• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.984-991
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• 2006

Effects of spent composts of selenium-enriched mushroom (Se-SMC) on plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and selenium (Se) deposition in finishing Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) steers were investigated. Twenty-five Hanwoo steers (average body weight = 613 kg, average age = 22 months) were allotted to treatments in five groups of five steers per pen for 12 weeks preceding slaughter. Treatments were SMC alone (CON; 0.1 ppm Se), 0.3 ppm (0.3 Se-SMC), 0.6 ppm (0.6 Se-SMC), 0.9 ppm (0.9 Se-SMC), and 0.9 ppm (sodium selenite; SENI) Se. During the experimental period, blood samples were taken to analyze Se concentrations and GSH-Px activities. Muscle and liver samples were collected for analyses of Se contents after slaughter. Dry matter intake and body weight gain were not affected by Se-SMC or sodium selenite supplementation. Selenium concentration in the whole blood and GSH-Px activity in plasma were linearly increased (p<0.01) with increasing levels of Se-SMC. The whole blood Se concentration of SENI treatment was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that of CON treatment from 4 weeks, whereas there was no significant difference in GSH-Px activities between both treatments at 8 and 12 weeks. Selenium content in the hind leg and liver increased linearly (p<0.05) with increasing levels of Se-SMC, but those of SENI treatments were not significantly different from CON treatments. These results suggested that Se in the Se-SMC was highly bioavailable to blood and tissues of ruminants, especially compared with Se in the sodium selenite. Therefore, Se-SMC might be used not only as an inexpensive way of providing Se for ruminants but also as another way of producing Se-fortified beef.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.195-203
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with rice bran, flax seed, or sunflower seed to finishing native Korean cattle (Hanwoo) on growth performances, carcass characteristics, fatty acid composition, free amino acid and peptide contents, and sensory evaluations of Longissimus muscle (LM). A total of 39 Hanwoo steers (average age of 22.2 mo and average body weight (BW) of 552.2 kg) were randomly divided into Control, rice bran (RB), flax seed (FS), or Sunflower seed (SS) groups. The steers were group fed for 273 d until they reached an average age of 31.2 mo. Final BW was 768.2, 785.8, 786.2, and 789.0 kg, and average daily gain was 0.79, 0.85, 0.82, and 0.84 kg for the Control, RS, FS, and SS groups, respectively (p>0.05). Fat thickness of the FS group (19.8 mm) was greater (p<0.05) than that of the other groups. Final yield grade converted into numerical values was 2.0 for the RB group, 1.7 for the Control and SS groups, and 1.4 for the FS group. Marbling degrees for the Control, SS, RB, and FS groups were 5.3, 5.1, 4.7, and 4.6, respectively. Percentages of palmitic acid ($C_{16:0}$), stearic acid ($C_{18:0}$), and arachidic acid ($C_{20:0}$) in the LM were not different among the groups. Palmitoleic ($C_{16:1}$) acid was higher (p<0.05) in the SS group. The concentration of oleic acid was highest (p<0.05) in the Control group (47.73%). The level of linolenic acid ($C_{18:3}$) was 2.3 times higher (p<0.05) in the FS group compared to the other groups. Methionine concentration was (p<0.05) higher in FS (1.7 mg/100 g) and SS (1.2 mg/100 g) steers than in the Control or RB groups. Glutamic acid and ${\alpha}$-aminoadipic acid (${\alpha}$-AAA) contents were (p<0.05) higher in the FS group compared to the other groups. LM from the FS group had numerically higher (p>0.05) scores for flavor, umami, and overall palatability in sensory evaluations. In conclusion, supplementation of flax seed to diets of finishing Hanwoo steers improved sensory evaluations which might have been caused by increases in flavor related amino acids such as methionine, glutamic acid and ${\alpha}$-AAA and peptides, anserine and carnosine, and their complex reactions.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of different crude protein levels in the concentrates on carcass and meat quality of Hanwoo steers. A total of thirty 5.3-month-old castrated Hanwoo calves ($135.6{\pm}10.52$ kg) were randomly allocated into either control or treatment group. The animals were separately housed to 5 heads per group. Crude protein levels in concentrates for growing, fattening, and finishing phases were 14, 13, and 11% for control group and 16, 15, and 14% for treatment group respectively. Comparative analysis of carcass characteristics, physico-chemical characteristics, and fatty acid composition in M. longissimus dorsi of Hanwoo steers were carried out. There was no statistical difference in average cold carcass weight between control (411.9 kg) and treatment (419.9 kg) group. Also, dietary crude protein level in concentrates did not affect M. longissimus dorsi area, backfat thickness, and meat yield index. In contrast, the marbling score in treatment group was higher (p<0.05) than the control group. Also, treatment group showed significantly higher (p<0.05) values than control group for CIE L-value, Mono-unsaturated fatty acids and oleic acid composition. Therefore increasing crude protein levels of concentrates in Hanwoo steers during growing and fattening phases might be beneficial for the improvement of meat quality.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.281-289
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of feeding seleniferous whole crop barley silage (WCBS) on the growth performance, blood and carcass characteristics, and tissue selenium deposition infinishing Hanwoo steers. A total of 20 growing Hanwoo steers were selected and assigned to one of the following feed groups: control (0.1 ppm Se), T1 (0.3 ppm Se), T2 (0.9 ppm Se), and T3 (0.9 ppm of inorganic Se). Five steers were allocated to each treatment group, and the trial lasted for 90 days. All experimental diets combined seleniferous and/or non-seleniferous WCBS up to a ratio of 30%. For the T3 diet, 0.9 ppm Se in the form of sodium selenite was added to the control diet. Dietary level and type of selenium did not affect feed intake and body weight gain. Blood total lipid and triglyceride concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) lower in the T2 group than in control. Blood immunoglobulin G concentration increased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing levels of dietary selenium; concentrations were significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 and T3 than in control. Blood selenium concentration was the highest (p<0.05) in T2. No significant difference was observed in dressing rate, ribeye area, marbling score, meat color and fat color. Further, no association was found between levels and chemical form of dietary selenium and quality and quantity of meat. To the contrary, tissue selenium content in kidney, liver, and hind leg increased significantly (p<0.05) with increasing levels of selenium; however, feeding inorganic selenium did not introduce a significant increase in tissue selenium content of finishing Hanwoo steers. The results indicated that the selenium present in seleniferous WCBS was an effectively absorbable selenium source, suitable for increasing tissue selenium content in beef. Approximately 100 g of hind leg muscle from steers fed on the T2 diet met approximately 69% of the recommended daily selenium requirements.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2020

