• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제10권
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• pp.41-61
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• 2008

The outline and characteristics of the important doctors of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai'(折衷派) are as follows. Part 1. In the late Edo(江戶) period The 'Zhe Zhong Pai', which tried to take the theory and clinical treatment of the 'Hou Shi Pai (後世派)' and the 'Gu Fang Pai(古方派)' and get their strong points to make treatments perfect, appeared. Their point was 'The main part is the art of the ancients, The latter prescriptions are to be used'(以古法爲主, 後世方爲用) and the "Shang Han Lun(傷寒論)" was revered for its treatments but in actual use it was not kept at that. As mentioned above The 'Zhe Zhong Pai' viewed treatments as the base, which was the view of most doctors in the Edo period. However, the reason the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' is not valued as much as the 'Gu Fang Pai' by medical history books in Japan is because the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' does not have the substantiation or uniqueness of the 'Gu Fang Pai', and also because the view of 'gather as well as store up'(兼收並蓄) was the same as the 'Kao Zheng Pai'. Moreover, the 'compromise'(折衷) point of view was from taking in both Chinese and western medical knowledge systems(漢蘭折衷). Generally the pioneer of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' is seen as Mochizuki Rokumon(望月鹿門) and after that was Fukui Futei(福井楓亭), Wadato Kaku(和田東郭), Yamada Seichin(山田正珍) and Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡). Part 2. The lives of Wada Tokaku(和田東郭), Nakagame Kinkei(中神琴溪), Nei Teng Xi Zhe(內藤希哲), the important doctors of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', are as follows. First Wada Tokaku(和田東郭, 1743-1803) was born when the 'Hou Shi Pai' was already declining and the 'Gu Fang Pai' was flourishing and learned medicine from a 'Hou Shi Pai' doctor, Hu Tian Xu Shan(戶田旭山) and a 'Gu Fang Pai' doctor, Yoshimasu Todo(吉益東洞). He was not hindered by 'the old ways(古方)' and did not lean towards 'the new ways(後世方)' and formed a way of compromise that 'looked at hardness and softness as the same'(剛柔相摩) by setting 'the cure of the disease' as the base, and said that to cure diseases 'the old way' must be used, but 'the new way' was necessary to supplement its shortcomings. His works include "Dao Shui Suo Yan(導水瑣言)", "Jiao Chiang Fang Yi Je(蕉窗方意解)" and "Yi Xue Sho(醫學說)". Second. Nakagame Kinkei(中神琴溪, 1744-1833) was famous for leaving Yoshimasu Todo(吉益東洞) and changing to the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', and in his early years used qing fen(輕粉) to cure geisha(妓女) of syphilis. His argument was "the "Shang Han Lun" must be revered but needs to be adapted", "Zhong Jing can be made into a follower but I cannot become his follower", "the later medical texts such as "Ru Men Shi Qin(儒門事親)" should only be used for its prescriptions and not its theories". His works include "Shang Han Lun Yue Yan(傷寒論約言)". Third, Nei Teng Xi Zhe(內藤希哲, 1701-1735) learned medicine from Qing Shui Xian Sheng(淸水先生) and went out to Edo. In his book "Yi Jing Jie Huo Lun(醫經解惑論)" he tells of how he went from 'learning'(學) to 'skepticism'(惑) and how skepticism made him learn in 'the six skepticisms'(六惑). In the latter years Xi Zhe(希哲) combines the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing(神農本草經)", the main text for herbal medicine, "Ming Tang Jing(明堂經)" of accupuncture, basic theory texts "Huang Dui Nei Jing(皇帝內經)" and "Nan Jing(難經)" with the "Shang Han Za Bing Lun", a book that the 'Gu Fang Pai' saw as opposing to the rest, and became 'an expert of five scriptures'(五經一貫). Part 3. Asada Showhaku(淺田宗伯, 1815-1894) started medicine at Zhong Cun Zhong Zong(中村中倧) and learned 'the old way'(古方) from