• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.865-872
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• 2009

Korean railroad company is continuously improving the service for the disabled. They also install and reform many facilities for them. However, It is not considered the importance of egress when fire occurred in a cabin Now, Fire hazard analysis and risk assessment are introduced into domestic regulations for improving fire safety performance of train car and railroad facilities. Considering the fact that fire safety evaluation process doesn't fully include disabled person, fundamental egress data for them is very important for life safety aspect. In this paper, Egress experiments and analysis were conducted to measure the movement speed of the disabled with Mugunghwa and Saemaul.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.385-393
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• 2019

Potential fire, explosion and safety hazards exist in medium- or small-scale chemical plants using radical batch reaction processes due to the various conditions of materials, works or products. To minimize the potential damage, a study was conducted on qualitative hazard analysis using the HAZOP technique, which is a typical method for a qualitative risk assessment and analysis of the potential risks encountered in these chemical plants. For this purpose, a domestic chemical plant, which produces the acrylic resin by a radical batch reaction process, was selected and a risk assessment and analysis according to the procedure of HAZOP method was performed for the process. As the result of the study, to prevent the hazard, the input of inert gas and the installation of a pressure gauge were indispensable. In addition, the initiator and monomer should also be separated, and inhibiting substances and equipment are also necessary to prevent a runaway reaction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.184-190
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• 2014

Decommissioning process of nuclear facilities consist of a sequence of problem solving activities, because there may exist not only working environments contaminated by radiological exposure but also industrial hazards such as fire, explosions, toxic materials, and electrical and physical hazards. Therefore, not a few countries in the world have been trying to develop appropriate counter techniques in order to guarantee safety and efficiency of the process. In spite of that, there still exists neither domestic nor international standard. Unfortunately, however, there are few workers who experienced decommissioning operations a lot in the past. As a solution, it is quite necessary to utilize experts' opinions for risk assessment in decommissioning process. As for an individual hazard factor, risk assessment techniques are getting known to industrial workers with advance of safety technology, but the way how to integrate those results is not yet. This paper aimed to find out an appropriate technique to integrate individual risk assessment results from the viewpoint of experts. Thus, on one hand the whole risk assessment activity for decommissioning operations was modeled as a sequence of individual risk assessment steps which can be classified into two activities, decontamination and dismantling, and on the other, a risk assessment structure was introduced. The whole model was inferred with Fuzzy theory and techniques, and a numerical example was appended for comprehension.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.22-28
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• 2012

For a methanol separation column of the BPA (Bisphenol A) plant, HAZOP (hazard and operability) assessment was performed and damage ranges were predicted from the accident scenarios for the fire and the explosion. As a result, the damage range of the jet fire was 20 m in the case of rupture of the discharge pipe (50 mm diameter) of safety valve, and that of the flash fire was 267 m in the case of catastrophic rupture. Also, the damage ranges of the unconfined vapor cloud explosion (UVCE) for the rupture of the discharge pipe and for the catastrophic rupture were 22 m and 542 m, respectively. For the worst case of release scenarios, safety measures were suggested as follows: the pressure instruments, which can detect abnormal rise of the internal pressure in the methanol separation column, should be installed by the 2 out of 3 voting method in the top section of the column. Through the detection, the instruments should simultaneously shut down the control and the emergency shut-off valves.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.56-62
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• 2019

A sprinkler is a fire extinguishing equipment installed in a protected area where a detector or head detects a fire and automatically puts out the fire. However, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport's "Regulations on Building Evacuation and Fire Protection Standards, etc." stipulate that fire compartment area should be reduced to three times by installing sprinkler facilities in the case of factories and warehouses. In this study, fire hazard was analyzed for a real PCB factory which mitigated the fire protection zone by sprinkler installation, and the head opening characteristics of sprinkler facilities through computer simulation, installation standards of sprinkler facilities, thermal performance, operating range, and the amount of water sprayed to identify the problems of operation of sprinkler facilities in case of fire, and to suggest the grounds such as required sprinkling flow rate for system improvement.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.44-52
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• 2014

Small petrol stations have great potential for a wide distribution in metropolitan area in which the land value possesses primary installation cost of the facility. The objective of the present study is to propose appropriate facility regulations of small petrol stations in Korea that can be popularly installed in the future in terms of securing safety in addition to serviceability. The hazard analysis and damage prediction from the possible fire and explosion accidents were performed using a software, PHAST v.6.5. As essential components of the facility regulations proposed in this study, the regulations about the refueling lot, maximum capacity of underground tank, location of fixed refueling facilities, height of firewall for small petrol stations were subsequently compared with those for regular-sized petrol stations.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.277-283
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• 2020