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of diets with and without supplements of methionine/lysine (met/lys) and methionine/α-tocopherol (met/α-tocopherol) on the performance, carcass traits and meat quality of Hanwoo steers. Methods: A total of 21 Hanwoo steers were divided into three different groups. Each group consisted of 7 animals that received different dietary treatments for 120 days as follows: a control (C) diet composed of a basal diet with 74% total digestible nutrient and 12% crude protein; treatment 1 (T1) composed of a basal diet enriched with methionine 69%+lysine 31%; and treatment (T2) composed of a basal diet enriched with methionine 84.65%+α-tocopherol 15.35%. Daily supplementation was given using the top-dressing method (20 g/animal). Results: The met/lys groups yielded a longissimus lumborum with increased water holding capacity (p<0.01) and lower shear force value (p<0.05). Dietary met/lys did not have an adverse effect on the animal performance and carcass traits. Instead, these supplements contributed significantly to the higher protein content compared to the control diet (p<0.05). Myristic acid (C14:0) was the only fatty acid affected by the supplementation. While the met/α-tocopherol group led to significantly higher protein and oxymyoglobin contents during storage (p<0.05). It also contributed significantly to the lower shear force value and 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances score during storage (p<0.05) compared to the control and treatment 1 since the initial storage day. The met/α-tocopherol diet also yielded meat with a redder color (p<0.05) after 3 days of storage. However, it did not significantly contribute to the fatty acid profiles of Hanwoo steers. Conclusion: Met/lys supplementation resulted in higher protein scores, water holding capacity and lower shear force scores. While met/α-tocopherol supplementation contributes to the production of redder meat, reduces lipid oxidation, production of more tender meat and increases the content of protein and oxymyoglobin percentage.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.897-906
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• 2006

