• Title/Summary/Keyword: Field Citrus

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A New Early Maturing Satsuma Mandarin Cultivar, 'Haryejosaeng' (온주밀감 신품종 '하례조생' 육성)

  • Yun, Su-Hyun;Kim, Sung-Jong;Kim, Han-Yong;Park, Jae-Ho;An, Hyun-Joo;Kang, Sung-Ku;Moon, Young-II;Kim, Kwang-Sik;Lee, Dong Hoon;Koh, Sang-Wook;Kim, Chang-Myung
    • Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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    • v.40 no.2
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    • pp.184-187
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    • 2008
  • A new early maturing satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) 'Haryejosaeng' was developed as a nucellar seedling selection of 'Tachima Wase' (C. unshiu Marc.) that was crossed with C. natsudaidai Hayata at the National Institute of Subtropical Agriculture in Jeju island in 1992. The 'Jegam ga No. 2', a first selection from the seedlings fruited in 2001 was finally named "Haryejosaeng" through field evaluation trials at three locations in Jeju island from 2003 to 2004. 'Haryejosaeng' produces seedless fruit maturing in early November, and has higher soluble solids and lower acidity than 'Miyagawa Wase', the leading early-maturing satsuma mandarin cultivar in Jeju island. Fruit weight is moderate at about 80~90 g and its shape is compressed-oblate globose with a light orange color. The rind thickness of about 2 mm provides easy peeling. The flesh shows light orange colored and contains 10 to 11 Brix and 1 to 1.1% acidity when mature. Tree shows vigorous growth and spreading thornless twigs. Alternate bearing is similar to 'Miyagawa Wase'. 'Haryejosaeng' is susceptible to citrus scab disease and melanose, but resistant to citrus canker.

Citrus Wine-making from Mandarin Orange Produced in Cheju Island (제주도산(濟州道産) 감귤발효주(柑橘醱酵酒)의 양조특성(釀造特性))

  • Koh, Jeong-Sam;Koh, Nam-Kwon;Kang, Soon-Sun
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.32 no.4
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    • pp.416-423
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    • 1989
  • In order to produce clear and favorable citrus wine from Citrus unshiu produced in Cheju island, chemical and microbiological processes for alcoholic fermentation were investigated. The ratio of pressed juice passed below 100 mesh sieve and peel of mandarin orange were 55.9% and 25.6% respectively. Orange juice for fermentation source contained 8.85% total sugar, 1.43% total acid and 0.056% volatile acid. Pressed juice was adjusted to 24 degree Brix with cane sugar, and was fermented at $20^{\circ}C$ for one month. Starter screened and selected was Saccharomyces cerevisiae IAM 4274. As principal fermentation proceeded for one week, suspended solids began to precipitate slowly after then. After fermentation, clear citrus wine consisted of about 8 degree Brix residual sugar, $13.3{\sim}14.4%$ ethanol, $0.78{\sim}1.11%$ total acid, $0.05{\sim}0.07%$ methanol and $2.25{\sim}3.29%$ extract, was obtained. Color, flavor and taste of citrus wine found good with panel test. Citrus wine which was treated with fungal enzyme derived from Aspergillus niger CCM-4 was cleared much faster, and could be filtered more rapidly than the untreated. The enzyme-producing strain was isolated from field soil of Cheju island and identified.

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Effective Usage of Copper Fungicides for Environment-friendly Control of Citrus Diseases (친환경적 감귤 병 방제를 위한 구리제의 효율적 사용)

