• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.228-232
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• 1994

The influence of temperature, soil depth, burial duration, and soil moisture on the germination and viability of Galium spurium L. was studied in field and laboratory. Germination and maturing date were Oct. 20 and May 30, respectively. 1000 seed weight was 1.478g and seed color was dark brown. Optimum storage temperature to break dormancy was that $5^{\circ}C$, and germination rate of $10^{\circ}C$ was 81%, seed was not germinated at $20^{\circ}C$ or greater than $20^{\circ}C$. Optimum burial depth was 2cm and emergence rate was 40%. As bural duration in upland was longer, germination rate was increased, but buried seed of paddy land was died in a month. Optimum soil moisture content for germination was 25.3% in sand loam soil however seeds were not germinated above 43.6% or below 2.1%.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.166-173
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• 1993

Seed infection to pod and stem blight (Diaporthe phaseolorum) is severe at summer type soybeans maturing at hot and humid conditions. In order to increase germination and plant stand, this experiments were evaluated the effects of fungicide Benoram(Benomyl 20% ${\pm}$ Thiram 20%) seed treatments with different seed sizes on emergence yield at field conditions, and with different infection degrees to pod and stem blight on germination in laboratory. Benoram treatment on seed was improved emergence rate and elongated hypocotyl not increased growth and yield. It was clearly improved length but germinations and germination speed by Benoram fungicide treatment on severely infected seed however was not improved germination rate at good quality of seeds and the effect was higher at large seed cultivar than small ones.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.312-312
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• 2017

The study was conducted to select optimal materials for promoting germination rate, high sprouting vigor by priming treatment using PEG 6000 (water potential -0.5 to 2.0 Mpa) and Azolla extracts (0.1, 1.0, and 10.0%) extracted by ethanol, distilled, and/or hot water in colored rice cultivars. Each rice seed (three black rice cultivars and two red rice cultivars) was soaked 24 and 48 hr including untreated control. In black rice, Joseongheugchal rice cultivar, azolla ethanol extract (0.1%) induced highest germination rate, germination speed was taken to 5 days in distilled water and to 3days in Azolla extracts extracted hot water. Otherwise, degree of bacterial inhibition (number of colony, $10^3cfu$) in dry seed, water soaking for 24hr, soaking with fungicide for 24hr and 48hr, soaking with fungicide and aeration for 24hr and 48 hr was 22, 500, 95, and 0.46, respectively. In order to minimize fungal inhibition, a method can be chosen to combination of soaking fungicide and aeration for 48 hr. In seed priming treatments using growth pouch, seed soaking with fungicide did not affect change of germination percentage and germination speed, it delayed only 2 or 4day in the Joseongheugchal rice cultivar. It differs from rice cultivars and priming materials, Azolla extract(0.1 to 1%) promotes seed germination percentage in the Ilpum, Hongjinju, and Joseonghuegchal, in addition, germination in Jeogjinju cultivar was only promoted by PEG solution(10 to 20%), otherwise, it showed much lower or inhibited on the germination in Heugjinju and Sinmyungheugchal rice cultivars. In a paddy field trial, seedling establishment rate by applying PEG6000 and azolla extract did not show significantly statistical difference. When it compared with untreated control, seedling establishment rate was increased over 50% in priming treatments. Interestingly, seedling establishment rate under azolla extract (0.1%) extracted with ethanol was promoted over 2.5 times compared to the control in a black rice, Joseongheugchal and red rice, Jeogjinju.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2010

Several presowing seed treatments have been used to facilitate the seed germination and seedling emergence. The study was performed to design a model of presowing seed treatments in Taraxacum platycarpum. Germination and seedling growth responses to temperature, drying, chilling, $GA_3$ and priming were investigated to know the optimum germination conditions and presowing treatment. The optimum temperature condition for germination and seedling growth were $15{\sim}20^{\circ}C$ at dark condition. The seeds exposed to infra red light, however, did not germinate. The moisture content of seeds dried at $35^{\circ}C$ for 3.5 hours was returned to the level of unimbibed seeds. The germination of seeds dried under dark condition was better than those dried under infra red light. Prechilling treatment imposed for 6 weeks showed higher germination rate than $GA_3$ treatment or priming. In field test, the highest field emergence was observed in the seeds dried after prechilled for 6 weeks and followed by drying followed by $GA_3$ > low temperature > $KNO_3$ priming. Imbibition with 0.1 mM $GA_3$ solution for 2 hours then drying at 35 for 3.5 hour under dark condition was effective to the practical presowing treatment for Taraxacum seeds.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.10-14
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• 1990

The effects of coating materials on germination, establishment and herbage production were investigated in a laboratory and field over 1988-1989. For this purpose, four treatments of lime 50 % + briquet ash 50 %, briquet ash, dairy excreta and fowldung as coating material were applied to orchardgrass and red clover with meth ylcellulose. The germination rate of lime 50 % + briquet ash 50 % (70.6 %), briquet ash (84.0 %), dairy excreta (66.0 %) and fowldung (61.3 %) in orchardgrass were, showing lower than that of the control (86.6 %), respectively and the rate of red clover ranged from 59.0 to 18.6 %. Establishment in orchardgrass were from 2.0 to 0.9 %, showing lower than the control, whole a little higher except dairy excreta and fowldung treatments in red clover than the control. The DM yield of lime 50 % + briquet ash 50 % treatment was almost same to the control and other treatment showed lower yield compared with the yield of the control. The benefical effect of seed coating on field performance was minimal especially in terms of establishment and yield increase.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.316-320
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• 1999