This study was conducted to determine effects of different supplementation periods (2, 3 and 4 months) of spent composts of Se-enriched mushrooms (Se-SMC) on plasma glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and selenium deposition of finishing Hanwoo steers for the optimal supplementing period determination in order to produce Se-fortified Hanwoo beef. In the present study, 30 Hanwoo steers were allotted to treatments in six groups of five steers per pen. Treatments were separated into control and Se-SMC for each supplementation period. Dietary selenium contents were 0.1 and 0.9 ppm for control and Se-SMC treatments, respectively. At the end of each supplementation period, steers by periods were slaughtered to collect hind leg and liver samples for their selenium analyses. Blood samples were taken to analyze whole blood Se concentration and plasma GSH-Px activity at the last day of each supplementation period. Dry matter intakes were unaffected by Se-SMC and supplementation periods. In addition, average daily gain was not different between control and Se-SMC treatments and among supplementation periods. There was no difference for total body weight gain between control and Se-SMC treatments within each supplementation period. The supplementation of Se-SMC significantly (P<0.001) increased whole blood Se concentration, but whole blood selenium concentration was not affected by the supplementation period. Furthermore, plasma GSH-Px activity showed similar trend as shown in the pattern of whole blood Se concentration, but no difference by supplementation periods was observed. Selenium contents in hind legs significantly (P<0.05) increased with increasing supplementation periods, and also they were significantly (P<0.001) higher for Se-SMC supplementation groups in comparison to controls. However, there was no difference for selenium contents of hind legs between three and four months supplementation. Selenium contents in livers tended to slightly increase with increasing supplementation periods with no significant difference, but they were significantly (P<0.01) higher for Se-SMC supplementation groups compared with controls within the same period. The results indicated that the optimal Se-SMC supplementation period for the selenium deposition in Hanwoo steers might be around two or three months when we considered selenium contents in hind legs and livers.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.975-984
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• 2005

This study fulfilled to investigate the feed efficiency, tissue selenium distribution, carcass characteristic and economic value in finishing Hanwoo steers fed organic selenium mix (OSM) which included seleno-yeast, rumen culture and other microbial supplements. Forty five finishing Hanwoo steers were tested for 4 months dividing to three feeding groups: OSM add as 0.5 ppm Se of DM feeds (0.5 ppm OSM), OSM enriched add as 1.0 ppm Se of DM feeds (1.0 ppm OSM) and basal diet without OSM (control). The total weight gains, the average daily gains and the feed intakes were not differ in treatments (p > 0.05). No differences (p > 0.05) were noted for hot carcass weight, loin eye area, backfat thickness, meat yield index, meat color, fat color, tenderness and maturity. However, the 1.0 ppm OSM showed better performances for feed requirement, TDN per gain, meat yield grade and meat quality grade compared to other groups. Tissue selenium distribution was increased by organic selenium feeding: higher Se concentration in liver and rump of 0.5 ppm OSM (p < 0.05), and kidney, liver, sirloin and rump of 1.0 ppm OSM (p < 0.05) than the tissues of control group. Generally, tissue selenium was the highest value in 1.0 ppm OSM and showed higher concentrate in order; kidney, liver, sirloin and rump. The income over feed cost was 1.06-fold higher in 1.0 ppm OSM than control group. In conclusion, organic selenium mix supplementation and its amounts were not influenced to feed intake, body gain and carcass characteristic but significantly increased tissue selenium. Therefore, these results suggest that finishing Hanwoo steer fed an enriched organic selenium mix with proper probiotics is able to produce “high-Se” beef as high bioavailable form as well as create a beneficial opportunity on Hanwoo farm.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.97-108
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• 2005

This study was carried out to determine effects of the feeding length of spent mushroom composts from selenium-enriched mushroom (Se-SMC) on muscular selenium deposition in finishing Hanwoo steers. A total of 30 steers were allotted to an experiment with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement. Treatments were 2 groups of with and without Se-SMC at three different feeding lengths (2, 4, and 6 months) by body weight (BW). And then dry matter intake, body weight gain, Se concentration and/or content in blood and/or muscle were investigated. Dry matter intake was not affected by feeding length and Se-SMC supplementation. As the feeding length was prolonged, initial and final BW was significantly lowered (p<0.01) with no Se-SMC effect. However, total BW gain was significantly increased (p<0.0001) with increasing feeding length with no effect of Se-SMC. Se-SMC supplementation significantly increased Se concentration in whole blood, but there was no effect on feeding length. Se contents in muscles, especially hind-leg, were significantly increased (p<0.05) as the feeding length was increased. However, there was no difference for Se content between four and six months feeding groups of Se-SMC and also hepatic Se content was not affected by feeding length. On the contrast, hepatic Se content for Se-SMC group within each feeding length was significantly increased (p<0.001) compared with no Se-SMC supplementation. In conclusion, our results suggested that optimum feeding length of Se-SMC as a strategy for the production of Se-fortified beef might be approximately 4 months.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.387-396
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• 2004

