• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.514-525
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• 2002

본 연구는 서울시 북동지역의 군자동에 위치한 세종대학교를 중심으로 2001년 봄철 3월에서 4월까지 PM2.5와 PM10을 채취하여, 이들과 결합된 중금속 성분들에 대한 농도분포의 특성을 살펴보았다. 전체 관측기간 동안 산출된 PM2.5, PM10, 조대입자 영역(PM10-PM2.5)의 평균농도는 49.3${\pm}$29.2, 95.5${\pm}$46.1, 50.5${\pm}$35.0 ${\mu}g$/m$^3$으로 나타났다. 연구대상지역의 중금속 오염도를 살펴보기 위해 부화계수(enrichment factor: EF)를 비교한 결과, 미세 및 조대입자 모두에서 Zn, V, Cr, Pb, Cu, Ni, Co, Mo 등의 중금속 성분들의 EF값이 수십, 수백의 범위에 달할 정도로 오염의 수준이 심각하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 미세/조대입자 영역간에 형성되는 농도비를 비교한 결과, Zn, Cr, Pb, Ni 등이 미세입자 영역에서 뚜렷하게 더 높은 농도를 보이는 것으로 확인되었다. 중금속 농도에 대해 보다 세부적인 분석을 실시한 결과, 중금속 성분들의 농도는 상당 수준 증가하는데, 이와 같은 증가는 황사의 영향을 상당 수준 받는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.469-490
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• 2003

Atmospheric concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were measured at Gosan, Jeju in November 2001 and spring 2002, each time for two weeks. Primary target pollutants were organochlorine pesticides, coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co- PCBs), and dioxin/furans listed in the Stockholm Convention adopted in May 2001. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were also measured in order to understand the overall characteristics of the POPs distribution as well as PM$_{2.5}$, a potent carrier of POPs. In the latter part of the measurement period of November 2001, almost every pollutant of combustion origin including dioxin/furans went high probably due to influence of emissions in the nearby area. The characteristics of atmospheric environment at Gosan in this period were rather close to urban areas far from those of a background area. A severe dust storm swept for three days at the end of the measurement period of spring 2002. However, changes in pollutant concentrations were relatively small except PM$_{10}$. Nevertheless, increases in particulate PAHs and OCDD (octachlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins), mostly present in fine particles, were observed. Trends in organochlorine pesticide variations were mixed although possible volatilization of DDT residues from soil was inferred from the measurements of spring 2002.2.2.

• 대기
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.319-330
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• 2023

As the need for PM type observation increases, Surface Particulate Matter Network (SPARTAN), PM samplers analyzes aerosol samples for PM mass concentration and chemical composition, were recently installed at two sites: Yonsei University at Seoul and Ulsan Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) at Ulsan. These SPARTAN filter samplers and nephelometers provide the PM_2.5 mass concentration and chemical speciation data with aerosol type information. We introduced the overall information and installation of SPARTAN at the field site in this study. After installation and observation, both Seoul and Ulsan sites showed a similar time series pattern with the daily PM_2.5 mass concentration of SPARTAN and the data of Airkorea. In particular, in the case of high concentrations of fine particles, daily average value of PM_2.5 was relatively well-matched. During the Yonsei University observation period, high concentrations were displayed in the order of sulfate, black carbon (BC), ammonium, and calcium ions on most measurement days. The case in which the concentration of nitrate ions showed significant value was confirmed as the period during which the fine dust alert was issued. From the data analysis, SPARTAN data can be analyzed in conjunction with the existing urban monitoring network, and it is expected to have a synergetic effect in the research field. Additionally, the possibility of being analyzed with optical data such as AERONET is presented. In addition, the method of installing and operating SPARTAN has been described in detail, which is expected to help set the stage for the observation system in the future.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.803-810
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• 2004

Water contents in fine particles at Seoul and Gosan are estimated by using a gas/particle equilibrium model, SCAPE (Simulating Composition of Atmospheric Particles at Equilibrium). Also, sensitivity of particulate inorganic ionic concentrations on the total ionic species is estimated. Water content at Gosan is more sensitive to ambient relative humidity (RH) than Seoul. At both sites water content is most sensitive to sulfate concentration among sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium. Solid salts levels and compositions are also studied.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.37-46
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• 2015