Yoshimasu Todo and got experience through Ouan Yue(川越) and Fu Jing(福井) and received teachings in texts, history and Wang Yangmin's principles(陽明學) fmm famous teachers. Showhaku(倧伯) meets a medical official of the makufu(幕府), Ben Kang Zong Yuan(本康宗圓), and receives help from the 3 great doctors of the Edo period, Taki Motokato(多紀元堅), Xiao Dao Xue Gu(小島學古) and Xi Duo Cun Kao(喜多村栲窻) and further develops his arts. At 47 he diagnoses the general Jia Mao(家茂) with 'heart failure from beriberi'(脚氣衡心) and becomes a Zheng Shi(徵土), at 51 he cures a minister from France and received a present from Napoleon, at 65 he becomes the court physician and saves Ming Gong(明宮) Jia Ren Qn Wang(嘉仁親王, later the 大正天皇) from bodily convulsions and becomes 'the vassal of merit who saved the national polity(國體)' At the 7th year of the Meiji(明治) he becomes the 2nd owner of Wen Zhi She(溫知社) and takes part in the 'kampo continuation movement'. In his latter years he saw 14000 patients a year, so we can estimate the qualjty and quantity of his clinical skills. Showhaku(宗伯) wrote over 80 books including the "Ju Chuang Shu Ying(橘窻書影)", "Wu Wu Yao Shi Fang Han(勿誤藥室方函)", "Shang Han Biang Shu(傷寒辨術)", "Jing Qi Shen Lun(精氣神論)", "Hunag Guo Ming Yi Chuan(皇國名醫傳)" and the "Xian Jhe Yi Hua(先哲醫話)". Especially in the "Ju Chuang Shu Ying(橘窻書影) he says "the old theories are the main, and the new prescriptions are to be used"(以古法爲主, 後世方爲用), stating the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' way of thinking, In the first volume of "Shang Han Biang Shu(傷寒辨術)" and "Za Bing Lun Shi(雜病論識)", 'Zong Ping'(總評), He discerns the parts that are not Zhang Zhong Jing's writings and emphasizes his theories and practical uses.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.861-876
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• 1965

During my stay in the Netherlands, I have studied the following, primarily in relation to the Mokpo Yong-san project which had been studied by the NEDECO for a feasibility report. 1. Unit hydrograph at Naju There are many ways to make unit hydrograph, but I want explain here to make unit hydrograph from the- actual run of curve at Naju. A discharge curve made from one rain storm depends on rainfall intensity per houre After finriing hydrograph every two hours, we will get two-hour unit hydrograph to devide each ordinate of the two-hour hydrograph by the rainfall intensity. I have used one storm from June 24 to June 26, 1963, recording a rainfall intensity of average 9. 4 mm per hour for 12 hours. If several rain gage stations had already been established in the catchment area. above Naju prior to this storm, I could have gathered accurate data on rainfall intensity throughout the catchment area. As it was, I used I the automatic rain gage record of the Mokpo I moteorological station to determine the rainfall lntensity. In order. to develop the unit ~Ydrograph at Naju, I subtracted the basic flow from the total runoff flow. I also tried to keed the difference between the calculated discharge amount and the measured discharge less than 1O~ The discharge period. of an unit graph depends on the length of the catchment area. 2. Determination of sluice dimension Acoording to principles of design presently used in our country, a one-day storm with a frequency of 20 years must be discharged in 8 hours. These design criteria are not adequate, and several dams have washed out in the past years. The design of the spillway and sluice dimensions must be based on the maximun peak discharge flowing into the reservoir to avoid crop and structure damages. The total flow into the reservoir is the summation of flow described by the Mokpo hydrograph, the basic flow from all the catchment areas and the rainfall on the reservoir area. To calculate the amount of water discharged through the sluiceCper half hour), the average head during