• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the flame retardant performance of Japanese cypress(Chamaecyparis obtusa) plywood, commonly used in indoor decoration, furniture, and tableware, by treating it with three different fire retardants with different primary ingredients. The experiment was conducted in compliance with Article 31, Paragraph 2 of the Enforcement Decree of the Fire Facilities Installation and Management Act and Articles 4 and 7-2 of the Flame Retardant Performance Standards. After flame time, after glow time, char length, and char area were measured. As a result, first, after flame time was measured at 0 seconds regardless of whether the flame retardant treatment was applied. Second, after glow time was relatively long, measuring 22.7 seconds without treatment, which is likely due to the weak fire resistance and high concentration of carbon monoxide generated by the chemical characteristics of the Japanese cypress itself. Third, it was confirmed that the effects of the primary ingredient, phosphorus, in the flame retardant treatment varied depending on the technological development of the manufacturers of the same species of Japanese cypress plywood. In the future, it is expected that the results of this study will provide fundamental data to select flame retardant treatments that show high flame retardant performance according to the botanical characteristics of the wood.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.590-596
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• 2014

Wooden cultural heritages of Korea have been destroyed by fire in many cases. As a result, a number of methods to protect wooden cultural properties against fire were introduced. A way of protecting wooden cultural properties installations of fire equipments such as sprinkler, fire alarm system, or fire extinguisher. Another way of protecting wooden cultural properties is to treat them with flame retardants for their safety. Development of a very effective flame retardant with a good performance without affecting danchung and wood quality is required. At the same time, methods of evaluating flame retardant treated woods should be devised to assess their efficacy. In this study, combustion characteristics using cone-calorimeter, limit oxygen index, moisture absorption, iron corrosive and weathering were analyzed to evaluate the flame resistance efficacy and performance of flame retardants treated woods. The evaluation methods of flame retardants for wooden cultural heritage were suggested.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.92-97
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• 2016

The present study has been conducted to estimate the chemical flame height based on fuel consumption in fire field model. The calculation algorithms based on cumulative fraction of HRRPUL and fuel concentration along the z axis were applied to the results predicted by Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) version 6.3.2 and the mean chemical flame height was obtained by time averaging of instantaneous flame height with the algorithms. The mean flame height calculated by fuel concentration was quite well matched with that of cumulative value of HRRPUL within 10% over-prediction. This study contribute to a more detailed understanding of fire behavior and quantitative evaluation of flame height in the computational fire model.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.03b
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• pp.80-83
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• 2008

The characteristics of the spread of a forest fire are generally related to the attributes of combustibles, geographical features, and meteorological conditions, such as wind conditions. The most common methodology used to create a prediction model for the spread of forest fires, based on the numerical analysis of the development stages of a forest fire, is an analysis of heat energy transmission by the stage of heat transmission. When a forest fire breaks out, the analysis of the transmission velocity of heat energy is quantifiable by the spread velocity of flame movement through a physical and chemical analysis at every stage of the fire development from flame production and heat transmission to its termination. In this study, the formula used for the 1-dimensional surface forest fire behavior prediction model, derived from a numerical analysis of the surface flame spread rate of solid combustibles, is introduced. The formula for the 1-dimensional surface forest fire behavior prediction model is the estimated equation of the flame spread velocity, depending on the condition of wind velocity on the ground. Experimental and theoretical equations on flame duration, flame height, flame temperature, ignition temperature of surface fuels, etc., has been applied to the device of this formula. As a result of a comparison between the ROS(rate of spread) from this formula and ROSs from various equations of other models or experimental values, a trend suggesting an increasing curved line of the exponent function under 3m/s or less wind velocity condition was identified. As a result of a comparison between experimental values and numerically analyzed values for fallen pine tree leaves, the flame spread velocity reveals has a error of less than 20%.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.180-185
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• 2004

The present study investigates the effect of fire growth model on fire development characteristics in a carriage. The parallel processing version of FDS code is used to simulate the fire driven flow in a carriage and two types of fire growth model which are flame spread model and t$^2$ model are examined for the same geometrical condition. The heat release rates(HRR) of both model are similar each other until 30 s after ignition, but the flame spread model predicts 5 times higher than those of the t$^2$ fire model during the quasi-steady fire period. Maximum heat release rate in the case of flame spread model reaches about to 12 MW at 100 s after fire ignition. Also, various database of fire properties for combustible materials and more elaborate combustion model considering the flame spreading phenomena are required for better predictions of fire development characteristics using numerical simulation.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.68-75
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• 2008

In this paper, we introduce a fire-detection system which is robust to light sources and environment changing. We can decide the threshold values that classify the regions between a fire flame and light sources by analyzing them in RGB color space. But we could not discriminate quasi-flame region from fire flame region with the value. The difference of mean-histogram technique make it possible to extract flame region more efficient because fire flame is continuously changing after it occurs. In order to validate real fire, this paper uses regional compactness in the end of process. Computer simulation show that proposed method make more robust to light sources and environment changing.

• Fire Protection Technology
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• s.28
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• pp.48-54
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• 2000

The technique detects radiant energy form a flaming fire of fuels contained carbonaceous material can be applied to fast growing fires. This technique applied detectors are ultimately effective when early detecting fire alarm system is required or the smoke and heat detectors can not applied. In Korea Fire regulation, a flame detector should be install in case that the installation height is higher than 20[m], chemical plant, hangar refinery. Therefore it is really necessary that a flame detector has to be developed as soon as possible. With foundation technique of flame detector, ideal sensing element and stable circuit design, a trial UV flame detector is manufactured. The stable and reliable technique of flame detector is established through the repeateed perfomance test and modification. An early detecting fire alarm device is developed through the modification, supplement of the structure and circuit. Results of the R & D for the manufacture of an excellent flame detecting device is carried out with the establishment of technique for the mass production and the qualified manufacturing process.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.73-78
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• 2012

This study is intended to understand flame behavior of pool and whirl fire by height of fire source. Liquid fuel was methanol which is used in many studies for pool and whirl fire. Size of vessel was $100{\times}100{\times}50$ and the vessel was made by stainless steel. Combustion time, mass loss rate, flame temperature, flame height and air entrainment rate from the outside to flame were measured, and flame behavior was visualized with video camera. Based on the experiment, it was found that combustion characteristics by height of fire source got a more effect on whirl fire than pool fire.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.135-138
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• 2008

Many Victims and property damage are caused in fires. In this paper, an flame detection algorithm is proposed to early alarm fires. The proposed flame detection algorithm is based on 2-stage decision strategy of video processing. The first decision is to check with color distribution of input vidoe. In the second, the candidated region is settled as fire region with activity. As a result of simulation, it is shown that the proposed algorithm is useful for fire recognition.

• Fire Protection Technology
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• s.21
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• pp.5-12
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• 1996

An experimental investigation has been made with the objcetive of studying the effects of air entrainment of fire strength. A rich jet flame is considered as an fire, and fire, and the air entrainment is controlled by introducing the tone excitation which is generated by means of a loudspeaker-driven cavity. The excitation frequency is chosen for the resonant frequency identified as a pipe resonance due to acoustic excitation. As the excitation intensity increases, the amplitude of oscillating velocity for inducing air entrainment is increased, the flame height decreased and the structure of diffusion flame gradually transformed to that of premixed flame.