  • Hyun Jae-Wook;Ko Sang-Wook;Kim Dong-Hwan;Han Seung-Gab;Kim Kwang-Sik;Kwon Hyeog-Mo;Lim Han-Cheol
    • Research in Plant Disease
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.115-121
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    • 2005
  • This studies were carried out to elucidate the control effect of copper fungicides against some citrus diseases, assess copper spray injury on leaf and fruit of citrus by spraying of copper fungicides according to growth stages and spray seasons and by tank mixing with paraffin oil in field experiments for 3 years (2003-2005 season). As results, the control value was approximately $75\%$ against scab disease in all tested copper fungicides, $85-88\%$ to canker and $75-86\%$ to melanose. In case of leaf, the copper injury was the severest in early stage of shooting, and the injury was gradually weakened according to growth of leaf. In fruit, the copper injury was more severe in midsummer (late of July and August) than early of summer and spring season (June and ealy of July). Among copper fungicides, the bordeaux mixture which made by level of farm induced more injury compared to other copper fungicides commercialized. Less copper spray injury was observed on treatments in which copper fungicide was sprayed as tank mixtures with paraffin oil when compared to treatment which sprayed with only copper fungicide.

Quality Changes and Pasteurization Effects of Citrus Fruit Juice by High Voltage Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF) treatment (고전압 펄스 전기장 처리에 의한 감귤주스의 품질변화)

  • Kim, Kyung-Tack;Kim, Sung-Soo;Hong, Hee-Do;Ha, Sang-Do;Lee, Young-Chun
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.635-641
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    • 2003
  • A non-thermal pasteurization technology, high Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) has been thought to be a new alternative processing technology instead of heating. The objective of this study was to examine and compare the effect of PEF and High Temperature Short Time (HTST) treatments on the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characteristics of citrus juices. Total sugar and titratable acidity values of fresh citrus juice and two treatments were not significantly different each other at p<0.05. The concentration of vitamin C in fresh citrus juice $(31.2{\pm}0.59\;mg%)$ was not significantly different with the value of PEF treatment $(29.4{\pm}0.75\;mg%)$ but was significantly higher than the value of HTST treatment $(27.4{\pm}0.75\;mg%)$. The color values (L, a, and b) in PEF treatment were significantly lower than the fresh citrus juice, but were higher than the values of HTST treatment. Both total bacterial cell counts $(6.65\;{\pm}\;0.08\;log_{10}(cfu/mL))$ and yeast counts $(7.79{\pm}0.07\;log_{10}(cfu/mL))$ in fresh citrus juice were significantly reduced by PEF $(1.39{\pm}0.14,\;2.42{\pm}0.1\;log_{10}(cfu/mL))$ as well as HTST treatment (0, 0). PE activity of fresh citrus juice $(1.3{\pm}0.12\;units/mL)$ was significantly reduced by PEF treatment $(0.11{\pm}0.01\;units/mL)$ and was totally inactivated by HTST treatment. Sensory evaluation scores in flavor, taste and overall acceptability between the fresh and PEF treated citrus juices $(7.2{\sim}7.5)$ were not significantly different but the values of HTST treatment $(5.1{\sim}5.8)$ were lower than others. Consequently, PEF treatment is thought to be a good alternative pasteurization method for fresh citrus juice to HTST treatment due to its strong pasteurization effect, reduced destruction of nutrients and good sensory characteristics.

Effect of Foliar Application of Gibberellic Acid and Machine Oil Emulsion Mixture on Flowering and Fruit Quality of Satsuma Mandarin (C. unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa) Cultivated on Open Fields