Nine accessions of red rices collected from different regions were tested for germination characteristics in relation to seed maturity and several storage conditions after harvest. No red rice seeds germinated at five days after anthesis (DAA). Wanjuaengmi (long-grain red rice) seeds at 10DAA germinated up to 30% of total samples, producing only abnormal seedlings, whereas 10D-AA-seeds of normal cultivar showed only 3.3% germinability. Some red rice seeds absorbed more water than cultivated varieties, and showed less decrease in germination rate than cultivated varieties when seeds were exposed at -1, -5 or -1$0^{\circ}C$ for up to 60 hours after soaking. Red rice accessions maintained more than 95% germination when stored. indoor for 120 days. Two short-grain red rices showed about 50% germination when overwintered in the field, while other long-grain red rices and cultivated rices germinated less than 10%. Germination of seeds overwintered in clay loam soil was lower than that in loam soil, and seeds on surface germinated less than those in 1~7cm depth.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.262-269
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• 1988

Experiments were conducted to find out the method of reducing viviparous germination of rice seeds using growth regulators during grain filling period. Among the recommended varieties, early Japonica type showed higher rate of viviparous germination, while late Japonica type and Tongil type varieties did not show viviparous germination in field condition. Grain showed high germination ability from 30 days of grain filling period in Daeseongbyeo of Japonica type and 35 days in Taebackbyeo of Tongil type. Growth regulators, NAA, CMH and Reglone were effective for reducing viviparous germination to the two rice varieties and three treatment stages in this experiment. NAA and CMH were most effective at 100 ppm and Reglone was at 0.4-0.6% concentration. Germination rates of rice seed were not different from non-treatment when NAA CMH were treated, while Reglone lowered germination rate. NAA and CMH had no effects on grain filling rate for both varieties, which showed high grain filling rate as the non-treatment, but Reglone results low grain filling rate. Grain color was not changes when NAA was applied, while CMH and Reglone made a lot of grain to dark brown as the concentration became higher. When grain were hulled, NAA had no difference with the non-treatment whereas CMH and Reglone had lower rate of perfect brown rice when they were applied at 20-30 days after heading.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.129-133
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• 2000

The experiment was conducted to increase germination of Agrimonia pilosa seeds, one of the natural medicinal plants, by various treatments, and also the effects of seed treatments on the growth of plants after sowing in field. The optimum temperature for germination of A. pilosa seeds was $20^{\circ}C$ after 20 days stratification duration at $4^{\circ}$, the germination rate than highest, 86% at that temperature. The stratification increased germination rate in all the temperatures treated, shortened $26{\sim}32$ days of germination period and promoted more 20% germination rate than the other treatments. Flowing water, low temperature, $GA_3$ and NaOCl were not effective for germination and high temperature reduced germination rate. At the early growth stage, the plant height was taller $3{\sim}4\;cm$, one or more leaves were increased by the stratification treatments, and also stratification increased the number of leaves per plants 10 or more leaves compare with other treatments at harvesting stages. By stratification, the flowering date was 5 days earlier, June 18th than other treatments due to earlier sprouting.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2015.08a
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• pp.162.1-162.1
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• 2015

The use of plasma has increased in bio-application field in recent years. Particularly, water treated by arc discharge or atmospheric pressure plasma has been actively utilized in bio-industry. In this study, we have developed a plasma activated water generating system. For this system, two kinds of plasma sources; dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma and arc discharge plasma have been used. The discharge energy was calculated using the breakdown voltage and current, and the emission spectrum was measured to investigate the generated reactive species. We also analyzed the amount of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in water using the chemical methods and nitric oxide sensor. Finally, the influence of plasma generated reactive species on the germination and growth of spinach (Spinacia oleracea) was investigated. Spinach is a green leafy vegetable that contains a large amount of various physiologically active organic compounds. However, it is characterized with a low seed germination rate.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.2
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• pp.203-210
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of experimental warming using infrared lamps on seed germination and seedling survival rate of Pinus densiflora and Abies holophylla. The air temperature of warmed plots had been automatically maintained 3 higher than control plots. The percent germinations (%) of the two coniferous species were higher in warmed plots than in control plots, however a significant difference appeared only in A. holophylla. In addition, P. densiflora and A. holophylla showed the shorter mean germination time (days), higher germination rate ($seed{\cdot}day^{-1}$) and germination energy (%) in warmed plots than in control plots. A. holophylla showed a higher seedling mortality rate in the warmed plots than in control plots because of increased air and soil temperatures and decreased soil moisture. However, seedling survival rate of P. densiflora showed no significant difference by experimental warming. In the future, changed air and soil temperatures and soil moisture due to global warming will induce a variety of changes in seed germination and survival rate of tree species in nursery culture. Therefore, it is necessary to establish adaptation strategies that improve techniques in nursery culture against global warming.