• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.12-17
• /
• 2004

High critical current density. $J_c$ over $1MA/cm^2$ at 77 K in a self field was successfully achieved from the YBCO film prepared on (100) $SrTiO_3$ single-crystal substrates by the TFA-MOD process. Unlike a normal TFA-MOD process, we prepared the TFA precursor solution by dissolving YBCO powder into the trifluoroacetic acid. A significant amount of the second phases, including $BaF_2$, was observed in the films fired at $700-725^{\circ}C$ for 2 h under $P(O_2)=10^{-3}$ atm and $P(H_2O)=4.2%$, most probably due to an insufficient reaction time, and hence $T_c$ was greatly degraded. However the films fired at $750-800^{\circ}C$ for 2 h were composed of strongly c-axis oriented YBCO grams without any second phases. and exhibited the $T_c$ values of 89.5 ~ 91 K with a sharp transition. With increasing the firing temperature from 750 to $800^{\circ}C$ average grain size of YBCO was increased and grain connectivity was enhanced. The highest $J_c$ value of $1.1MA/cm^2$ was obtained from the YBCO film fired at $800^{\circ}C$.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
• /
• 제22권5호
• /
• pp.397-404
• /
• 2009

Effects of ceramic filler types and dose on the low temperature sintering and dielectric properties of ceramic/$CaO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2$ (CAS) glass composites were investigated. All of the specimens were sintered at $850{\sim}900^{\circ}C$ for 2 h, which conditions are required by the low-temperature co-firing ceramic (LTCC) technology. Ceramic fillers of $CaCO_3$, $Al_2O_3$, $CaCO_3-Al_2O_3$ mixture, and $CaCO_3-Al_2O_3$ compound ($CaAl_2O_4$), respectively, were used. The addition of $Al_2O_3$ yielded the crystalline phase of alumina, which was associated with the inhibition of sintering, while, $CaCO_3$ resulted in no apparent crystalline phase but the swelling was significant. The additions of $CaCO_3-Al_2O_3$ mixture and $CaAl_2O_4$, respectively, yielded the crystalline phases of alumina and anorthite, and the sintering properties of both composites increased with the increase of filler addition and the sintering temperature. In addition, the $CaAl_2O_4$/CAS glass composite, sintered at $900^{\circ}C$, demonstrated good microwave dielectric properties. In overall, all the investigated fillers of 10 wt% addition, except $CaCO_3$, yielded reasonable sintering (relative density, over 93 %) and low dielectric constant (less than 5.5), demonstrating the feasibility of the investigated composites for the application of the LTCC substrate materials.

• 한국결정성장학회지
• /
• 제33권6호
• /
• pp.210-215
• /
• 2023

조합 원료의 소성성은 시멘트 제조 기술에서 매우 중요한 요소이며, 각 원료들의 물리적, 화학적 및 광물학적 특성에 의해 좌우된다. 본 연구에서는 국내산 석탄재와 일본산 석탄재를 시멘트 원료로 사용했을 경우, Lafarge 평가 방법과 Polysius 평가 방법을 이용하여 소성성을 비교하였다. 석탄재의 종류와 투입량에 관계없이 석탄재를 사용하였을 경우가 석탄재를 사용하지 않았을 때 보다 소성성이 향상됨을 알 수 있었다. 모든 종류의 석탄재에서 투입량이 증가할수록 소성성이 향상되었으나, 3 %까지 소성성의 향상이 뚜렷하였고 4 % 첨가 시에는 향상 폭이 상대적으로 크지 않았다. 결론적으로 시멘트의 품질이 허용하는 범위 내에서 석탄재의 투입량이 증가할수록 소성성이 향상되며, 따라서 클링커의 소성에 필요한 연료비의 절감도 기대할 수 있다.