  • Kang, Seok-Beom;Moon, Young-Eel;Han, Seung-Gab;Choi, Young-Hun
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.47 no.6
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    • pp.480-485
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    • 2014
  • In satsuma mandarin (C. unshiu Marc. cv. Miyagawa), alternate bearing is frequently occurred. It is very difficult to control and maintain the optimum production because satsuma mandarin is a very sensitive citrus cultivar. We carried out the experiment to find out the effects of foliar application of gibberellic acid ($GA_3$) and machine oil emulsion mixture on flowering and fruit quality of satsuma mandarin grown on open field. The treatments were composed of control (no application), $GA_3$ (25, 50 and $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$), machine oil emulsion 100 times and mixture of $GA_3$ (25 and $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) with machine oil emulsion 100 times on 16 year-old 'Miyagawa' satsuma mandarin on December 30, 2012. Foliar application of $GA_3$ during winter season led to a reduction of the flowering in the following year. $GA_3$ decreased flowering in dose dependant manner. However, application of $GA_3$ and machine oil emulsion (100 times-diluted mixture) inhibited effectively the flowering compared to $GA_3$ only. Also, flower-leaf ratio was significantly decreased by the application of $GA_3$ 25 (0.54) and $50(0.41)mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ with machine oil emulsion mixture in comparison to $GA_3$ 25 (0.86) and $50(0.60)mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ only. The number of leaves per fruit increased in application of $GA_3$ and machine oil emulsion mixture as concentration of $GA_3$ increased. Fruit weight and sugar-acid ratio also increased in comparison to the control whereas fruit size, soluble solid content and acidity remained unchanged. From the results, it was suggested that $GA_3$ application can reduce the number of flowers on the alternate bearing of satsuma mandarin. Moreover, application of $GA_3$ (25 and $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$) with machine oil emulsion 100 times mixture can reduce the flowering effectively without altering fruit maturity and soluble solid contents. Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of $GA_3$ 25 and $50mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ with machine oil emulsion 100 times might be useful in controlling alternate bearing in satsuma mandarin.

Evaluation on antioxidative and antiaging effect of immature fruits from Citrus unshiu Markovich (미숙감귤의 항산화 및 항노화 활성에 대한 평가)

  • Choi, Moon-Yeol;Park, Hae-Jin;Kim, Jae Soo;Kim, Mi Ryeo
    • The Korea Journal of Herbology
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    • v.36 no.1
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    • pp.77-85
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    • 2021
  • Objective : This study was designed to investigate effect of immature fruits from Citrus unshiu Markovich to mature them on antioxidative and antiaging-related enzyme activities in vitro. Methods : Fruits from Open field-cultivated C. unshiu Markovich (ripe and unripe fruits of Citri) made a purchase in Jeju island. We measured total polyphenol and flavonoid contents in mature C. unshiu Markovich (MC) and immature C. unshiu Markovich (IMC) 70% ethanol extract. DPPH free radical, ABTS radical, and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities in both extracts were determined. Also, reducing power, SOD-like activities, elastase inhibition, and collagenase inhibition activities of these extract were assayed at 5, 1, 0.5, and 0.1 mg/㎖. Results : The total polyphenol contents in the ethanol extract of IMC were higher than those of MC (26.99 ± 0.89 mg/TAEg). And total flavonoid contents in them were very similar to both extract (MC; 7.25 ± 0.4 mg/RUEg and IMC; 7.44 ± 0.18 mg/RUEg). DPPH free radical scavenging activities, ABTS radical scavenging capacity, reducing power, and SOD-like activities of IMC-treated group showed significant increase compared to those of MC group in all treated concentrations. Particularly, DPPH free radical scavenging and elastase inhibition activities in IMC-treated group at 5 mg/㎖ showed similar with positive control group. Besides, IMC extract at 5 mg/㎖ concentration surpassed positive control (BHA or Vit. C) in SOD-like activities and ABTS radical scavenging capacity. Conclusion : These results suggest that IMC ethanol extract may be used as a natural antioxidant and a antiaging material for development of functional foods and cosmeceuticals.

Evaluation of Potential of Mandarin Hybrid 'Shiranuhi' against inoculation of Bacterial Canker Disease Pathogen (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri) in Citrus Field in Jeju Island

