• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.10
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• pp.1073-1078
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• 2006

Purpose : This study was performed to assess how a fetal diagnosis of congenital heart disease affects parents, as regards pregnancy management and care of infants after birth. Methods : Database search to find out abnormal fetal echocardiography performed at Seoul National University Children's Hospital from July 1988 to June 2003 revealed 370 examinations. After excluding both arrhythmias without structural cardiac disease and multiple pregnancies, 299 pregnancies remained and this data formed the basis of this analysis. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records with special attention to pregnancy outcomes and also tried to find out factors influencing parental decisions on whether to continue or terminate pregnancy. Results : In this study, the mean gestation age at diagnosis was $28{\pm}6.0weeks$. The mean age of mothers was $30{\pm}3.9$ years old. Younger gestational ages at diagnosis(P=0.000), more severe grades of fetal heart disease(P=0.002) and younger mothers(P=0.014) correlated with terminations of pregnanies. But the grades of fetal status, the grades of associated anomaly, whether in-vitro-fertilization was carried out or not and numbers of previous children were not significant. Conclusion : This study found that the earlier gestational ages at diagnosis, younger maternal age and higher grades of fetal heart disease tended to lead parent to select abortions. Fetal echocardiographies were performed too late. Moreover Koreans have a biased view that malformation is a something incurable and a tragedy not only to oneself, but also to a family. So parents select terminations of pregnancy, even in curable cases. This is very unethical.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1994 no.05
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• pp.96-99
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• 1994

Despite the simplicity of processing, a conventional autocorrelation function(ACF) method for the precise determination of fetal heart rate (FHR) has many problems. In case of weak or noise corrupted Doppler ultrasound signal. the ACF method is very sensitive to the threshold level and data window length. It is very troublesome to extract FHR when there is a data loss. To overcome these problems, the high resolution pitch detection algorithm was adopted to estimate the FHR. This method is more accurate, robust and reliable than the ACF method. With a lot of calculation, however, it is impossible to process real time FHR estimation. This paper is presented a new FHR estimation algorithm for real time processing.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.73-88
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• 2006

In this paper, we construct data-base for fetal heart rate (FHR) data and develop the FHR Monitering system to diagnose fetus, HYFM-III. For diagnostic system, a few statistical decision making mechanism are adopted, such as approximate entropy, neural networks, and logistic discrimination. Since FHR data is very chaotic, we mostly adopt nonlinear statistical methods. On the basis of this system, we expect to develop expert system for early detection of abnormal fetus.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1993 no.05
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• pp.81-85
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• 1993

Despite the simplicity of processing, conventional autocorrelation function (ACF) method for the precise determination of fetal heart rate (FHR) has many problems. In the case of weak or noise corrupted Doppler ultrasound singnals, the ACF method is very sensitive to the threshold level and data window length. It is real troublesome to extract FHR when there is a data loss. To overcome these problems, the high resolution pitch detection algorithm is adapted to estimate the FHR. The FHR is determined from the correlation of two interconnected segments by its maximum correlation value. FHR is compensated with a constant correlation threshold in a greatly smeared noise signal. This method yields more accurate, robust and reliable than the ACF method.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.37-50
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• 1986

This paper describes the effects of nitrofen (Hi-TOK), a herbicide on the fetuses of rats. The results were observed as follows: The internal soft tissue anomalies were classified as diaphragmatic hernia, cardiac malformation (T.G.V., V.S.D., S.V.), dilatation of ventricle in brain, dilatation of renal pelvis, underdevelopment of fetal lung, shortening of cortex length and increasing of immatured glomeruli counts in the fetal kidney. The heart and diaphragm appear to be the target organs.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.331-339
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• 2018