• 한국건축시공학회지
• /
• 제23권6호
• /
• pp.727-738
• /
• 2023

계면은 콘크리트 강도 결정 요인 중 가장 약한 영역으로, 골재와 시멘트 페이스트 사이에서 형성된다. 경량골재는 원재료를 팽창, 소성시켜 제조하기 때문에 표면에 수많은 공극을 형성하여 밀도가 낮은 장점을 지니지만 골재 강도가 약하다. 콘크리트는 골재강도가 약하면 골재의 파단이 발생한다. 경량골재의 콘크리트 적용은 골재 파단 때문으로 계면의 강도가 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 경량골재의 계면강도 증진을 위해 고로슬래그 미분말로 골재표면을 코팅하고, 시험체의 임피던스를 비교하여 표면개질에 의한 계면 변화를 분석하였다. 실험결과, 경량골재 표면코팅 시 압축강도가 약 4%정도 증가하였고, 강도 증가에 따라 임피던스 값 중 레지스턴스 값이 증가하는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국정보전자통신기술학회논문지
• /
• 제17권3호
• /
• pp.141-145
• /
• 2024

근피로로 인해 운동단위들의 모집과 발화율이 감소하므로 근전도 전력스펙트럼이 낮은 주파수로 전이되는 스펙트럼 압축을 나타나며 이로 인해 중앙주파수가 낮아진다. 그러나 중앙주파수의 변화는 저주파수 대역의 크기 변화보다 상대적으로 미약한 변화를 보인다. 본 연구에서는 이미 제안된 주파수 대역의 범위 중에서 대퇴이두근의 스펙트럼 피로지수로서 적당한 주파수 대역의 범위를 통계적으로 선택하고자 한다. 실험에 참여한 피검자의 수는 12명이며, 4.5 km/h의 속도로 트레드밀 보행시 대퇴이두근의 근전도를 측정하였다. 근전도의 중앙주파수를 기준으로 저역 및 고역 주파수 대역의 크기들을 ANOVA 분석으로 비교하였다. 그 결과 저주파수 대역 25-82Hz과 고주파수 대역 142-300Hz가 대퇴이두근의 근피로지수로서 적당함을 확인하였다.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제31권2A호
• /
• pp.129-136
• /
• 2011

최근 대기오염 물질을 제거하기 위하여 $TiO_2$ 등의 광촉매 재료를 사용한 기능성콘크리트에 대한 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 이들 연구에서 $TiO_2$의 흡착은 콘크리트에 직접 혼합하거나, 현탁액을 표면에 직접 도포하는 방법을 사용하고 있다. 이 중 콘크리트에 $TiO_2$를 직접 혼합하는 방법은 $TiO_2$의 사용량에 비하여 효능이 떨어져 표면에 직접 도포하는 방법이 많이 이용된다. $TiO_2$의 표면도포는 광촉매의 활성화와 접착성 증대를 위하여 $400^{\circ}C$ 이상의 고온 열처리를 실시하게 되며, 이는 콘크리트 수화생성물의 탈수 수축으로 내부균열을 발생시키는 원인이 되기도 한다. 이에 이 연구에서는 $TiO_2$의 저온도포가 가능한 Sol-gel법으로 $TiO_2$를 제조하였으며 펄라이트 사용 경량골재콘크리트에 저온 고정화하여 $TiO_2$ 도포 성능을 평가하였다. 또한 펄라이트 입경을 2.5~5.0 mm와 5.0 mm이상으로 구분하여 펄라이트 입경, $TiO_2$ 혼입방법과 혼입률 및 시간경과에 따른 $CH_3CHO$ 제거 특성을 검토하였다. 실험결과, Sol-gel법으로 제조한 $TiO_2$를 $120^{\circ}C$에서 저온 도포할 때 XRF 정량분석에서 $TiO_2$ 38%, $SiO_2$ 29%, CaO 18% 순으로 나타나 $TiO_2$ 도포율은 높게 나타났다. 또한 펄라이트 입경 2.5~5.0 mm에서 $TiO_2$를 저온도포한 경량골재콘크리트의 $CH_3CHO$ 제거 특성은 Sol-gel법으로 제조된 $TiO_2$를 7% 표면 도포하였을 경우 94%로 나타나 10%를 혼입할 때 72%에 비해 약 20%정도 높게 나타났다. 또한 펄라이트 입경 5.0 mm이상에서 $TiO_2$를 10%로 치환하여 혼합하였을 경우 $CH_3CHO$ 제거율은 69%로 펄라이트 입경 2.5~5.0 mm에 대한 72%와 비슷하게 나타나 펄라이트 입경이 $CH_3CHO$ 제거율에 미치는 영향은 크지 않았다. 시간 경과에 따른 $CH_3CHO$ 제거 특성은 전 시험편의 10시간 평균 제거율이 20시간 전체 제거율의 84% 수준으로 나타나 반응 초기에 제거율이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 대한치과보철학회지
• /
• 제45권2호
• /
• pp.203-215
• /
• 2007