  • Hyun, Jae-Wook;Myung, Inn-Shik;Lee, Seong-Chan;Kim, Kwang-Sik;Lim, Han-Cheol
    • The Plant Pathology Journal
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    • v.19 no.5
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    • pp.248-252
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    • 2003
  • This study was carried out to evaluate potential of Shiranuhi cultivar against inoculation of causal pathogen of citrus canker, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri in Jeju Island by comparing degree of susceptibility of fruits and leaves/twigs, and analysis of incidence of canker disease. Progression of symptom, disease incidence, and percent area of lesion were surveyed for evaluation of resistance. In greenhouse condition, symptoms of bacterial citrus canker progressed more rapidly in sweet orange, a moderately susceptible cultivar, than in other four cultivars (satsuma mandarin, 'Kiyomi', 'Shiranuhi' and 'Yuzu'). At 20 days after inoculation, disease severity was the highest in sweet orange (5.0$\pm$0.0), and all tested leaves were distorted or had dropped. On the other hand, 'Yuzu' showed the lowest disease severity (2.6$\pm$0.47), followed by 'Kiyomi' (4.0$\pm$0.0), 'Shiranuhi' (4.0$\pm$0.82), and satsuma mandarin (4.3$\pm$0.47). Percent area of lesion per leaf 30 days after inoculation was the highest in sweet orange (8.31$\pm$1.78), followed by satsuma mandarin (1.51$\pm$1.25), 'Shiranuhi' (1.39$\pm$0.94), and 'Kiyomi' (1.1$\pm$0.9), while the lowest was in 'Yuzu' (0.26$\pm$0.17). Infield condition, percentage of diseased leaf in 'Shiranuhi' was very low, 5.2$\pm$2.9, compared with sweet orange, 71.0$\pm$ 11.5, while that of satsuma mandarin and 'Kiyomi' were 6.9$\pm$7.0 and 4.3$\pm$2.0, respectively. Percentages of diseased leaf was higher (17.4$\pm$7.1) than that of diseased fruit (3.2$\pm$2.5) in severely diseased trees of Shiranuhi cultivar, and the disease was not observed on twig in open field condition. Lesion sizes on leaves and fruits in open field condition were 4.1$\pm$2.2 mm2 and 5.1$\pm$5.6 mm2, respectively, while those in greenhouse condition were 8.7$\pm$5.7 mm2, 10.4$\pm$9.2 mm2 and 5.6$\pm$2.6 mm2 on leaves, fruits and twigs, respectively. The disease was observed in 5.6% out of total 107 farmers Shiranuhi fields under polyethylene film house, and average percentages of diseased tree in 31 fields of Shiranuhi cultivar and adjacent satsuma mandarin fields were 0.02% and 14.8%, respectively. Average percentage of diseased fruit was 1.6% in satsuma mandarin which was not observed in anyone of all the 31 Shiranuhi farmers fields. Therefore, it was concluded that 'Shiranuhi' cultivar is not potential against causal pathogen of citrus canker disease in Jeju Island because the cultivar has similar resistance as satsuma mandarin which occupies over 95% of total 25,000 ha in Jeju Island in polyethylene film houses protected from outside.

Availability of Hairy Vetch as Leguminous Cover Crops in Citrus Orchards of Volcanic Ash Soils (화산회토 감귤원에서 헤어리베치의 이용 가능성)