that interval must be known. This can be calculated from the known water level outside the sluiceCdetermined by the tide) and from an estimated water level inside the reservoir at the end of each time interval. The total amount of water discharged through the sluice can be calculated from this average head, the time interval and the cross-sectional area of' the sluice. From the inflow into the .reservoir and the outflow through the sluice gates I calculated the change in the volume of water stored in the reservoir at half-hour intervals. From the stored volume of water and the known storage capacity of the reservoir, I was able to calculate the water level in the reservoir. The Calculated water level in the reservoir must be the same as the estimated water level. Mean stand tide will be adequate to use for determining the sluice dimension because spring tide is worse case and neap tide is best condition for the I result of the calculatio 3. Tidal computation for determination of the closure curve. During the construction of a dam, whether by building up of a succession of horizontael layers or by building in from both sides, the velocity of the water flowinii through the closing gapwill increase, because of the gradual decrease in the cross sectional area of the gap. 1 calculated the . velocities in the closing gap during flood and ebb for the first mentioned method of construction until the cross-sectional area has been reduced to about 25% of the original area, the change in tidal movement within the reservoir being negligible. Up to that point, the increase of the velocity is more or less hyperbolic. During the closing of the last 25 % of the gap, less water can flow out of the reservoir. This causes a rise of the mean water level of the reservoir. The difference in hydraulic head is then no longer negligible and must be taken into account. When, during the course of construction. the submerged weir become a free weir the critical flow occurs. The critical flow is that point, during either ebb or flood, at which the velocity reaches a maximum. When the dam is raised further. the velocity decreases because of the decrease\ulcorner in the height of the water above the weir. The calculation of the currents and velocities for a stage in the closure of the final gap is done in the following manner; Using an average tide with a neglible daily quantity, I estimated the water level on the pustream side of. the dam (inner water level). I determined the current through the gap for each hour by multiplying the storage area by the increment of the rise in water level. The velocity at a given moment can be determined from the calcalated current in m3/sec, and the cross-sectional area at that moment. At the same time from the difference between inner water level and tidal level (outer water level) the velocity can be calculated with the formula $h= \frac{V^2}{2g}$ and must be equal to the velocity detertnined from the current. If there is a difference in velocity, a new estimate of the inner water level must be made and entire procedure should be repeated. When the higher water level is equal to or more than 2/3 times the difference between the lower water level and the crest of the dam, we speak of a "free weir." The flow over the weir is then dependent upon the higher water level and not on the difference between high and low water levels. When the weir is "submerged", that is, the higher water level is less than 2/3 times the difference between the lower water and the crest of the dam, the difference between the high and low levels being decisive. The free weir normally occurs first during ebb, and is due to. the fact that mean level in the estuary is higher than the mean level of . the tide in building dams with barges the maximum velocity in the closing gap may not be more than 3m/sec. As the maximum velocities are higher than this limit we must use other construction methods in closing the gap. This can be done by dump-cars from each side or by using a cable way.e or by using a cable way.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.121-141