The smoke hazard assessment of building materials focusing on smoke performance index-II (SPI-II) and smoke growth index-II (SGI-II) was investigated. The test species used were Japanese cedar, spruce, lauan, and red pine. The smoke characteristics of wood specimen were investigated using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). SPI-II was measured after the combustion reaction increased by 1.31~2.15 times based on red pine. The fire risk by SPI-II increased in the order of spruce, lauan, Japanese ceda, and red pine. SGI-II increased by 1.18~2.55 times compared to that of Japnese ceda. The fire risk caused by SGI-II increased in the order of Japanese ceda, spruce, lauan, and red pine. CO_mean concentrations were ranged from 58 to 133 ppm, which was higher than permissible exposure limits of the occupational safety and health administration (OSHA), 50 ppm. Therefore, woods such as red pine containing various volatile organic substances, were considered to be highly smoke hazardous due to low SPI-II and high SGI-II.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.358-364
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 우리나라 주요 침엽수종인 소나무(Pinus densiflora)와 활엽수종인 굴참나무(Quercus variabilis)의 낙엽에 대해 FTIR(Fourier Transform Infrared) 분광계를 이용하여 배출 연소가스 종류 및 농도를 측정하였다. 실험결과 소나무와 굴참나무 낙엽에서 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Acetic acid, Butyl acetate, Ethylene, Methane, Methanol, Nitrogen dioxide, Ammonia, Hydrogen Fluoride, Sulfur dioxide, Hydrogen bromide 등 13개 연소가스가 검출되었고 굴참나무 낙엽에서는 Nitrogen monoxide가 추가로 검출되었다. 방출된 연소가스의 전체 농도는 소나무 낙엽이 굴참나무 낙엽에 비해 4.5배 많이 검출되었다. 특히, 시간가중평균가스농도(TWA : Time-weighted average, ppm) 기준을 초과하는 연소가스는 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Butyl acetate가 검출되었고 단시간노출기준(STEL : Short Term Exposure Limit, ppm) 기준을 초과하는 연소가스는 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide로 소나무 및 굴참나무 모두에서 나타났다. 이에 산불에서의 낙엽층 지표화 연소시 전체 가스 방출량의 99% 이상을 차지하고 있는 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide의 건강 위험성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 하지만, 검출된 다른 건강 위험성 가스의 경우에도 연소물질의 양이 증가할수록 연소가스의 농도가 높아져 건강안정성에 해가 있을 것으로 판단되며 또한 검출된 연소가스 중 나무의 주요구성 원소가 아닌 Bromide, Fluoride 화합물에 대해서는 토양으로부터의 오염 또는 분석과정에서의 노이즈로 인한 검출 등에 대한 보다 면밀한 검토가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.262-269
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• 2008

Chemical products have had an favorable influence on our everyday life, and contributed very much to the development of human culture. According to the rapid change of industry and the development of scientific technique the using chemical products are increasing more and more. Chemical products can have any hazardous property such as flammability or explosiveness. There are occurring many accidents in the international trade due to the different classification and labelling of chemicals produced in various countries. The main purpose of this work is the development of global standard test methods for the chemicals, and the classification and labelling in building block approach by means of the basic technical data. Oxidizing solids, combustible solids, spontaneously combustible materials, water-prohibitive materials, flammable liquids, self-reactive materials and oxidizing liquids have been tested. The results have been classified according to the hazard material safety regulation and the UN regulation, and summarized in a data-base.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.237-246
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• 2024

In recent years, the frequent occurrence of fire accidents in university libraries has posed significant threats to the safety of students' lives and property, alongside negative social impacts. Accurately analyzing the factors affecting evacuation during library fires and proposing optimized measures for safe evacuation is thus crucial. This paper utilizes a specific university library as a case study, simulating fire evacuation scenarios using the Pathfinder software, to assess and validate evacuation strategies and propose relevant optimizations. Pathfinder, developed by Thunderhead Engineering in the United States, is an intuitive and straightforward personnel emergency evacuation assessment system, offering advanced visualization interfaces and 3D animation effects. This study aims to construct evacuation models and perform simulation analysis for the selected university library using Pathfinder. The library's structural layout, people flow characteristics, and the nature of fire and smoke spread are considered in the analysis. Additionally, evacuation scenarios involving different fire outbreak locations and the status of emergency exits are examined. The findings underscore the importance of effective evacuation in fire situations, highlighting how environmental conditions, individual characteristics, and behavioral patterns significantly influence evacuation efficiency. Through these investigations, the study enhances understanding and optimization of evacuation strategies in fire scenarios, thereby improving safety and efficiency. The research not only provides concrete and practical guidelines for building design, management, and emergency response planning in libraries but also offers valuable insights for the design and management of effective evacuation systems in buildings, crucial for ensuring occupant safety and minimizing loss of life in potential hazard situations