  • Kim, Yu-Kyoung;Cho, Young-Yuen;Kang, Ho-Jun;Kim, Jeong-Sun;Choa, Chang-Suk;Song, Kwan-Cheol
    • Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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    • v.25 no.2
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    • pp.357-371
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    • 2017
  • In this study we evaluated the availability of hairy vetch in citrus (Citrus unshiu Marc.) orchards of volcanic ash soils. The responses to increasing seeding rates and various growing conditions such as altitude, accumulated temperature, and soil chemical properties etc, were analyzed by means of the seedling establishment rate, weed occurrence ratio, and shoot biomass yield of hairy vetch. Field experiments were conducted at five citrus orchards by altitude from Sep. 2015 to Apr. 2016 in Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Hairy vetch used in the study was 'Cheongpyungbora', developed by National Institute of Crop Science. Seeding rates of hairy vetch consisted of 30, 60 and $90kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$. Results showed that the seedling establishment rates of hairy vetch were quite similar regardless of seeding rates in all fields and weed occurrence ratio at 30, 60 and $90kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ of seeding rates were 11.8, 3.8, and 5.1% (dry wt.), respectively. Both 60 and $90kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ of seeding rates, the weed occurrences were decreased by 96.2% and 94.9%. The nitrogen production of hairy vetch at 30, 60 and $90kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ of seeding rates were 254, 316, and $315kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, respectively. Both 60 and $90kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ of seeding rates, The nitrogen production were increased by 24%, compared to $30kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ of seeding rate. In these results we were considered that the cost-efficient seeding rate of vetch was $60kg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ in citrus orchards. Also, this study showed that the shoot biomass of hairy vetch and various cultivative factors were related and The nitrogen production of hairy vetch had a little bit of positive correlation (R=0.2714) with accumulated temperature and considerable correlations with some items (EC ($R=0.4520^{**}$) and exchangeable K ($R=0.4078^{**}$)) of soil chemical properties. Therefore, we were considered that hairy vetch can be used as a leguminous cover crop in citrus orchards, the calculation formula (Y=4.4097X + 33.594 (R=0.9547)) can be suggested for nitrogen yield of hairy vetch by using the shoot fresh weight (X).

Effect of Canopy Covering on Thermal Insulation and Freezing Tolerence of 'Shiranui' Hybrid Mandarin Cultivated in Field During Winter Season (수관 피복이 노지재배 '부지화' 감귤나무의 보온과 내한성에 미치는 영향)

  • Joa, Jae-Ho;Kang, Seok-Beom;Moon, Young-Eel;Lee, Hae-Jin
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.30 no.4
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    • pp.441-447
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    • 2021
  • It were investigated changes in internal and external temperature, relative humidity using tyvek, weedstop, and 35% shading net as covering material to reduce the freezing damage of 'Shiranui' hybrid mandarin grown in open field. It were also evaluated canopy covering effect and LT50 of leaves by covering material when it was cold at -2℃. In tyvek, temperature difference between inside and outside was low at the height of 1.5m and was high at 0.4m. The relative humidity differed greatly between day and night, and was high at 6-8 a.m. At -2℃, Sum of temperature at the height of 1.5m of canopy for 24-hour after covering were at 3.4℃ higher in tyvek than in control. The LT50 of leaves was at 1.51℃ in tyvek, 1.33℃ in withstop, and 1.61℃ in 35% shading net lower than in control. Considering thermal insulation and relative humidity in canopy, tyvek is expected to reduce low temperature damage when covering after making a fine hole for ventilation.

Physiochemical Characteristics and Sensory Evaluation of Greenhouse Satsuma Mandarin (시설온주밀감의 이화학적 특성과 관능평가)

  • Hwang, In-Ju;Kim, Chan-Shick;Kang, Soan-Sun;Koh, Jeong-Sam;Oh, Young-Ju
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.40 no.4
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    • pp.313-317
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    • 1997
  • To assess the physiochemical characteristics of greenhouse Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc. var, miyakawa) produced in Cheju, were analyzed chemical compositions for fruits, external and internal factors influencing the edible quality. Changes in organoleptic value according to brix and acid content were also evaluated. The ratios of sucrose : glucose : fructose in citrus juice were 2 : 2 : 1.5. Citric acid as the main acid in the juice represented about 70% of total organic acid. Most of the amino acids were found to be nonessential amino acids. Deep yellow color of the citrus peel showed a significant relationship(r=0.563) with brix/acid ratio of the citrus juice, indicating the ripeness of the fruit. Since the acid content showed highly negative statistical relationship(r= -0.882) with the pH value of the juice, the pH value appears to be a simple indicator for the sourness of the fruit in the field test. The fruits were divided into 9 groups based on the brix/acid contents for sensory evaluation. The palatability patterns of each group changed depending on the acid content. The optimal ranges of brix/acid content for acceptable taste were 11 and $0.5{\sim}1.0$, respectively.

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