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• 2007

The outline and characteristics of the important doctors of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai'(折衷派) are as follows. Part 1. In the late Edo(江戶) period The 'Zhe Zhong Pai', which tried to take the theory and clinical treatment of the 'Hou Shi Pai (後世派)' and the 'Gu Fang Pai (古方派)' and get their strong points to make treatments perfect, appeared. Their point was 'The main part is the art of the ancients, The latter prescriptions are to be used'(以古法爲主, 後世方爲用) and the "Shang Han Lun(傷寒論)" was revered for its treatments but in actual use it was not kept at that. As mentioned above The 'Zhe Zhong Pai ' viewed treatments as the base, which was the view of most doctors in the Edo period, However, the reason the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' is not valued as much as the 'Gu Fang Pai' by medical history books in Japan is because the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' does not have the substantiation or uniqueness of the 'Gu Fang Pai', and also because the view of 'gather as well as store up' was the same as the 'Kao Zheng Pai', Moreover, the 'compromise'(折衷) point of view was from taking in both Chinese and western medical knowledge systems(漢蘭折衷), Generally the pioneer of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' is seen as Mochizuki Rokumon(望月鹿門) and after that was Fukui Futei(福井楓亭), Wadato Kaku(和田東郭), Yamada Seichin(山田正珍) and Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡), Part 2. The lives of Wada Tokaku(和田東郭), Nakagame Kinkei(中神琴溪), Nei Teng Xi Zhe(內藤希哲), the important doctors of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', are as follows First. Wada Tokaku(和田東郭, 1743-1803) was born when the 'Hou Shi Pai' was already declining and the 'Gu Fang Pai' was flourishing and learned medicine from a 'Hou Shi Pai' doctor, Hu Tian Xu Shan(戶田旭山) and a 'Gu Fang Pai' doctor, Yoshimasu Todo(吉益東洞). He was not hindered by 'the old ways(古方), and did not lean towards 'the new ways(後世方)' and formed a way of compromise that 'looked at hardness and softness as the same'(剛柔相摩) by setting 'the cure of the disease' as the base, and said that to cure diseases 'the old way' must be used, but 'the new way' was necessary to supplement its shortcomings. His works include "Dao Shui Suo Yan", "Jiao Chiang Fang Yi Je" and "Yi Xue Sho(醫學說)" Second. Nakagame Kinkei(中神琴溪, 1744-1833) was famous for leaving Yoshirnasu Todo(吉益東洞) and changing to the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', and in his early years used qing fen(輕粉) to cure geisha(妓女) of syphilis. His argument was "the "Shang Han Lun" must be revered but needs to be adapted", "Zhong jing can be made into a follower but I cannot become his follower", "the later medical texts such as "Ru Men Shi Qin(儒門事親)" should only be used for its prescriptions and not its theories". His works include "Shang Han Lun Yue Yan(傷寒論約言) Third. Nei Teng Xi Zhe(內藤希哲, 1701-1735) learned medicine from Qing Shui Xian Sheng(淸水先生) and went out to Edo. In his book "Yi Jing Jie Huo Lun(醫經解惑論)" he tells of how he went from 'learning'(學) to 'skepticism'(惑) and how skepticism made him learn in 'the six skepticisms'(六惑). In the latter years Xi Zhe(希哲) combines the "Shen Nong Ben Cao jing(神農本草經)", the main text for herbal medicine, "Ming Tang jing(明堂經)" of accupuncture, basic theory texts "Huang Dui Nei jing(黃帝內徑)" and "Nan jing(難經)" with the "Shang Han Za Bing Lun", a book that the 'Gu Fang Pai' saw as opposing to the rest, and became 'an expert of five scriptures'(五經一貫). Part 3. Asada Showhaku(淺田宗伯, 1815-1894) started