• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.327-337
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• 2021

Fibrinolytic enzymes with a direct mechanism of action and safer properties are currently requested for thrombolytic therapy. This paper reports on a new enzyme capable of degrading blood clots directly without impairing blood coagulation. This enzyme is also non-cytotoxic and constitutes an alternative to other thrombolytic enzymes known to cause undesired side effects. Twenty-four Bacillus isolates were screened for production of fibrinolytic enzymes using a fibrin agar plate. Based on produced activity, isolate S127e was selected and identified as B. subtilis using the 16S rDNA gene sequence. This strain is of biotechnological interest for producing high fibrinolytic yield and consequently has potential in the industrial field. The purified fibrinolytic enzyme has a molecular mass of 27.3 kDa, a predicted pI of 6.6, and a maximal affinity for Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe. This enzyme was almost completely inhibited by chymostatin with optimal activity at 48℃ and pH 7. Specific subtilisin features were found in the gene sequence, indicating that this enzyme belongs to the BPN group of the S8 subtilisin family and was assigned as AprE127. This subtilisin increased thromboplastin time by 3.7% (37.6 to 39 s) and prothrombin time by 3.2% (12.6 to 13 s), both within normal ranges. In a whole blood euglobulin assay, this enzyme did not impair coagulation but reduced lysis time significantly. Moreover, in an in vitro assay, AprE127 completely dissolved a thrombus of about 1 cc within 50 min and, in vivo, reduced a thrombus prompted in a rat tail by 11.4% in 24 h compared to non-treated animals.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.357-362
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• 2002

전통 콩 발효식품으로부터 혈전용해능이 뛰어난 균주를 분리하였다. 이 균주의 형태학적, 생화학적 특성을 조사한 결과 Bacillus subtilis로 동정되었다. 분리된 균주를 이용하여 혈전용해활성이 높은 청국장 제조를 위한 최적발효조건은 37$^{\circ}C$에서 24시간이었다. 증자대두는 초기 pH 6.3에서 12, 24 및 48시간동안 발효시킨 각각의 pH는 6.31, 7.24, 7.81로 약 알칼리화 되었다. 본 혈전용해효소는 열안정성이 높아 6$0^{\circ}C$ 와 8$0^{\circ}C$에서 30분 처리하였을 때 혈전용해활성을 각각 75%와 와 40% 유지하였다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.46-54
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• 2013

Objective: This study was undertaken to isolate a fibrin(ogen)olytic enzyme from the snake venom of Gloydius blomhoffii siniticus and to investigate the enzymatic characteristics and hemorrhagic activity of the isolated enzyme as a potential pharmacopuncture agent. Methods: The fibrinolytic enzyme was isolated by using chromatography, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and fibrin plate assay. The characteristics of the enzyme were determined by using fibrin plate assay, protein hydrolysis analysis, and hemorrhage assay. Its amino acid composition was determined. Results: The fibrin(ogen)olytic enzyme with the molecular weight of 27 kDa (FE-27kDa) isolated from G. b. siniticus venom consisted of two heterogenous disulfide bond-linked polypeptides with the molecular weights of 15 kDa and 18 kDa. When more than $20{\mu}g$ of FE-27kDa was applied on the fibrin plate, fibrinolysis zone was formed as indicating its fibrinolytic activity. The fibrinolytic activity was inhibited completely by phenylmethanesulfonylfluoride (PMSF) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and partially by thiothreitol and cysteine. Metal ions such as $Hg^{2+}$ and $Fe^{2+}$ inhibited the fibrinolytic activity completely, but $Mn^{2+}$ did not. FE-27kDa preferentially hydrolyzed ${\alpha}$-chain of fibrinogen and slowly hydrolyzed ${\beta}$-chain, but did not hydrolyze ${\gamma}$-chain. High-molecular-weight polypeptides of gelatin were hydrolyzed partially into polypeptides with molecular weights of more than 45 kDa. A dosage of more than $10{\mu}g$ of FE-27kDa per mouse was required to induce hemorrhage beneath the skin. Conclusion: FE-27kDa was a serine proteinase consisting of two heterogeneous polypeptides, hydrolyzed fibrin, fibrinogen, and gelatin, and caused hemorrhage beneath the skin of mouse. This study suggests that the potential of FE-27kDa as pharmacopuncture agent should be limited due to low fibrinolytic activity and a possible side effect of hemorrhage.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.335-342
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• 2009