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary vitamin C and E on carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Thirty seven Hanwoo steers were randomly assigned to one of four treatments. The four treatments were control(vitamin E 20 IU/kg feed), vitamin C(vitamin C 0.1%/kg feed and vitamin E 20 IU/kg feed), vitamin E(vitamin E 220 IU/kg feed) and vitamin C plus E(vitamin C 0.1%/kg feed and vitamin E 220 IU/kg feed). Hanwoo steers were fed experimental diets for 3 months of the last finishing period. Animals fed the diet containing vitamin C plus E had higher(P<0.05) yield grade than those fed the other diets but quality grade was not different between animals fed the control diet and vitamin-supplemented diets. Proximate analysis in longissimus dorsi was not different between animals fed the control diet and vitamin-supplemented diets. Vitamin C concentration in longissimus dorsi was higher (P<0.05) in the animals fed the vitamin C diet and the vitamin C plus E diet than in those fed the control diet and the vitamin E diet. Vitamin E concentration in longissimus dorsi was higher(P<0.05) in the animals fed the diet supplemented with vitamin E and the diet supplemented with vitamin C plus E than in those fed the control diet and the vitamin C diet. Animals fed the diet supplemented with vitamin C was higher(P<0.05) in myristic acid, palmitic acid, palmitoleic acid and oleic acid in the longissimus dorsi than those fed the other diets, but linoleic acid in longissimus dorsi was higher(P<0.05) in the animals fed the vitamin E diet than those fed the other diets. However, saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid were not different between animals fed the control diet and vitamin-supplemented diets.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.315-326
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• 2002

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Red clay(Hwangto) as feed additives with 26 Hanwoo steers at two regions for 540 days from six to 24 months of age on feed efficiency, meat quantity and meat quality. Feeding trial 1 was conducted with two treatment groups by five heads/treatment which were T1(Control) and T2(Control+ad libitum Hwangto) at National Livestock Research Institute. Feeding trial 2 was conducted with four treatment groups by four heads/treatment which were T1(Control), T2(Control+2% Hwangto), T3(Control+5% Hwangto) and T4(Control+ad libitum Hwangto) at a private Hanwoo breeding farm. In feeding trial 1, average daily gains by growing, fattening, finishing and over-all periods were 0.572, 0.866, 0.869 and 0.769kg in T1, and 0.537, 0.904, 0.857 and 0.766kg in T2, respectively. Average daily gain for growing and finishing period was high in T1 but in T2 for fattening period, which were not statistically significant. Also concentrates and TDN intakes per kg gains were not statistically significant by treatments. In carcass characteristic, dressed carcass and red meat percentage were high in T1 but in T2 for retailed cut percentage without significant difference. The yield index and shear force was 69 and 70, 4.4 and 6.1 kg/$cm^2$ in T1 and T2, respectively. In palatability traits, the panel test scores of juiciness, tenderness and flavor were 4.08 and 4.64, 3.42 and 3.96, 4.58 and 4.80 in T1 and T2, respectively. which showed a tendency to improvement in Hwangto feeding groups. In feeding trial 2, the range of average daily gains were 0.656(T6) to 0.772(T3), 0.937(T6) to 1.009(T5), 0.592(T3) to 0.675kg(T6) in growing, fattening and finishing period, respectively. Although it was high in T3, T5 and T6 at growing, fattening and finishing period, respectively, it was not significantly different by treatments. The ranges of concentrates and TDN intakes per kg gains were 8.71 to 9.50(average 9.05) and 7.52 to 7.64kg(average 7.55kg), they all were lower in Hwangto feeding groups than in control about 4.5 to 8.3% and 1.2 to 1.6%, respectively. In carcass characteristics, back-fat thickness, loin eye muscle area and yield index were not difference by treatments, but marbling scores were high in T5 and T6 than in percent. Summarizing above results, it may be concluded that the use of unprocessed Hwangto as feed additives for growing-fattening steers seems to improve meat quality but not red meat quantity and feed efficiency, and may be required to feed ad libitum during the finishing period.