medicine at Zhong Cun Zhong(中村中倧) and learned 'the old way'(古方) from Yoshirnasu Todo and got experience through Chuan Yue(川越) and Fu jing(福井) and received teachings in texts, history and Wang Yangmin's principles(陽明學) from famous teachers. Showhaku(宗伯) meets a medical official of the makufu(幕府), Ben Kang Zong Yuan(本康宗圓), and recieves help from the 3 great doctors of the Edo period, Taki Motokato(多紀元堅), Xiao Dao Xue GU(小島學古) and Xi Duo Cun Kao Chuang and further develops his arts. At 47 he diagnoses the general Jia Mao(家茂) with 'heart failure from beriberi'(脚氣衝心) and becomes a Zheng Shi(徵I), at 51 he cures a minister from France and received a present from Napoleon, at 65 he becomes the court physician and saves Ming Gong(明宮) jia Ren Qn Wang(嘉仁親王, later the 大正犬皇) from bodily convulsions and becomes 'the vassal of merit who saved the national polity(國體)' At the 7th year of the Meiji(明治) he becomes the 2nd owner of Wen Zhi She(溫知社) and takes part in the 'kampo continuation movement'. In his latter years he saw 14000 patients a year, so we can estimate the quality and quantity of his clinical skills Showhaku(宗伯) wrote over 80 books including the "Ju Chuang Shu Ying(橘窓書影)", "WU Wu Yao Shi Fang Han(勿誤藥室方函)", "Shang Han Biang Shu(傷寒辨術)", "jing Qi Shen Lun(精氣神論)", "Hunag Guo Ming Yi Chuan(皇國名醫傳)" and the "Xian Jhe Yi Hua(先哲醫話)". Especially in the "Ju Chuang Shu Ying(橘窓書影)" he says "the old theories are the main, and the new prescriptions are to be used"(以古法爲主, 後世方爲用), stating the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' way of thinking. In the first volume of "Shung Han Biang Shu(傷寒辨術) and "Za Bing Lun Shi(雜病論識)", 'Zong Ping'(總評), He discerns the parts that are not Zhang Zhong Jing's writings and emphasizes his theories and practical uses.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제17권
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• pp.55-89
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• 2003

국제항공레짐이란 항공이라는 특수한 인간행위의 국제적 관계 속에서 묵시적으로나 명시적으로 인류의 공영을 위해서 안전한 민간항공을 유지해 나가기 위해 항공 행위자들, 즉 국가, 국가간항공기구, 국제항공조약, 항공사, 항공 이용자들이 주어진 쟁점영역에서 기대하는 바가 이루어지기를 바라는 바로 수렴하는 국제항공의 원칙, 규범, 규칙, 그리고 정책결정절차를 말한다. 따라서 이 논문의 목적은 국제항공행위주체가 시대별로 어떻게 변해 왔는지를 밝혀 보는 것이다. 이를 역사적 사례연구를 통해서 시대별로 3단계로 구별하여 그 시대별로 당시의 항공행위의 중점쟁점사항을 검토하였다. 제 1단계는 1944년 시카고 협약에서부터 1978년 미국의 항공규제완화 조치까지의 기간을 설정하였다. 이 시대에는 주로 시카고 협약과 영미간의 버뮤다(Bermuda I) 협정에 의해 국제항공질서가 형성, 유지, 운영되어 온 시대이다. 이 시대에는 모든 국가간의 항공질서는 시카고협약이라는 다자간의 틀 속에서 국가간의 항공협정, 즉 이국간 항공협정에 의해 질서가 편성되는 영공주권의 절대적인 시대라고 할 수 있다. 제 2단계는 1978년부터 1992년의 미국과 네델란드간의 항공자유화 협정체결 기간을 설정하였다. 이기간에는 주로 미국의 규제완화정책을 국제선에 적용함으로써 항공규칙과 질서를 종래의 국가 중심에서 항공사의 자율성에 의한 운영체제를 전제로로 한 시대이다. 이 같은 국제항공사회에서 규제완화의 움직임은 구주와 동남아 일부의 국가들에서 국영 항공사들이 민영화하고 국가 소유를 민간소유로 체제변경이 이루어 진 시대로서 국가의 일정한 통제 하에서 항공사가 국제항공운영레짐을 주도하여 온 시대이다. 유럽의 항공자유화 정책도 1987년부터 국가의 통제를 일정한도 벗어나 영공주권의 종래의 절대적 개념이 서서히 무너져 가기 시작하게 되었다. 제 3단계는 1992년 이후 오늘날의 현대 국제항공사회를 지칭한다. 이 시대에는 구주공동체의 항공자유화 정책으로 항공의 지역화와 세계무역기구(WTO)의 서비스 교역의 자유화라는 세계화의 물결 속에서 국가간의 상호의존은 물론 다양한 국제사회의 행위자들의 등장으로 다자간의 국제항공질서의 재추진과 지역간의 항공 블록화가 중심이 되고 있다. 그것은 세계화의 기반으로서 지역을 연계하는 범대서양항공지대(TCAA)와 같은 새로운 기구의 등장 항공사중심의 지역의 대표 항공사들과 제휴하는 전략적 항공동맹 형태(strategic alliance), 그리고 항공고객과 새로운 거래관계(CRM)를 형성하는 기초로서 전자상거래(e-commerce business) 등의 새로운 운영체제가 등장하게 되는 시대이다. 과거에는 영공주권의 원칙 하에서 국가행위자 중심에서 국제항공운영질서가 형성, 유지, 운영되었으나, 이제 현대의 국제항공사회는 영공주권의 개념도 상대적 의존의 국제사회에서는 변모를 하게 되어 절대독립성에서 상대의존성으로 변화하였음을 볼 수 있다. 특히 1999년부터는 구주역내에서는 카보타지(Cabotage)의 완전철폐라는 영공주권 개념의 붕괴현상을 가져 왔다. 1919년 파리조약에서 천명한 영공주권의 분리원칙에서의 국제항공질서는 이제 다시 상호의존과 세계화의 개념 하에서 전지구가 하나로 통합되는 과정에서 통합의 개념으로 변경되어가고 있는 것으로 본 논문에서 결론을 맺고자 한다.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.19-37
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• 2012