Bioactive compounds were produced from carrot pomace by solid-state fermentation using Bacillus subtilis HA and Leuconostoc mesenteroides. The carrot pomace (CP) fermented by B. subtilis HA with 3% monosodium glutamate (MSG) showed higher production of various bioactive compounds, with 1.64 Pa·sn of consistency, 2.31% of mucilage content, 16.95 unit/g of fibrinolytic enzyme activity, 35.3 unit/g of proteolytic activity and 37.5 mg% of tyrosine content. The mucilage production was greatly dependent upon the concentration of MSG added. Most MSG added in CP was converted into mucilage (2.3%) including 0.83% poly-$gamma$-glutamic acid (PGA) with 1,505 kDa of molecular weight. The CP fermented secondly by Leuc. mesenteroides showed acidic pH and lower consistency. However, the fibrinolytic and proteolytic activities were increased. The secondly fermented CP showed the viable cell counts with $2.5{\time}108$ CFU/g of B. subtilis HA and $3.7{\time}109$ CFU/g of Leuc. mesenteroides, respectively. The freeze-dried fermented CP showed 2.88 Pa·sn of consistency, 24% of mucilage content and 104.9 unit/g of fibrinolytic enzyme activity, respectively. Also, the powder of fermented CP indicated viable cell counts of $8.0{\time}107$ CFU/g of B. subtilis and $4.0{\time}108$ CFU/g of Leuc. mesenteroides. Therefore, the fermented CP that was fortified with dietary fibers, fibrinolytic enzyme and probiotics could be utilized as valuable ingredients of functional foods in food or cosmetic industries.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.14-20
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• 2000

The transformation of Bacillus subtilis K-54 and J-10 was carried out with constructed vectors containing structure and enhancer genes of aprN and prtR, to increase their fibrinolytic enzyme activity. Bands for the aprN and prtR genes were identified from B. subtilis J-10 by PCR that was carried out with the constructed primers for the genes. In addition, the gene fragments contained promoter site based on the results of analysing their nucleotide sequence. The two gene fragments, aprN and prtR, obtained by the PCR, were, then, inserted to vector such as T-vector and E.coli/Bacillus shuttle vector. The constructed vector were designated as pAPR2 (aprN), pENC2 (prtR) and pFLA1 (aprN and prtR), respectively. The constructed vector was used for transformation of the strains of B.subtilis J-10 and B. subtilis K-54 and the fribrinolytic activity of the transformed strains was investigated. The introduction of the vector, pAPR2 and the fibrinolytic activity of the transformed strains was investigated. The introduction of the vector, pAPR2 and pFLA1, resulted in the increase of fibrinolyitic enzyme activity in B. subtilis J-10 by 27.3% and 16%, respectively. However, the introduction of pENC2 to B. subtilis J-10 did not seem to induce increase of the enzyme activity. The strain of B.subtilis K-54 transformed with pENC2 showed an increased fibrinolytic activity by 5 folds compared with that of the original strain of B. subtilis K-54.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.271-276
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• 2003

한국의 전통 대두발효식품인 청국장에서 혈전용해능이 우수한 미생물을 분리하였으며, 이를 동정한 결과 B.amyloliquefaciens D4로 명명하였다. 혈전용해효소의 대량분비를 위해 N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine을 사용한 돌연변이를 유도하여 B. amyloliquefaciens D4-7 변이주를 얻었으며, plasmin 1 U/ml 6.5배 정도의 높은 혈전분해능을 나타내었다. B. amyloliquefaciens D4-7는 분리대두단백배지에서 혈전용해효소 분비능이 가장 우수하였다. B. amyloliquelaciens D4-7가 생산하는 혈전용해효소의 최적 활성조건은 pH 10, 5$0^{\circ}C$이었고, pH 7.0 에서 pH 11 사이에서 상대적으로 안정하였으며, $50^{\circ}C$에서 30분간 방치하였을 경우 50%의 활성이 유지되었다. 또한, NaCl, glycerol 또는glucose 첨가에 의해 혈전용해효소의 저장안정성이 높아지는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.491-496
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• 1998

