• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.965-974
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• 2017

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of particle size of naked oat flour (NOF) on physicochemical property and antioxidant activity. The NOF was passed through $250{\mu}m$ and $160{\mu}m$ size sieves to obtain three fractions (fraction A: $250{\mu}m$ or more, fraction B: $160-250{\mu}m$, and fraction C: $160{\mu}m$ or less). Moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash contents of NOF were 8.4, 15.7, 10.0, and 1.8%, respectively, and these contents were increased as the particle size of NOF decreased. The mineral and free amino acid contents of NOF also had a similar tendency. The contents of total starch, amylose, starch damage, total dietary fiber, ${\beta}$-glucan, total phenolics, and flavonoids in NOF were 56.4%, 21.4%, 11.7%, 11.0%, 4.7%, $237.8{\mu}g/g$ and $90.9{\mu}g/g$, respectively. As the particle size of NOF decreased, total starch, amylose, and starch damage contents increased, whereas total dietary fiber, ${\beta}$-glucan, total phenolic and flavonoid contents decreased. Also, three antioxidant activities of NOF were closely correlated with their total phenolics and flavonoids contents, showing high correlation coefficient values ($R^2=0.87$ and 0.81, respectively).

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.521-532
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• 2007

Elastic wave propagations in the semi-infinite transversely isotropic cylinder under various kinds of longitudinal impact loads are analyzed using the axisymmetric finite element method and Houbolt time-integration scheme. For which the finite element program is newly constructed and verified through the comparison of present numerical results with those by other researchers. E-type glass-epoxy composite cylinders with different fiber volume fractions are adopted and studied in detail with dynamic responses of the isotropic cylinder. Three dimensional wave motions are given in graphic form to show the realistic view of the wave propagation. Nondimensionalized dynamic characteristic variables which relate the size of finite element mesh, the time step, and the wave speed are presented for obtaining accurate and stable numerical results.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.777-783
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• 2004

Samples of 13 species of forest tree leaves fed to livestock in the semi-hilly arid zone of Punjab State in India were collected at 30 d interval for 12 months, in order to assess their nutritional worth for livestock. The ground samples were pooled for 4 different seasons viz. dry hot, hot humid, fall and winter. The chemical composition irrespective of the season revealed that CP content varied between 8.9 (Carrisa) to 22.0% (Leucaena). Globulin was the major protein fraction in most of the leaves. The lowest concentration of cell wall constituents was observed in Morus alba and Grewea. The leaves in general became fiberous and lignified during winter and fall as compared to summer season. The leaves of Grewea, Morus alba, Leucaena, Carrisa and Acacia were rich in Ca, P and most of the trace elements. The total phenolics ranged between 1.88% (Azardirachta) to 15.82% (Acacia). The leaves of Acacia had the highest concentration of hydrolysable tannins (14.6%) whereas that of Carrisa had that of condensed tannins (5.9%). The condensed tannins (more than 3%) were negatively correlated to the digestibility of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein (CP). The digestion kinetic parameters for DM, NDF and CP revealed that leaves of Morus alba, Zizyphus and Ehretia had highest insoluble but potentially degradable fraction. The minimum rumen fill values also revealed that leaves of Grewea, Azardirachta, Morus, Ehretia and Leucaena had great potential for voluntary DM intake. The leaves of Ougeinia, Malha, Dodenia and Carrisa had significantly higher rumen fill value indicating poor potential for voluntary DM intake. Season did not have any significant impact on digestion kinetic parameters except that most of the leaves had low potentially degradable fraction, which was degraded at slow rate during winter. It was concluded that the leaves of Morus, Ehretia, Grewea and Leucaena had great potential as livestock feed, while feeding of Ougeinia, Malha and Dodonea leaves should be avoided.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.163-169
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• 1995