이 연구의 목적은 제1차부터 2007개정 교육과정 및 가정교과서의 가족분야 영역의 내용을 분석하여, 가정과 교육의 가족분야 내용의 흐름을 파악하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 이 연구에서는 제1차부터 2007개정까지 가정교과 교육과정해설서 및 총 58권의 가정교과서를 분석하였다. 연구방법은 빈도분석과 내용분석이며, 주요한 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 교육과정별 교육과정해설서를 살펴 본 결과, 가족분야의 내용은 가족생활 일부분에 대한 설명에서 시작해 후기로 갈수록 가정생활의 전 분야에 대한 내용으로 그 폭이 넓어졌다. 둘째, 교육과정별 가정교과서 내 가족분야 내용의 양적 비중은 후기 교육과정으로 갈수록 증가하였다. 셋째, 교육과정별 가정교과서 내 가족분야 내용과 변화를 살펴본 결과, '인간발달의 이해'는 제3차~제6차 사이에 원론적인 내용이 강조되었고, '인간발달과정'은 초기에는 영유아기를 중심으로 제시되다가 제5차 이후 인간발달의 전 영역으로 확대되었다. '부모됨과 부모역할'은 부모역할과 책무에 관한 내용과 영유아보육의 내용을 지속적으로 강조하였다. '가족에 대한 이해와 가족의 변화'는 사회의 변화에 따라 관점의 변화가 컸고, 후기 교육과정에서는 다양한 가정의 유형이 강조되었다. '결혼과 가족발달'은 결혼에 대한 관점이 필수에서 선택으로 바뀌었고, 결혼을 성숙한 사랑과 책임과 연계해 설명하였다. '가족관계와 가족문제'는 최근 교육과정에서 강조하는 영역으로 가족 간의 화합을 위하여 의사소통과 양성평등적인 가족관을 중요시하였다. '가족복지' 영역은 2007개정 교육과정에서 가장 부각되는 영역이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.7-21
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• 1983

For the flexible and rational distribution of limited existing health resources based on measurements of individual risk, the socalled Risk Approach is being proposed by the World Health Organization as a managerial tool in maternal and child health care program. This approach, in principle, puts us under the necessity of developing a technique by which we will be able to measure the degree of risk or to discriminate the future outcomes of pregnancy on the basis of prior information obtainable at prenatal care delivery settings. Numerous recent studies have focussed on the identification of relevant risk factors as the Prior infer mation and on defining the adverse outcomes of pregnancy to be dicriminated, and also have tried on how to develope scoring system of risk factors for the quantitative assessment of the factors as the determinant of pregnancy outcomes. Once the scoring system is established the technique of classifying the patients into with normal and with adverse outcomes will be easily de veloped. The scoring system should be developed to meet the following four basic requirements. 1) Easy to construct 2) Easy to use 3) To be theoretically sound 4) To be valid In searching for a feasible methodology which will meet these requirements, the author has attempted to apply the“Likelihood Method”, one of the well known principles in statistical analysis, to develop such scoring system according to the process as follows. Step 1. Classify the patients into four groups: Group $A_1$: With adverse outcomes on fetal (neonatal) side only. Group $A_2$: With adverse outcomes on maternal side only. Group $A_3$: With adverse outcome on both maternal and fetal (neonatal) sides. Group B: With normal outcomes. Step 2. Construct the marginal tabulation on the distribution of risk factors for each group. Step 3. For the calculation of risk score, take logarithmic transformation of relative proport-ions of the distribution and round them off to integers. Step 4. Test the validity of the score chart. h total of 2, 282 maternity records registered during the period of January 1, 1982-December 31, 1982 at Ewha Womans University Hospital were used for this study and the“Questionnaire for Maternity Record for Prenatal and Intrapartum High Risk Screening”developed by the Korean Institute for Population and Health was used to rearrange the information on the records into an easy analytic form. The findings of the study are summarized as follows. 1) The risk score chart constructed on the basis of“Likelihood Method”ispresented in Table 4 in the main text. 2) From the analysis of the risk score chart it was observed that a total of 24 risk factors could be identified as having significant predicting power for the discrimination of pregnancy outcomes into four groups as defined above. They are: (1) age (2) marital status (3) age at first pregnancy (4) medical insurance (5) number of pregnancies (6) history of Cesarean sections (7). number of living child (8) history of premature infants (9) history of over weighted new born (10) history of congenital