Dust particles, which inflow to the subway mechanical ventilation and air conditioning(MVAC) chamber, contain a fair amount of iron compounds, approximately 25.2w/w%. This work attempted to capture those iron containing dust using magnetic filters. Average magnetization value of the test MVAC dust was 0.012 emu on 5,000 Oe, which could correspond sufficiently with the magnetic interaction. External permanent magnets provided with magnetization of iron mesh screen showing high gradient magnetic field(HGM). It resulted in the capture efficiency with 84.0 ~ 99.7% and 81.2 ~ 99.8% for $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ respectively. Magnetic capture was found to be closely associated with the magnetic intensity, mesh opening size and flow velocity.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.415-420
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• 2000

The daily mean concentrations of PM2.5 mass ionic species carbonaceous species and HNO3, HCl, and NH3 were analyzed at three background sites in Korea : Kangwha, Kosan, and Dongbaik during two intensive field studies between December 1996 and January 1997, Four-day backward trajectory analysis was also carried out. The mean concentrations of anthropogenic species were higher at Kangwha and Dongbaik than Kosan. At these two sites themean concentrations of nitrate and ammonium/ammonia were higher than those of Kosan. It was suggested that these two sites be considered as the background sites of the Seoul Metropolitan Area and Pusan respectively. Major chemical components in fine particles were sulfate organic carbon nitrate and ammonium for all the sites. More than 90% of sulfate were non-sea-salt(nss) sulfates and most of the nss sulfate in PM2.5 might be present as ammonium sulfates at all sites. Most of air parcels arriving a Kangwha and Dongbaik were from the northern China. At Kosan during the measurement period half of air parcels were from the northern China and the other half from the southern China. At Kosan the concentrations of anthropogenic air pollutants originated from the southern China were higher than those typically observed from the northern China.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제36권6_3호
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• pp.1681-1690
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• 2020

532와 1064 nm 두 파장 관측 채널을 구비하고 수평으로 360° 스캐닝 관측이 가능한 스캐닝 라이다 시스템을 개발하였다. 또한, 두 파장에서의 후방산란계수를 이용하여 미세먼지를 PM2.5-10(조대)와 PM2.5(미세)입자로 구분하는 분석도 개발하여 스캐닝 라이다 시스템의 데이터 분석에 적용하였다. 개발된 스캐닝 라이다를 이용한 울산 온산공단에서 관측에서 각각 22 - 110 ㎍/㎥과 7 - 78 ㎍/㎥의 분포를 보이는 PM10과 PM2.5의 질량 농도를 성공적으로 산출하였다. 분석된 결과는 라이다 관측 영역 주변에서 지상에서 측정된 질량농도와 유사한 값을 보였으며, 공장 등에서 배출되는 지점에서는 이 각각 80-110 ㎍/㎥과 60-78 ㎍/㎥의 고농도가 측정되는 사례를 확인하였다.

• 환경생물
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.294-299
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• 2002

PM (Particulate Matter) samples contained fungal spores were collected in the ambient air of Seosan, west Korea, in springtime of 2000 and 2001. PM concentrations were $199.8\mu{g}\;m^{-3}$ in the 1st Asian Dust Storm period (March, 23 ~ 24) and $249.4\mu{g}\;m^{-3}$ in the 2nd period (April, 7~9), 2000. Compared with the concentrations in 2000, relatively low PM concentration ($157.3\mu{g}\;m^{-3}$ ) was measured in the Asian Dust Storm period (April, 24 ~ 20) of 2001. Although there were somewhat differences for the total PM concentrations among the three periods, majorities of the PM were composed of coarse particles sized about 5 ~ 6 $\mu{m}$ over the periods of the two years. Diverse molds grown from fungal aerosols were observed in the PM samples and identified at the genus level. All the genera, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Basipetospora, Epicoccum and Monotospora are hyphomycetes in the division Fungi imperfecti (Deuteromycota). Especially, morphologically more diversified mycelia of hyphomycetes were grown on the fine PM sample (1.1 ~ 2.1 $\mu{m}$) than coarse PM samples in the periods of 2000. Furthermore, some molds were grown on even the background PM sample less than 0.43 $\mu{m}$ in the period of 2001. It was thought that some kinds of ultra fine sized fungal spores were transported by the Asian Dust Storm and suspended in the ambient air of study area during the events.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.633-645
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• 2008

