• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1358-1364
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• 2016

Maritime accidents caused by a ship include collisions, sinking, stranding and fire etc. This study is intending to consider fire accidents among such diverse marine accidents. It is much likely that various sorts of fires break out because crewmen are living in a narrow space for long periods of time consequent on the ship's characteristic of sailing on the sea. According to the ship fire survey, about 50% of the total fire accidents occurred at an engine room, and the main fire origin was analyzed to be oil. In addition, ship fire breaks out in the order of baggage racks and living quarter. In short, the survey indicates that all sorts of fires belonging to A, B, C and D-class have occurred. This study, targeting an actual passenger ship 'A', found the response time to evacuation, during which the people on board a ship recognize the outbreak of fire, and act, and the travel time for evacuation which is the actual travel time. In addition, this study carried out a simulation through the special program for fire analysis - FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) in order to find the effective evacuation time, i.e. life survival time. Particularly, this study did comparative analysis of the influence on the survival of passengers and crew based on the collected simulation data by fire size and sort. As a result of the analysis, it was found that when examining the only actual evacuation movement time excepting the response time to evacuation, people are safe by completing evacuation before the effective evacuation time only in case fire size is 100Kw among all sorts of fires. In other words, in case of the outbreak of fire more than 1 MW, it was found to fail to meet evacuation safety regardless of fire size.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.144-150
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• 2016

An apartment house with a pilotis that raises the architectural volume and provides a space for circulation is becoming popular. With the popularity of pilotis in apartment houses, people also have a keen interest in the potential fire risk at the pilotis. As residents can only access their apartment house through the pilotis, there is a risk to the occupants if there is fire there. Therefore, this study evaluated the pilotis fire cases of urban multifamily housing to conduct a Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and Fire Evacuation Simulation (FES). Through these two simulation methods, it is possible to validate the riskiness of fire at an apartment with a pilotis. The study identified that the toxic gases and flame spread out to the pilotis within hundred seconds after ignition. In addition, the toxic gases and flame also reach the second floor within three seconds and the entire building within 735 seconds if the entrance doors at the pilotis are opened. On the other hand, the FES simulation results showed that it also takes about approximately 609 seconds to excavate from the apartment house with a pilotis. Therefore, this research shows that an apartment house with a pilotis can ensure the building occupants' lives and their safety if there is fire.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.55-62
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• 2018

To improve the prediction result with enhanced reliability of domestic Performance-Based Design (PBD), actual scale fire tests were carried out on products made of plastics from sales facility combustibles. The commercial buildings were separated into single and multiple combustibles for the experimentation of fire spread caused by the sales shelves where the various combustible materials are displayed. A according to the maximum heat release rate, exposed area and weight of the combustible material, the results revealed a linear relationship of as 93% and 89%. In addition, analysis of the gas concentrations for various combustibles showed that $CO_2$ has a linear relationship, whereas the CO concentration indicated exponential function. These results can be applied to reliable fire source information in PBD of plastic fire source in commercial buildings. This may be applied as fire source information representative of a plastic fire in commercial buildings through additional experiment using the area of the shelf in actual commercial buildings.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Disaster Information Conference
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• 2017.11a
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• pp.190-191
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• 2017

본 연구는 산림 공간에서 산불소화시설인 수관수막타워의 방수시간에 따른 화재에 미치는 영향을 FDS(Fire Dynamics Simulator, 화재시뮬레이션)로 비교하였다. 본 연구를 진행하기 위한 기본 조건은 수관수막타워 높이 20m, 방수길이 40m, 방수량 400Lpm으로 해석공간 상에 수막타워를 3기 설치하였다. 수관수막타워 작동 초반 화재온도 $668.5^{\circ}C$에서 작동 450초 후 $145.6^{\circ}C$으로 감소되는 효과를 볼 수 있다. 이는 '산불소화시설 설치 및 운영 관리 지침'의 제3조 11절 6항의 '수관수막설비는 산불 접근 예상시간보다 10분전에 가동되도록 해야 한다.'의 타당성을 마련할 수 있다.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.41 no.11
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• pp.1661-1670
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• 2016

In this paper, we present a risk prediction system and customized evacuation pathfinding algorithm in fire scenarios. For the risk prediction, we apply a multi-level clustering mechanism using collected temperature at sensor nodes throughout the network in order to predict the temperature at the time that users actually evacuate. Based on the predicted temperature and its reliability, we suggest an evacuation pathfinding algorithm that finds a suitable evacuation path from a user's current location to the safest exit. Simulation results based on FDS(Fire Dynamics Simulator) of NIST for a wireless sensor network consisting of 47 stationary nodes for 1436.41 seconds show that our proposed prediction system achieves a higher accuracy by a factor of 1.48. Particularly for nodes in the most reliable group, it improves the accuracy by a factor of up to 4.21. Also, the customized evacuation pathfinding based on our prediction algorithm performs closely with that of the ground-truth temperature in terms of the ratio of safe nodes on the selected path, while outperforming the shortest-path evacuation with a factor of up to 12% in terms of a safety measure.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.37-43
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• 2014