This study was conducted 1) to compare the nutrient content and mineral composition of the Philoppine indigenous sheep and goats diets when grazed in common pasture during rainy season, 2) to determine the influence of sampling methods on nutrient content and mineral composition of upland (UP) and lowland (LP) native pastures, and 3) to compare these two pasture types in terms of nutrient and mineral composition. Experiment 1 used sis esophageally fistulated animals, three each for sheep and goats. Weekly extrusa collection was done for a period of three months. Experiment 2 was conducted in UP and LP; these were sampled thrice by three methods, plucking, clipping and use of three esophageally fistulated sheep. Results of Experiment 1 indicated that the diets of sheep were greater in crude protein(CP; p < 0.01) and ether extract(EE; p < 0.05) but lower in crude fiber (CF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL; p < 0.05) than that of goat diets. All other nutrient fractions including mineral composition were not significantly different from each other. Significant findings of Experiment 2 were: CP content of UP was in the order fistulated > plucked > clipped (p < 0.05); CP content of LP was greater (p <0 .05) in fistulated and plucked samples; and ash content was greater (p < 0.05) in fistulated samples of both pastures. The CP of UP was different (p < 0.05) from each sampling method but the CP of LP and ADL of both pastures were greater (p < 0.05) in clipped samples. Most minerals either macro or microminerals were greater in fistulated samples of both pastures. Pooled data of the two pastures showed that LP had better nutrient characteristics and greater mineral composition. Based from this study, there were few differences between the diets of indigenous sheep and goats when grazed in common pasture. Also, sampling methods influenced the nutrient composition of indigenous sheep diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.516-521
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• 2002

The objective of this study was to compare two varieties of Napier grass (Bana Napier grass vs French Cameroon Napier grass) and to determine whether feed intake, digestibility, average daily gain (ADG) and milk yield of lactating Friesian cows from fresh cut Bana Napier grass was greater than from French Cameroon Napier grass, using a completely randomized design. Results show that Bana Napier grass had similar percent dry matter (DM), ash and gross energy (GE) to French Cameroon. Bana grass had higher percent crude protein (CP) and lower fiber fractions, acid detergent fibre (ADF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and lignin compared to French Cameroon. Overall the forage quality was marginally higher in Bana Napier grass compared to French Cameroon. The DM and NDF intake expressed as a percentage of body weight (BW) were similar in both Napier grass types. Both grasses had similar digestible DM and energy. Bana had higher digestible CP but lower digestible ADF and NDF than French Cameroon. Bana Napier was not different from French Cameroon when fed as a sole diet to lactating cows in terms of low DM intake, milk yield and a loss of BW and condition. To improve the efficient utilization of both Napier grass varieties, a supplement capable of supplying 1085-1227 g CP/d and 17.0-18.0 Mcal ME/d is required for cows to support moderate gains 0.22 kg/d and 15 kg 4% fat corrected milk/d.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.348-355
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• 2000

The study was conducted to determine physicochemical parameters in various physical fractions (linter, hull, kernel, oil and meal) of cottonseed of different varieties (MNH 147, CIM 240, NIAB 78, FH 87, CIM 109, MNH 93, FH 682, GOHAR 87, SLS 1 and B 557). Average components of linter, hull, and kernel in different varieties of cotton were 12.21, 28.24 and 70.42%, respectively. Average percentage of meal and oil was 48.97 and 22.09% in seed, and 69.28 and 30.72% in kernel, respectively. Maximum percentage of meal was recovered from variety CIM 240 and lowest in variety CIM 109. Statistical analysls revealed variety differences (p<0.05) in seed and it's components. Average contents of crude protein, crude fiber and ash was 22.31, 17.74 and 4.27% in seed, 2.85, 56.50 and 2.61% in hull; 32.62, 3.45 and 4.01 % in kernel; 47.15, 5.00 and 5.78% in meal, respectively. Average contents of Ca, p, Mg, K, Na and Cl were 0.09, 0.22, 0.26, 0.65, 0.009 and 0.035% in seed; 0.12, 0.07, 0.09, 0.51, 0.020 and 0.034% in hull and 0.16, 0.59, 0.32, 1.01, 0.03 and 0.07% in meal of different varieties of cotton, respectively. Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn were 141.35, 24.55, 186.50 and 27.12 mg/kg in seed; 158.48, 2.06, 74.60, and 22.17 mg/kg in hulls; and 167.62, 20.30, 185.83 and 20.67 mg/kg in meal, respectively. Significant varietal differences were observed in proximate composition and mineral contents of cottonseeds and derived products. Cottonseeds and their products of varieties FH 87, CIM 109 and MNH 93 showed higher nutrient density while lower was observed in varieties CIM 240, SLS I and FH 682.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.137-143
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• 2012