anomalies (11) history of multiple pregnancies (12) history of abnormal presentation (13) history of obstetric abnormalities (14) past illness (15) hemoglobin level (16) blood pressure (17) heart status (18) general appearance (19) edema status (20) result of abdominal examination (21) cervix status (22) pelvis status (23) chief complaints (24) Reasons for examination 3) The validity of the score chart turned out to be as follows: a) Sensitivity: Group $A_1$: 0.75 Group $A_2$: 0.78 Group $A_3$: 0.92 All combined : 0.85 b) Specificity : 0.68 4) The diagnosabilities of the“score chart”for a set of hypothetical prevalence of adverse outcomes were calculated as follows (the sensitivity“for all combined”was used). Hypothetidal Prevalence : 5％ 10％ 20％ 30％ 40％ 50％ 60％ Diagnosability : 12% 23% 40% 53% 64% 75% 80%.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.3-18
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• 1988

The general objective of this research is to study behavioral pattern of health care utilization and to measure the level of utilization of the traditional medicine. The specific objective is to study utilization pattern and content of folk medicine which is the indegenous medical technology recognized part of traditional medicine. This research was under taken to generate valid information that will provide basis data for formulating general direction for health education activities and for designing service package for general population. A social survey method was employed to obtain required information for the research activities, The survey field team consisted of 20 surveyors who all participated is an intensive 2 day training course. A total of 3091 households were visited and interviewed by the field team during the period 7 September to 6 October 1987. The major findings obtained from the information collected by the field survey are as follows ; 1) General characteristics of the study households 2562 households out of 3091 households visited were selected for final data process, 80.2 of the selected households were nuclear families ; 17.4%, extended families ; others 2.4%. Only 4.3 percent of the study population in the urban households indicated "no schooling" whereas 14.2% of the rural household members falls within this category. Study population in the urban areas are more protected against diseases by the national medical insurance system than those in rural areas. In their self appraisal of living standard, those who responded with low group are 39.6% and 50.3% respectively by urban and rural households. 2) Morbidity status Period prevalence rate for all diseases during the preceding 15 days before the date of the household interview v as 243,0 per 1,000 study population. For cases with the illness duration of within 15 days, the initial points of medical entry were diversied ; 56.9%, drug stores ; 30.9%, clinics and hospitals ; 4.6% folk medicine ; 1.7% clinics of Korean oriental medicine. Among the chronic case; with illness duration of over 90 days, 34.6% of these people utilized clinics and hospitals of modern medicine ; 31.6%, drug stores ; 18.6% clinics of Korean oriental medicine ; 6.8% folk medical techniques. Noticeable is the almost ten fold increase from the mere 0.9% in the utilization of Korean oriental medicine, whereas in the utilization of folk medicine, it is short of two-fold increase. 3) Folk medicine and its utilization Households that use folk medicine for relief and care of signs and symptoms commonly encountered in daily life, number 1969 households, which accounts for 76.9% of all the study households. This rather high level use of folk medicine is not different from rural to urban areas. The order of frequency of utilizing folk medicine among the study people are : the highest 14.3% for the relief of indigestion ; 8.6% for burns ; 5.1% for common cold ; 4.7% for hiccough ; and 4.2% for hordeolum. A present various procedures of folk medicine is being used to relieve all kinds of symptoms. 