In the case of interior fire in an apartment building, contamination of vestibule area by fire smoke before air fan operating when fire doors are open makes the evacuation of people very difficult. In order to investigate the effect of heat release rate (HRR) and interior opening on fire flow velocity, numerical simulations using Fire Dynamics Simulator were carried out. In simulations, actual dimensions and configuration of an apartment building were considered and interior leakage and HRR were varied. From simulation results, it was found that fire flow velocity distribution is significantly influenced by HRR and interior opening resulting in the change of the location of a neutral plane. Also, it is shown that there is a larger difference of the fire flow velocity between upper and lower part of the fire door when the neutral plane becomes closer to the ceiling.

• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.8-12
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• 2008

Heat/smoke detectors are installed in most subway platforms in Korea to detect fire. Subway platform is divided by smoke-control zones for efficient smoke-control. Once the detectors detect heat or smoke, the smoke-control ventilation system in the platform and concourse is activated according to the smoke-control ventilation mode. Smoke-control mode during fires in Korean subway platforms is that the smoke zones operate by exhausting smoke while other zones in the platform and in the concourse which is the upper floor of the platform operate by supplying air or stopping any ventilation. This study is conducted to evaluate performance of passengers' evacuation for various smoke control modes in the subway station. Distribution of smoke and heat due to fire on the platform is analyzed by using Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS V 4.06) of NIST. Various smoke-control ventilation modes and locations of fire are considered. Evacuation and movement of passengers within the platform is simulated by building EXODUS V.4.0.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1319-1324
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• 2007

Many researches have been performed to analyze the smoke movement in tunnel fires by using field model. Recently, FDS(Fire Dynamics Simulator) v.4, which is one of the field model and developed from NIST(National Institute of Standards and Technology), is widely used. In tunnel fires, FDS can show detail results in local point, but it has difficulties in boundary condition and taking long computing time as the number of grid increases. So, there is a need to use alternative method for tunnel fire simulation. A zone model is different kind of CFD method and solves ordinary differential equation based on conservation and auxiliary equations. It shows good macroscopic view in less computing time compared to field model. In this study, therefore, to confirm the applicability of CFAST in tunnel fire analysis, numerical simulations using CFAST are conducted to analyze smoke movement in longitudinal ventilation reduced-scale tunnel fires. Then the results are compared with experimental results. The differences of temperature and critical velocity between numerical results and experimental data are over $30^{\circ}C$ and 0.9m/s, respectively. These values are out of error range. It shows that CFAST 6.0 is hard to be used for tunnel fire simulation.

• 한국전산유체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.03b
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• pp.276-279
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• 2008

Heat/smoke detectors are installed in most subway platforms in Korea to detect fire. Subway platform is divided by smoke-control zones for efficient smoke-control. Once the detectors detect heat or smoke, the smoke-control ventilation system in the platform and concourse is activated according to the smoke-control ventilation mode. Smoke-control mode during fires in Korean subway platforms is that the smoke zones operate by exhausting smoke while other zones in the platform and in the concourse which is the upper floor of the platform operate by supplying air or stopping any ventilation. This study is conducted to evaluate performance of passengers' evacuation for various smoke control modes in the subway station. Distribution of smoke and heat due to fire on the platform is analyzed by using Fire Dynamics Simulator(FDS V 4.06) of NIST. Various smoke-control ventilation modes and locations of fire are considered. Evacuation and movement of passengers within the platform is simulated by buildingEXODUS V 4.0.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.499-504
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• 2019

Due to the rapid spread and low minimum ignition energy of hydrogen, rupture is highly likely to cause fire, explosion and major accidents. The self-ignition of high-pressure hydrogen is highly likely to ignite immediately when it leaks from an open space, resulting in jet fire. Results of the diffusion and leakage simulation show that jet effect occurs from the leakage source to a certain distance. And at the end of location, the vapor cloud explosion can be occurred due to the formation of hydrogen vapor clouds by built-up. In the result, it is important that depending on the time of ignition, a jet fire or a vapor cloud explosion may occur. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account jet effect by location of leakage source and establish a damage minimizing plan for the possible jet fire or vapor cloud explosion. And it is required to any kind of measurements such as an interlock system to prevent hydrogen leakage or minimize the amount of leakage when detecting leakage of gas.