The production of fibrinolytic enzyme from Bacillus subtilis BK-17 was studied in the shake flask cultures. The important medium components studied include nitrogen source, carbon source and inorganic salts. The environmental conditions include initial pH, temperature, shaking speed and working volume. Among various N-sources, C-sources and inorganic salts tested, soybean flour, D-glucose and Na2HPO4 gave the best results, and their optimal concentrations were 1.5%, 0.5% and 0.05%, respectively. The optimal pH and temperature were 9.0 and 37$^{\circ}C$. With decreasing working volume in the range of 25∼100ml in the 250ml flask or increasing shaking speed in the range of 100∼300rpm, the enzyme production was greatly enhanced. The enzyme activity under the optimal conditions was about 1400I.U./ml with urokinase as a standard.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.245-253
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• 2014

A fibrinolytic enzyme was produced by an edible mushroom of Pleurotus ostreatus using submerged culture fermentation. The enzyme was purified from the culture supernatant by applying a combination of freeze-thaw treatment, ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydrophobic interaction, and gel filtration chromatographies. The enzyme was purified by a 147-fold, with a yield of 7.54%. The molecular masses of the enzyme an determined by gel filtration and SDS-PAGE were 13.6 and 18.2 kDa, respectively. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 8.52. It hydrolyzed fibrinogen by cleaving the ${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ chains of fibrinogen followed by the ${\gamma}$ chains, and also activated plasminogen into plasmin. The enzyme was optimally active at $45^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.4. The enzyme activity was completely inhibited by EDTA, whereas protease inhibitors of TPCK, SBTI, PMSF, aprotinin and pepstatin showed no inhibition on its activity. The partial amino acid sequences of the enzyme as determined by Q-TOF2 were ATFVGCSATR, GGTLIHESSHFTR, and YTTWFGTFVTSR. These sequences showed a high degree of homology with those of metallo-endopeptidases from P. ostreatus and Armillaria mellea. The purified enzyme can also be applied as a natural agent for oral fibrinolytic therapy or prevention of thrombosis.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.845-852
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• 2001

A microorganism producing fibrinolytic enzyme was isolated from Korean traditional soybean paste and identified as Bacillus sp. KDO-13. The fibrinolytic enzyme was purified to homogeneity by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion-exchange chromatography on DEAE-celluose, and gel chromatography on Sephadex G-100 of the culture supernatant of Bacillus sp. KDO-13. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 44,000 by SDS-PAGE. The optimum pH and temperature for the enzyme activity were pH 8.0 and $50{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme activity was relatively stable at pH 7.0-9.0 and temperature below $50{\circ}C$. the activity of the enzyme was inhibited by $AI^{3+}$ and $Hg^{2+}$, but activated by $Co^{2+}$\;and\;Ni^{2+}. In addition, the enzyme activity was potently inhibited by EDTA and 0-phenanthroline. The purified enzyme could completely hydrolyze a fibrin substrate within 6 h in vitro, and had a low $K_m$ value for fibrin hydrolysis. It was concluded that the purified enzyme was a metalloprotease with relatively high specificity for fibrinolysis, and thus, could be applied as an effective thrombolytic agent.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2013

혈전용해효소를 생산하는 균주 분리를 위해서 우선 한국, 일본 등지에서 모은 21개의 청국장 시료를 준비하였고 총 268개의 균주를 분리하였다. 이 중에서 1% skim milk가 포함된 nutrient agar 배지에서 protease를 생산하는 bacteria를 분리하였고, 이 결과로 22개의 균주가 분리되었다. 균주들은 apiweb을 통해 생화학적 특성에 근거하여 동정하였다. 또한 세균동정을 위해 16S rRNA 염기서열 분석을 수행하였다. 분리된 대부분의 균주는 Bacillus subtilis와 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens였다. 혈전용해효소의 활성은 fibrin plate 방법에 의해 측정되었고 A2-14, A2-20, C1-05, C1-09, F2-01로 명명된 다섯 균주가 선택되었다. 이중에서 A2-20 균주는 강한 혈전용해 활성을 보였고 동정결과 Bacillus amyloliquefaciens에 가까웠다. A2-20 균주에 의해 생산되는 혈전용해효소는 균 상등액을 이용한 gel filtration과 ion exchange chromatography를 거쳐 부분정제 되었다. 부분 정제된 효소의 최적 pH는 7.0이었고, 최적 온도는 $35^{\circ}C$였다. 정제된 단백질의 분석은 SDS-PAGE와 zymography로 이루어졌다. 이와 더불어 혈전용해효소의 유전자적 분석도 수행되었으며 A2-20 균주가 생산하는 혈전용해효소의 부분적인 염기서열과 유전적 상동성을 보이는 서열을 규명하였다.