NUCB2/nesfatin-1 is first known to be expressed in the hypothalamus while controlling appetite and energy metabolism. However, recent studies have shown that NUCB2/nesfatin-1 was expressed in the various organs as well as the hypothalamus. Our previous reports also demonstrated that NUCB2/nesfatin-1 was expressed in the ovary, testis, pituitary gland, lung, kidney, and stomach of fetal and adult mice. However, the role of NUCB2/nesfatin-1 in mouse fetus remains unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether NUCB2/nestatin-1 is expressed in mouse fetus at the developmental stage in which organogenesis begins. To do this, we performed in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining to examine the distribution of NUCB2 mRNA and nesfatin-1 protein in the mouse fetal organs during early developmental stages, especially at embryonic day (E) 10.5. As a result of ISH, NUCB2 mRNA positive signals were more frequent in the liver, but there were relatively few positive signals in heart. On the other hand, no positive signals were detected in other organs. These ISH results were validated by IHC staining and qRT-PCR analysis. Expression of nesfatin-1 protein detected by IHC staining was similar to that of NUCB2 mRNA detected by ISH in the liver and heart. In addition, the levels of NUCB2 mRNA expression analyzed by qRT-PCR were significantly increased in the liver and heart compared to other organs of the mouse fetus at E13.5, whereas its level was extensively decreased in the liver, but increased in the lung, stomach, and kidney of the mouse fetus at E17.5. These results suggest that NUCB2/nesfatin-1 may play an important role in liver and heart development and physiological functions in the developmental process of mouse fetus. Further studies are needed on the function of NUCB2/nesfatin-1, which is highly expressed in the various organs, including liver and heart during mouse development.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.336-347
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of relaxation therapy on state anxiety, preterm labor stress, blood pressure, skin temperature, pulse rate of pregnant women with preterm labor and heart rate of their babies. Methods: The participants were 55 pregnant women with preterm labor who hospitalized from May, 2009 to January, 2010. 29 participants were assigned to experimental group and the other 26 participants to control group. All of them were not have any other complications except preterm labor. The relaxation therapy was applied to the experimental group for 5 days. Data were analyzed by the SPSS/WIN 14.0 program. Results: The state anxiety score and the preterm labor stress score of experimental group were statistically significant lower than those of control group. In addition, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate of experimental group were statistically lower than those of control group. The skin temperature of experimental group was higher than that of control group. However, the fetal heart rate of experimental group was not statistically significant lower than fetal heart rate of control group. Conclusion: From these findings, it is concluded that relaxation therapy may be an effective nursing intervention for pregnant women with preterm labor.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.1288-1291
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• 2002

Fetal valproate syndrome has been described as a distinctive pattern of minor anomalies of the face and digits. This pattern has not been delineated completely but appears to involve brachycephaly with a high forehead, shallow orbit, ocular hypertelorism, small nose, small mouth, low set posteriorly rotated ears, long overlapping fingers and toes, and hyperconvex fingernail. Cleft palate and congenital heart disease have occasionally been described in babies exposed to valproate during embryogenesis. We report a neonate born from an epileptic mother receiving sodium valproate during pregnancy. This neonate presented with characteristic facial abnormalities, both elbow contractures, and overlapping of right first and second toe, forth and fifth toe, and left first and second toe. This case raises the possibility that these abnormal appearances might be caused by intrauterine valproate exposure.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.55-62
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• 2012

In this study, it was observed through the ability of performing secondary tasks and baseline fetal heart rate how the supply of lavender, peppermint and highly concentrated oxygen (40%) affected distraction due to the performance of secondary tasks in the driving environment. Twelve male university students conducted secondary tasks while driving in the environments (6 in total) mixed and designed with oxygen concentration (21%, 40%) and the condition of odors (Normal, Lavender, Peppermint). The test was proceeded in order of stable state (5mins), driving (5mins), and secondary tasks (1min), and by extracting ECG data from every section by 30secs, the mean value of baseline fetal heart rate was calculated. As a result of analysis, in the ability of performing secondary tasks, a percentage of correct answers showed no difference in oxygen concentration and the condition of odors (p > 0.05). In performance completion time, a percentage of correct answers decreased showing a statistically significant difference in the condition of odors compared with the condition where odors were not provided (p < 0.05). As for baseline fetal heart rate, in the comparison between sections, while performing secondary tasks, it increased showing a significant difference compared with stable state and driving state (p < 0.05). The effect of interaction was observed in oxygen concentration and the condition of odors. When odors were not provided, baseline fetal heart rate decreased in 40% oxygen concentration compared with 21% oxygen concentration (p < 0.05), however, when peppermint was provided, it increased in 40% oxygen concentration compared with 21% oxygen concentration (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the fact that the condition of odors increased the ability of calculation, and when only the highly concentrated oxygen was provided, parasympathetic nerve system was activated, however, when highly concentrated oxygen was provided with peppermint at the same time, sympathetic nervous system (sns) was activated, which had a negative effect on the autonomic nervous system was drawn.

• Biomaterials and Biomechanics in Bioengineering
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.173-183
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• 2015

In obstetrics, cardiotocography is a procedure to record the fetal heartbeat and the uterine contractions usually during the last trimester of pregnancy. It helps to monitor patterns associated with the fetal activity and to detect the pathologies. In this paper, random forest classifier is used to classify normal, suspicious and pathological patterns based on the features extracted from the cardiotocograms. The results showed that random forest classifier can detect these classes successfully with overall classification accuracy of 93.6%. Moreover, important features are identified to reduce the feature space. It is found that using seven important features, similar classification accuracy can be achieved by random forest classifier (93.3%).