Statement of problem: Titanium and its alloy, with their excellent bio-compatibility and above average resistance to corrosion, have been widely used in the field of dentistry. However, the excessive oxidization of titanium which occurs during the process of firing on porcelain makes the bonding of titanium and porcelain more difficult than that of the conventional metal-porcelain bonding. To solve this problem related to titanium-porcelain bonding, several methods which modify the surfaces, coat the surfaces of titanium with various pure metals and ceramics, to enable the porcelain adhesive by limiting the diffusion of oxygen and forming the adhesive oxides surfaces, have been investigated. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to know whether the titanium-porcelain bonding strength could be enhanced by treating the titanium surface with gold and TiN followed by fabrication of clinically applicable porcelain-fused-to-titanium crown Material and method: The porcelain-fused-to-titanium crown was fabricated after sandblasting the surface of the casting titanium coping with $Al_2O_3$ and treating the surface with gold and TiN coating followed by condensation and firing of ultra-low fusing porcelain. To compare with porcelain-fused-to-titanium crowns, porcelain-fused-to-gold crowns were fabricated and used as control groups. The bonding strengths of porcelain-fused-to-gold crowns and porcelain-fused-totitanium crowns were set for comparison when the porcelain was fractured on purpose to get the experimental value of fracture strength. Then, the surface were examined by SEM and each fracturing pattern were compared with each other Result:Those results are as follows. 1. The highest value of fracture strength of porcelain-fused-to-titanium crowns was in the order of group with gold coating, group with TiN coating, group with $Al_2O_3$ sandblasting. No statistically significant difference was found among the three (P>.05). 2. The porcelain-fused-to-gold crowns showed the highest value in bonding strength. The bonding strength of crowns porcelain-fused-to-titanium crowns of rest groups showed bonding strength reaching only 85%-94% of that of PFG, though simple comparision seemed unacceptable due to the difference in materials used. 3. The fracturing patterns between metal and porcelain showed mixed type of failure behavior including cohesive failure and adhesive failure as a similar patterns by examination with the naked eye and SEM. But porcelain-fused-to-gold crowns showed high incidence of adhesive failure and porcelain-fused-to-titanium crowns showed high incidence of cohesive failure. Conclusion: Above results proved that when fabricating porcelain-fused-to-titanium crowns, treating casting titanium surface with gold or TiN was able to enhance the bonding strength between titanium and porcelain. Mean value of masticatory force was found to showed clinically acceptable values in porcelain bonding strength in all three groups. However, more experimental studies and evaluations should be done in order to get better porcelain bonding strength and various surface coating methods that can be applied on titanium surface with ease.