Chinese cabbage plant was grown hydroponically for 4 weeks in order to examine the temporal relationship of calcium concentration of the nutrient solution with calcium content in the leaf tissue and susceptibility of the tissue to soft rot disease by $Pectobacterium$ $carotovorum$ ssp. $carotovorum$ (Pcc). Calcium concentration from 0.5 to 32.0 mM was maintained for 1 week using Hoagland & Arnon solution. The calcium content of the leaf was proportionally increased to the concentration of the nutrient in the solution (r = 0.912). In contrast, the severity of soft rot symptom in the young leaves was inversely related with the amount of calcium supplied to the nutrient solution (r = 0.899). Water-soluble chitosan, prepared by hollow fiber filtration (> 100 kDa) was applied into the nutrient solution from 0.0 to 5,000 ppm. The chitosan of 10 ppm was the most effective to promote calcium uptake of the leaf, showing 155% of the control. The same chitosan solution prohibited most soft rot development of the leaf by Pcc, exhibiting only 53% of the control. Among different molecular weight fractions, chitosan fraction obtained from 30-100 kDa molecular weight cut-off promoted calcium uptake the most up to 163% of the control, and reduced the development of soft rot disease recording merely 36% of the control of the leaf tissue. The results obtained in the present study suggest that large scale production of water-soluble chitosan with an optimum molecular weight and its commercial application to Chinese cabbage production will be important to improve yield and quality of the crop.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.124-130
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• 2017

This paper describes in detail proximate composition, nutritional profile, phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activities, antimicrobial potential, and antihemolytic activity (towards human erythrocytes) of various fractions of wild Ganoderma lucidum. Proximate analysis established that wild G. lucidum comprises about $87.02{\pm}5.45%$ of moisture, and the remaining part is a rich source of proteins ($8.59{\pm}0.37%$), crude fiber ($54.21{\pm}1.2%$), and carbohydrate (35.16%) with smaller fat content (3.33 %). Similarly, phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids ($217.51{\pm}0.30mg/g$), ascorbic acid ($116{\pm}7.32mg/g$), phenolics ($360.72{\pm}34.07mg/g$), ${\beta}$-carotenes ($0.42{\pm}0.04{\mu}g/g$), and lycopene ($0.05{\pm}0.00{\mu}g/g$). Extracts of wild G. lucidum in various solvents provided first line protection against Escherichia coli and Pasteurella multocida in the order of ethyl acetate> ethanol> methanol> n-hexane> water. Furthermore, aqueous and methanolic extracts of wild G. lucidum were found to be safe towards human erythrocytes. Overall, wild mushroom (G. lucidum) was found to be a good source of dietary supplements, antimicrobial and antioxidant agents in the pursuance of its commercial utilization in food and pharmaceutical industries.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.179-188
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• 1995

SFRC overcomes brittleness of concrete and has increases strength due to the action of confmement, crack arrestmg mechan~sm and pull out resistances of steel f~bers ~ n s ~ d e the concrete. These lead also to the increased strength and ductility under the shear stress. It has been reported that the secondary remforcement effect of steel fibers IS more pronounced In shear than flexure. Addition of hooked stee!, fibers into the cementitious materials enhanced shear resistance and consequently improves structural behavior and shear strength of Reinforced Hooked-Steel-Fiber Concrete Ream(RHSFCI3) under the shear forces. Experimental observations were made on the main parameters effecting structural behavior of RHSFCB in this study. The volume fractions of fibers, shear span to depth ratios, and spaclngs of stlrrups were taken into account as the mam parameters. Some eyuatlons reported in the literatures, regardmg the predict~ons of the shear strength of RHSFCB have been evaluated stdtlst~cdlly based on the tot a1 number of 95 test results on RHSFCB faded In shear on shear flexu~al mode.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.820-825
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• 2008

We investigated the antioxidant of heating pork, the physicochemical properties and antioxidative activities of Rubus coreanus Miq. extracts. The contents of moisture, crude fat, crude protein, crude fiber, and crude ash were measured. Soluble solid, acidity, pH and mineral contents were also investigated. The ethanol extract of Rubus coreanus Miq. was evaporated, and then sequentially extracted by hexane, ethyl acetate, butanol and water. The contents of total polyphenol ranged from 24.5 mg tannic acid equivalents (TAE) per g to 82.5 mg in all fractions. Antioxidative effects were investigated through DPPH free radical scavenging, $ABTS{\cdot}^+$ scavenging and TBARS methods. It was found that ethanol extract ($2,000\;{\mg}/mL$) and butanol extract ($1,500\;{\mg}/mL$) had 89.93% and 89.68% of DPPH free radical scavenging activities. As for ABTS, all extracts ($1,000{\sim}2,000\;{\mg}/mL$) except hexane showed over 90% scavenging activities. The lowest TBARS values were obtained from extract of ethyl acetate and ethanol, and their antioxidative activities were higher than that of ascorbic acid. The results of this study indicate that the ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of Rubus coreanus Miq. may be substituted for ascorbic acid in heating pork.