192 symptoms are identified at present. The most frequently used procedures of folk medicine appear to be based either on principles of the Korean oriental medicine or of scientific knowledge. Based on these survey findings, proposals for utilizing folk medicine are as follows First, this survey's findings will be feed back to both on the job training and on the spot guidance of community health practitioners, public health nurses and other peripheral work force in the health field, who are in daily contacts with community. This feed back will assure that the health personnel carry out their health education and information activities that are based on the utilization pattern of folk medicine as found in the survey result. Second, studies will be soon implemented that are designed to measure the efficiency and potency of these procedures and to improve these procedures of folk medicine were most frequently used by the community. Third, studies will continue to systematize medicinal plants and skills of Korean oriental medicine that are easily available at minimal cost in daily life for the prevention of diseases and management of emergency cases.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.26-36
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• 2017

지구온난화를 방지하기 위해 대량의 $CO_2$를 감축 시킬 수 있는 해양 CCS(Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage) 실증 및 상용화를 국내에서 준비 중이다. 해양 CCS 사업은 해양내 심부 퇴적층을 대상으로 대규모 $CO_2$를 수송, 주입, 저장하는 기술로써, 누출 등의 사고 발생 시 인명, 환경, 재산 등에 큰 피해를 야기할 잠재적 가능성을 가지고 있다. 따라서 해양 CCS 사업 안전성을 확보하기 위해서는 생애주기에 걸쳐서 유 가스 생산 해양플랜트에 준하는 엄격한 HSE(Health, Safety and Environment) 관리 방안이 요구된다. 하지만 국내에는 CCS 사업에 적용 가능한 HSE 법 또는 규정이 없을 뿐만 아니라 관련 연구도 미비한 상황이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 국외 해양플랜트 관련 HSE 관리 방법론, 해양 CCS HSE 관리 가이드라인 및 국외 사례를 분석하고, 이를 통하여 국내에서 해양 CCS를 추진시 HSE 관리 프레임워크 구축에 필요한 요구사항을 도출하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 먼저 범용적으로 활용되는 위험 관리방법론인 ISO 31000에 대한 분석을 수행하였다. 또한 해양플랜트 HSE 관리체계를 체계적으로 구축 운영 중인 노르웨이와 영국의 해양 CCS HSE 관리가이드라인 및 적용사례를 각각 분석하였다. 이를토대로 국내에서 해양 CCS 사업 추진시 HSE 관리 프레임워크 구축을 위해 우선적으로 수행해야할 사항으로 HSE Philosophy의 작성의 필요성을 피력하였고 생애주기 단계에 따른 HSE 관리 프로세스를 제안하였다. 본 논문에서 제안한 HSE 관리 프레임워크를 통해 국내 해양 CCS 실증 사업 추진시 기획 설계 단계부터 HSE 관리를 한다면 보다 안전하고 체계적인 사업을 이행할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.83-108
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• 2007

경제, 사회, 생태의 조화를 추구하는 지속가능한 발전은 21세기에 마케팅의 중요한 도전과제 중의 하나라 할 수 있다. 사회 및 생태적 관점의 통합을 통해 마케팅은 범세계적으로 대두되는 환경과 개발을 위한 패러다임으로서 지속가능한 발전 의제에 크게 기여할 수 있으리라 기대한다. 본 논문은 국제기업환경 변화의 패러다임으로 등장한 지속가능한 발전의 의미와 마케팅 영역에 제시되는 과제로서 지속가능마케팅컨셉의 의사결정 지향적 접근을 시도한다. 본 논문에서는 지속가능마케팅의 의사결정 지향적 컨셉을 여섯단계로 체계화하며, 생태 및 사회적 문제들의 분석, 고객욕구의 분석, 규범적 지속가능마케팅, 전략적 지속가능마케팅, 운영적 지속가능마케팅 그리고 변환적 지속가능마케팅으로 구분하여 고찰한다.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.44-52
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• 2007

국가단위의 연안통합관리계획과 각 지역별 연안관리지역계획의 효율적 실행을 위한 방안이 검토되고 있다. 본 논문은 연안에 대한 지자체 지역주민 민간단체 전문가 집단간의 네트워크를 통한 연안통합관리의 실행방안을 연구하였다. 해외의 사례연구를 바탕으로 하여, 양식장이 밀집되어 해양환경의 보전이 절실히 요망될 뿐만 아니라, 지역경제와 산업의 요구로 매립 등 해양환경을 훼손할 가능성이 큰 개발활동이 계획되는 등 이용행위간 상충적인 대립이 존재할 가능성이 크고, 한편으로 다양한 해양 및 환경 관련 단체들이 활발한 역할을 하고 있는 중소도시인 여수지역을 시범모델지역으로 선정하여 지역네트워크의 구성과정과 필요사항을 제시하였다. 대상지역에 대한 연안의 문제점과 이용실태, 지역 해양수산관련 업계 및 환경단체 인력과 활동 상황 파악, 연안관리 인적 네트워크 구성방안과 모델 개발, 외국의 연안관리 참여제도 조사 및 국내 도입방안, 해양산업 및 환경보호 활동기관 단체들과의 연대방안, 주민 참여 확대 방안과 중앙정부 및 지방정부의 지원 방안 등이 검토/연구되었다. 여수지역에서 실제적으로 관련 네트워크를 창립하여 운영하는 중에 활동자금의 조달, 중앙정부와 지자체와의 관계에서 네트워크의 지위와 안정적 장치의 미확보로 실효성과 구속력이 약한 문제 등이 제기되었다. 네트워크의 활성화 및 효율성을 위해서는 캐나다의 ACAP (Atlantic Coastal Action Program)와 같이, 지역조정담당을 선정하여, 일정한 보수를 제공하고, 계획 수립에 전념할 수 있는 사무실 환경을 제공하는 등의 벤치마킹이 필요한 것으로 검토되었다. 이러한 지역 네트워크의 구축사례는 효율적 연안관리와 정책조율을 통한 정부의 정책 입안에 이바지할 것이다.