• 대한치과보철학회지
• /
• 제45권2호
• /
• pp.169-181
• /
• 2007

Statement of problem: Titanium is well known as a proper metal for the dental restorations, because it has an excellent biocompatibility, resistance to corrosion, and mechanical property. However, adhesion between titanium and dental porcelains is related to the diffusion of oxygen to the reaction layers formed on cast-titanium surfaces during porcelain firing and those oxidized layers make the adhesion difficult to be formed. Many studies using mechanical, chemical and physical methods to enhance the titanium-ceramic adhesion have been actively performed. Purpose: This study meant to comparatively analyse the adhesion characteristics depending on different titanium surface coatings after coating the casts and wrought titanium surfaces with Au and TiN. Material and method: In this study, the titanium specimens (CP-Ti, Grade 2, Kobe still Co. Japan) were categorized into cast and wrought titanium. The wrought titanium was cast by using the MgO-based investment(Selevest CB, Selec). The cast and wrought titanium were treated with Au coating($ParaOne^{(R)}$., Gold Ion Sputter, Model PS-1200) and TiN coating(ATEC system, Korea) and the ultra low fusing dental porcelain was fused and fired onto the samples. Biaxial flection test was done on the fired samples and the porcelain was separated. The adhesion characteristics of porcelain and titanium after firing and the specimen surfaces before and after the porcelain fracture test were observed with SEM. The atomic percent of Si on all sample surfaces was comparatively analysed by EDS. In addition, the constituents of specimen surface layers after the porcelain fracture and the formed compound were evaluated by X-ray diffraction diagnosis. Result: The results of this study were obtained as follows : 1. The surface characteristics of cast and wrought titanium after surface treatment(Au, TiN, $Al_2O_3$ sandblasting) were similar and each cast and wrought titanium showed similar bonding characteristics. 2. Before and after the biaxial flection test, the highest atomic weight change of Si component was found in $Al_2O_3$ sandblasted wrought titanium(28.6at.% $\rightarrow$ 8.3at.%). On the other hand, the least change was seen in Au-Pd-In alloy(24.5at.% $\rightarrow$ 9.1at.%). 3. Much amount of Si components was uniformly distributed in Au and TiN coated titanium, but less amount of Si's was unevenly dispersed on Al2O3 sandblasting surfaces. 4. In X-ray diffraction diagnosis after porcelain debonding, we could see $Au_2Ti$ compound and TiN coating layers on Au and TiN coated surfaces and $TiO_2$, typical oxide of titanium, on all titanium surfaces. 5. Debonding of porcelain on cast and wrought titanium surface after the biaxial flection is considered as a result of adhesion deterioration between coating layers and titanium surfaces. We found that there are both adhesive failure and cohesive failure at the same time. Conclusion: These results showed that the titanium-ceramic adhesion could be improved by coating cast and wrought titanium surfaces with Au and TiN when making porcelain fused to metal crowns. In order to use porcelain fused to titanium clinically, it is considered that coating technique to enhance the bonding strength between coating kKlayers and titanium surfaces should be developed first.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.19-35
• /
• 1984

Since the first report of Drury and $Szent-Gy{\ddot{o}}rgyi$ in 1929, the inhibitory influences of adenosine on the heart have repeatedly been described by many investigators. These studies have shown that adenosine and adenine nucleotides have overall depressant effects, similar to those of acetylcholine. Heart beats become slow and weak. It is also well known that adenosine is a potent endogenous coronary vasodilator. Many investigations on the working mechanisms of adenosine have been focused mainly on the effects of the coronary blood flow. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the inhibitory action of adenosine on sinus node are not well understood yet. Thus, this study was undertaken to examine the behavior of rabbit SA node under influence of adenosine. In these series of experiments three kinds of preparations were used: whole atrial pair, left atrial strip, and isolated SA node preparations. The electrical activity of SA node was recorded with conventional glass microelectrodes 30 to 50 $M{\Omega}$. The preparations were superfused with bicarbonate-buffered Tyrode solution of pH 7.35 and aerated with a gas mixture of $3%\;CO_2-97%\;O_2$ at $35^{\circ}C$. In whole atrial pair, adenosine suppressed sinoatrial rhythm in a dose-dependent manner. Effect of adenosine on atrial rate appeared at the concentration of $10^{-5}M$ and was enhanced in parallel with the increase in adenosine concentration. Inhibitory action of adenosine on pacemaker activity was more prominent in the preparation pretreated with norepinephrine, which can steepen the slope of pacemaker potential by increasing permeability of $Ca^{+2}$. Calcium ions in perfusate slowly produced a marked change in sinoatrial rhythm. Elevation of the calcium concentration from 0.3 to 8 mM increased the atrial rate from 132 to 174 beats/min, but over 10 mM $Ca^{+2}$ decreased. The inhibitory effect of adenosine on sinoatrial rhythm developed very rapidly. Atrial rate was recovered promptly from the adenosine-induced suppression by the addition of norepinephrine, but extra $Ca^{+2}$ was less suitable to restore the suppression of atrial rate. Adenosine suppressed also atrial contractility in the same dosage range that restricted pacemaker activity, even in the reserpinized preparation. In isolated SA node preparation, spontaneous firing rate of SA node at $35^{\circ}C$(mean{\pm}SEM, n=16) was $154{\pm}3.3\;beats/min. The parameters of action potentials were: maximum diastolic potential(MDP), $-73{\pm}1.7\;mV: overshoot(OS), $9{\pm}1.4\;mV: slope of pacemaker potential(SPP), $94{\pm}3.0\;mV/sec. Adenosine suppressed the firing rate of SA node in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect appeared at the concentration of $10^{-6}M$ and was in parallel with the increase in adenosine concentration. Changes in action potential by adenosine were dose-dependent increase of MDP and decrease of SPP until $10^{-4}M$. Above this concentration, however, the amplitude of action potential decreased markedly due to the simultaneous decrease of both MDP and OS. All these effects of adenosine were not affected by pretreatment of atropine and propranolol. Lowering extra $Ca^{2+}$ irom 2 mM to 0.3 mM resulted in a marked decrease of OS and SPP, but almost no change of MDP. However, increase of perfusate $Ca^{2+}$ from 2 mM to 6 or 8 mM produced a prominent decrease of MDP and a slight increase of OS and SPP. Dipyridamole(DPM), which is known to block the adenosine transport across the cell membrane, definately potentiated the action of adenosine. The results of this experiment suggest that adenosine suppressed pacemaker activity and atrial contractility simultaneously and directly, by decreasing $Ca^{2+}-permeability$ of nodal and atrial cell membranes.