In order to investigate the variations and corelation among $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5}\;and\;PM_1$ concentrations, the hourly concentrations of each particle sizes of 300nm to $20{\mu}m$ at a city, Gangneung in the eastern mountainous coast of Korean peninsula have been measured by GRIMM aerosol sampler-1107 from March 7 to 17, 2004. Before the influence of the Yellow Dust event from China toward the city, $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5}\;and\;PM_1$, concentrations near the ground of the city were very low less than $35.97{\mu}g/m^3,\;22.33{\mu}g/m^3\;and\;16.77{\mu}g/m^3$, with little variations. Under the partial influence of the dust transport from the China on March 9, they increased to $87.08{\mu}g/m^3,\;56.55{\mu}g/m^3\;and\;51.62{\mu}g/m^3$. $PM_{10}$ concentration was 1.5 times higher than $PM_{2.5}$ and 1.85 times higher than $PM_1$. Ratio of $(PM_{10}-PM_{2.5})/PM_{2.5}$ had a maximum value of 1.49 with an averaged 0.5 and one of $(PM_{2.5}-PM_1)/PM_1$ had a maximum value of 0.4 with an averaged 0.25. $PM_{10}\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ concentrations were largely influenced by particles smaller than $2.5{\mu}m\;and\;1{\mu}m$ particle sizes, respectively. During the dust event from the afternoon of March 10 until 1200 LST, March 14, $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5}\;and\;PM_1$ concentrations reached $343.53{\mu}g/m^3,\;105{\mu}g/m^3\;and\;60{\mu}g/m^3$, indicating the $PM_{10}$ concentration being 3.3 times higher than $PM_{2.5}$ and 5.97 times higher than $PM_1$. Ratio of $(PM_{10}-PM_{2.5})/PM_{2.5}$ had a maximum value of 7.82 with an averaged 3.5 and one of $(PM_{2.5}-PM_1)/PM_1$, had a maximum value of 2.8 with an averaged 1.5, showing $PM_{10}\;and\;PM_{2.5}$ concentrations largely influenced by particles greater than $2.5{\mu}m\;and\;1{\mu}m$ particle sizes, respectively. After the dust event, the most of PM concentrations became below $100{\mu}g/m^3$, except of 0900LST, March 15, showing the gradual decrease of their concentrations. Ratio of $(PM_{10}-PM_{2.5})/PM_{2.5}$ had a maximum value of 3.75 with an averaged 1.6 and one of $(PM_{2.5}-PM_1)/PM_1$ had a maximum value of 1.5 with an averaged 0.8, showing the $PM_{10}$ concentration largely influenced by corse particles than $2.5{\mu}m$ and the $PM_{2.5}$ by fine particles smaller than $1{\mu}m$, respectively. Before the dust event, correlation coefficients between $PM_{10},\;PM_{2.5}\;and\;PM_1$, were 0.89, 0.99 and 0.82, respectively, and during the dust event, the coefficients were 0.71, 0.94 and 0.44. After the dust event, the coefficients were 0.90, 0.99 and 0.85. For whole period, the coefficients were 0.54, 0.95 and 0.28, respectively.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.108-115
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• 2000

The mass fraction of PM10 had a bimodal distribution in the middle of between 2.1 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$, and the average mass fraction of particles less than 2.1~3.1 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ was 54.1% for Pb and 890.8 ng/㎥ for Fe, respectively. For the concentration of PM10 and metallic elements by seasonal variation, PM10 showed bimodal distribution, while metallic elements showed different distributions by their sources. The ratios of fine particles to total mass were 0.45 for PM10, 0.41 for Cr, and 0.20 for Fe, 0.57 for Zn, 0.68 for Cd and 0.63 for Pb, respectively. That facts indicated that PM10, Zn, Cd, Cr and Pb were from anthropogenic sources, and Fe was from natural source. The geometric means and geometric standard deviations by seasonal variations were 3.6 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ , 2.31 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in winter, 3.0 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ , 2.49 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in spring, 2.7 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ , 2.03 ${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ in summer respectively. And, total efficiency of cascade impactor by seasonal variations were 49.6% in winter, 45.9% in spring and 44.5% in summer.