervised learning in the first part, and classifies them using supervised learning in the second part. The results of the proposed urine spectrum analysis system using a mixed model are evaluated with the results of pure supervised learning. This paper is expected to provide better services than existing medical services to patients by solving the shortage of nurses, shortening of examination time, and subjective evaluation in hospitals.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1247-1247
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• 2001

Constituents of animal biofluids such as milk, blood and urine contain information specifically related to metabolic and health status of the ruminant animals. Some changes in composition of biofluids can be attributed to disease response of the animals. Mastitis is a major problem for the global dairy industry and causes substantial economic losses from decreasing milk production and reducing milk quality. The purpose of this study was to investigate potential of NIRS combined with multivariate analysis for cow's mastitis diagnosis based on NIR spectra of milk, blood and urine. A total of 112 bulk milk, urine and blood samples from 4 Holstein cows were analyzed. The milk samples were collected from morning milking. The urine samples were collected before morning milking and stored at -35$^{\circ}C$ until spectral analysis. The blood samples were collected before morning milking using a catheter inserted into the carotid vein. Heparin was added to blood samples to prevent coagulation. All milk samples were analyzed for somatic cell count (SCC). The SCC content in milk was used as indicator of mastitis and as quantitative parameter for respective urine and blood samples collected at same time. NIR spectra of blood and milk samples were obtained by InfraAlyzer 500 spectrophotometer, using a transflectance mode. NIR spectra of urine samples were obtained by NIR System 6500 spectrophotometer, using 1 mm sample thickness. All samples were divided into calibration set and test set. Class variable was assigned for each sample as follow: healthy (class 1) and mastitic (class 2), based on milk SCC content. SIMCA was implemented to create models of the respective classes based on NIR spectra of milk, blood or urine. For the calibration set of samples, SIMCA models (model for samples from healthy cows and model for samples from mastitic cows), correctly classified from 97.33 to 98.67% of milk samples, from 97.33 to 98.61% of urine samples and from 96.00 to 94.67% of blood samples. From samples in the test set, the percent of correctly classified samples varied from 70.27 to 89.19, depending mainly on spectral data pretreatment. The best results for all data sets were obtained when first derivative spectral data pretreatment was used. The incorrect classified samples were 5 from milk samples,5 and 4 from urine and blood samples, respectively. The analysis of changes in the loading of first PC factor for group of samples from healthy cows and group of samples from mastitic cows showed, that separation between classes was indirect and based on influence of mastitis on the milk, blood and urine components. Results from the present investigation showed that the changes that occur when a cow gets mastitis influence her milk, urine and blood spectra in a specific way. SIMCA allowed extraction of available spectral information from the milk, urine and blood spectra connected with mastitis. The obtained results could be used for development of a new method for mastitis detection.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.129-142
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• 2010

Objectives : The aim of this study was to show the rationale of point-selection for acupuncture and moxibustion in "the Urine"section(in the Naegyeong Chapter) of "the Dong-Ui-BO-Gam". Methods : First, We reviewed the causes of each disease in "the Urine" section of the "Dong-Ui-BO-Gam". Then, We explained the rationale of acupoint-selection for the treatment of those diseases referring to etiology and physiology of Oriental medicine, other applications of each acupoints in the "Dong-Ui-BO-Gam", characteristic of each acupoints, flow of Gi (Qi) through meridian pathways and specific acupoints etc. Results : There are comments on acupuncture and moxibustion for dysuria, urinary frequency, incontinence of urine, urethral pain, turbid urine, erythroid urine, cystitis of women, urethral pain of women in the Urine section of the "Dong-Ui-BO-Gam". Conclusions : Conception vessel and Kidney meridian are preferably used for acupuncture and moxibustion in "the Urine" section of the "Dong-Ui-BO-Gam". CV4(Kwanwon) is most frequently used and Sp9($\bar{U}$mn$\bar{u}$ngch'$\breve{o}$n), SP6(Sameumgyo), Liv1(Taedon) are also used often.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.329-331
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• 2006

알캅톤뇨증은 상염색체 열성으로 유전하는 드문 질환으로 homogentisic acid oxidase 결핍에 의해 homogentisic acid가 체내 축적되고 소변으로 다량 배설되는 대사 이상 질환이다. 주로 도미니카 공화국과 슬로바키아에서 보고되고 있으나 한국에는 아직 보고된 바 없다. 증상으로는 소아 때에는 주로 배뇨 후 시간이 지나면 소변 색이 검어지는 특징이 보이고, 나이가 들면서 연골과 결체 조직의 착색, 관절염, 갈색증, 심장 질환, 신장 질환 등이 발생할 수 있다. 특별히 효과가 입증된 치료제는 없는 것으로 보고되고 있고, 진단은 뇨유기산분석을 통해 할 수 있다. 저자들은 내원 당시 13개월이었던 여자 환아에서 기저귀에 묻은 소변이 시간이 지나면서 연분홍 갈색빛을 보여 시행한 뇨유기산분석에서 homogentisic acid (normal range <2 mmol/molCr)가 1,158.3 mmol/molCr로 현저한 증가 소견을 보여 보고하는 바이다. 재검사에서도 역시 910.7 mmol/molCr 로 증가된 소견을 보였으며 환아 신체 어디에서도 연갈색이나 검은색의 착색된 부위를 찾을 수 없었다. 환아는 현재 ascorbic acid 투여하며 추적관찰 중이다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2024

Purpose: The ability to concentrate urine becomes an important index in determining nocturnal enuresis (NE) treatment. The aim of our study was to investigate first-morning urine osmolality (Uosm) changes at the end of treatment compared to before treatment in children with NE. Methods: A total of 71 children with NE were divided into two groups according to the level of first-morning Uosm before treatment: high group (≥800 mOsm/kg) and low group (<800 mOsm/kg). Baseline parameters were obtained from uroflowmetry, frequency volume charts for at least 2 days, and a questionnaire for lower urinary tract symptoms. All patients were basically treated with standard urotherapy and medication. The first-morning Uosm was measured twice, before treatment and at the end of treatment. Results: The response rate was higher in the low group after 3 months of treatment than in the high group (P=0.041). However, there was no difference between the two groups at the end of the treatment. In the high group, the first-morning Uosm at the end of treatment did not show a significant change compared to before treatment. In contrast, the first-morning Uosm increased in the low group at the end of treatment (P<0.001). However, it was still lower than that of the high group (P=0.007). Conclusions: The ability to concentrate nocturnal urine improved at the end of treatment compared to before treatment in the low Uosm NE children. In addition, NE improved faster in the low Uosm group before treatment than in the high group.