• 지구물리와물리탐사
• /
• 제1권1호
• /
• pp.25-30
• /
• 1998

공동충전 효과를 검증하기 위하여 실시한 시차 공대공 탄성파 탐사자료로부터 지하공동 부존 지역에서 충전 전과 후에 매질의 탄성파 전파속도의 변화를 확인하였다. 시차 공대공 탄성파 탐사자료에 나타난 반응과 시추조사 결과에 의하면 본 지역의 공동은 규모가 극히 소규모이거나 또는 폐석 등으로 충전된 것으로 보인다. 공동충진 효과는 토모그래피로부터 도출된 속도단면상의 탄성파 속도의 증가량을 분석함으로써 평가하였다. 시추공용 에어건을 진원으로 24-채널 하이드로폰을 수진기로 하여 자료를 취득하였다. 취득한 자료에는 무시할 수 없을 정도의 source statics를 확인할 수 있었다. 본 논문에서 제시한 보정방법은 2단계로; 1) 불규칙한 발파시점에 의한 영향 보정과 2) 잔여 정보정으로 이는 진원의 부정확한 위치에 대한 정보정이다. 본 논문에서는 고주파수 성분의 수치잡음이 억제되고 관심대상 부분에서 비교적 고분해능 영상을 도출할 수 있는 다단계 역산 방안을 제시하였다. 일반적으로 최소자승 주시토모그래피로는 평활화된 속도 영상을 얻을 수 있다. 따라서 이러한 역산으로는 비교적 소규모의 구간에서 발생한 적은 속도변화를 영상화하기에는 어려운 면이 있다. 본 논문에서는 속도모델의 파라메터를 변화시킨 2단계 제어 역산법으로 도출한 시차 토모그램으로부터 채굴 영향대에서 발생한 매질의 속도변화를 시각화 할 수 있었다. 2단계 역산법은 1-단계에서는 적정한 크기의 균일 격자로 구성된 모델을 사용하여 토모그램을 작성하고 이 토모그램에 2차원 중위수 필터를 적용하여 대략적인 속도구조 모델을 작성한다. 2-단계 역산시는 1-단계에서 작성한 속도모델을 수정하여 초기 모델로 한다. 모델 수정은 관심대상 부분만을 작은 크기의 균일격자로 재구성하는 것이다. 기준조사 토모그램을 2차 조사자료 역산의 초기 속도모델로 사용하였다. 속도변화는 공동대 부근에서만 예상되므로 그 이외 부분의 속도는 기준 토모그램과 동일하게 고정시키고 역산을 수행하였다.