• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.17 no.2
• /
• pp.281-289
• /
• 2010

We determined the optimum ethanolic conditions for extraction of $\gamma$-oryzanol and other functional components from rice bran, using response surface methodology (RSM). A central composite design was used to investigate the effects of the independent variables of solvent ratio ($X_1$), extraction temperature ($X_2$), and extraction time ($X_3$), on dependent variables including yield ($Y_1$), total phenolic content ($Y_2$), electron-donating activity ($Y_3$), ferulic acid level ($Y_4$), and $\gamma$-oryzanol concentration ($Y_5$). Solvent ratio and extraction temperature were the most important factors in extraction. The maximum yield was at 22.56 mL/g ($X_1$), 78.19C ($X_2$), and 522.15 min ($X_3$), at the saddle point. Total phenolic levels were little affected by solvent ratio or extraction temperature. The maximum concentration of extracted total phenolics was 90.78mg GAE/100 g at 21.26 mL/g, $94.65^{\circ}C$, and 567.97 min. A maximum electron-donating ability of 54.72% was obtained with the parameters 20.20 mL/g,$81.89^{\circ}C$, and 701.87 min, at the highest point. The maximum level of ferulic acid components was 210.47 mg/100g at 5.22 mL/g, $79.66^{\circ}C$, and 575.24 min. In addition, the maximum $\gamma$-oryzanol concentration was 660.39 mg/100g at 5.10 mL/g, $81.83^{\circ}C$, and 587.39 min. The optimum extraction conditions were a solvent ratio of 10.45 mL/g, $80^{\circ}C$ extraction temperature, and 535 min extraction time. Predicted extraction levels under optimized conditions were in line with experimental values.

• Bulletin of Food Technology
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.85-91
• /
• 2007

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
• /
• v.12 no.2
• /
• pp.173-182
• /
• 1992

Regardless of the test species, germination was adversely affected by the different concentrations of the acidic and neutral fractions of sunflower root exudates while the basic and aqueous fractions had no effect on germination. In both test species, root lengths were inhibited slightly more than shoot lengths. Significant reduction in fresh weights of the test species was observed when the test species were treated with the acidic and neutral fractions but not with the basic and aqueous fractions. Six compounds, hydroquinone, ${\beta}$-resorcyclic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, salicylic acid, and quercetin, were characterized from the acidic fraction. Seven compounds, hydroquinone, gentisic acid, ${\beta}$-resorcyclic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and quercetin, were elucidated from the neutral fraction.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.316-320
• /
• 1997

Phenolic acids are regarded as harmful materials in food and environment science but recently, as useful materials, and thus adsorption is recommended as an effective separation technique to recover or remove phenolic acids from diluted solution. If the adsorbed phenolic compounds were useful materials, the materials should be recovered through desorption. Desorption using supercritical carbon dioxide(SC-$CO_2$) was tried to separate food-borne phenolic acids from charcoal in single solute system. In the comparisons of desorption amounts, gallic acid had the lowest lolubiligy to SC-$CO_2$. Gallic acid has more hydroxy functional groups than the other phenolic acids, which was immiscible with nonpolar SC-$CO_2$. Ferulic acid was yielded more than p-coumaric acid, because ferulic acid had much bigger molecular weight, which was affected more by van der Waas force. It was found that the most affecting factor on desorption amounts was the solubility of phenolic acids to SC-$CO_2$. The second affecting factor was van der Waals force. Response surface methodology(RSM) was conducted to read the trend of desorption. Increasing density of SC-$CO_2$ raised solubility of phenolic acids.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.312-316
• /
• 2000

Effects of various nitrogenous compounds on the peroxidative activity of Korean radish (Rophanus sativus L.) isoperoxidase $A_1$ were examined by using anilino substrates, such as dianisidine and phenylenediamine. We also used phenolic substrates such as guaiacol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and esculetin. The peroxidation of dianisidine was stimulated by adenine and imidazole as much as 5 fold and 11 fold, respectively at pH 8. Moreover, about 4.8 fold and 8 fold stimulation of phenylenediamine peroxidation occurred by adenine and imidazole, respectively at pH 8. The stimulation by adenine and imidazole did not occur at the acidic pH range. The peroxidations of phenolic substrates, such as guaiacol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid and esculetin, were not boosted greatly by any of the nitrogenous compounds tested. Notably, ammonium salt, which has been known for the excellent booster of horseradish peroxidase, did not affect the peroxidation of the Korean radish isoperoxidase $A_1$. The kinetic studies of dianisidine peroxidation with imidazole, as a model of boosting reaction, showed that neither the affinity of imidazole against dianisidine, nor the activation energy of dianisidine peroxidation changed during the activity boosting of isoperoxidase $A_1$.

• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.127-134
• /
• 1997

Two new dimeric phenolic conjugates, 2,3-di-O-dehydrodigallicmonocarboxyl-$({\alpha},{\beta})$-$^4C_1$-glucopyranose and ellagic acid 3,3'-dimethylether-4-0-$SO_3K$ were isolated from the debarked heart wood of Tamarix tetragyna (Tamaricaceae) along with the known phenolic compounds, isoferulic acid, ferulic acid, gallic acid, gallic acid 4-methyl ether, syringic acid, ellagic acid 3,3'-dimethyl ether and ellagic acid. All structures were determined mostly by ESI-MS, ID and 2D-NMR spectroscopy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.379-385
• /
• 2011

Ferulic acid esterase (FAE) and acetyl esterase (AE) cleave feruloyl groups substituted at the 5'-OH group of arabinosyl residues and acetyl groups substituted at O-2/O-3 of the xylan backbone, respectively, of arabinoxylans in the cell wall of grasses. In this study, the enzyme profiles of FAE, AE and polysaccharide hydrolases of the anaerobic rumen fungus Neocallimastix sp. YQ1 grown on Chinese wildrye grass hay (CW) or alfalfa hay (AH) were investigated by two $2{\times}4$ factorial experiments, each in 10-day pure cultures. The treatments consisted of two glucose levels ($G^+$: glucose at 1.0 g/L, $G^-$: no glucose) and four N sources (N1: 1.0 g/L yeast extract, 1.0 g/L tryptone and 0.5 g/L $(NH_4)_2SO_4$; N2: 2.8 g/L yeast extract and 0.5 g/L $(NH_4)_2SO_4$; N3: 1.6 g/L tryptone and 0.5 g/L $(NH_4)_2SO_4$; N4: 1.4 g/L tryptone and 1.7 g/L yeast extract) in defined media. The optimal combinations of glucose level and N source for the fungus on CW, instead of AH, were $G^-N4$ and $G^-N3$ for maximum production of FAE and AE, respectively. Xylanase activity peaked on day 4 and day 6 for the fungus grown on CW and AH, respectively. The activities of esterases were positively correlated with those of xylanase and carboxymethyl cellulase. The fungus grown on CW exhibited a greater volatile fatty acid production than on AH with a greater release of ferulic acid from plant cell wall.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.35 no.6
• /
• pp.713-720
• /
• 2006

This study was designed to investigate the possible utilization of Ligustrum japonicum leaves as a source of functional ingredients. Contents of total phenolic compounds and condensed tannin were $0.89{\sim}1.53%$ and $0.10{\sim}0.13%$, respectively. The major flavonoid compounds in the leaves of L. japonicum were luteolin, apigenin and their glycosides. Tyrosol, t-cinnamic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, shikimic acid and protocatecuic acid were detected in free phenolic acid, while tyrosol, t-cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, esculetin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid and hydroxytyrosol were detected in esterified phenolic acid. The insoluble phenolic acid contained tyrosol, t-cinnamic and p-caoumaric acid.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.13 no.2_3
• /
• pp.67-70
• /
• 1969

Gall duct cannulated rats were given daphnetin, umbelliferone, 4-hydroxy-coumarin, dicoumarol, 4,7-dihydroxycoumarin, 4,7-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-coumarin, coumarin-3-carboxylic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid by duodenal catheter at room temperature and output of bile flow was detected. All of the subjected compounds in this experiment indicated a significant effect on the biliary elimination except cinnamic acid alone. It is suggested that a relationship exists between chemical pattern and biological activity for coumarin derivatives and their precursors, and that the choleretic activity of these compounds requires hydroxylated cinnamic acid structure as the most fundamental chemical pattern.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
• /
• 2002.05a
• /
• pp.74-74
• /
• 2002

Ethyl 3-(4'-geranyloxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-propenoate (EGMP) and ferulic acid (FA) have been shown to inhibit development of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in the azoxymethane (AOM)-treated rat colon. In the present study, inhibitory effects of EGMP and FA on the post-initiation stage of AOM-induced colon carcinogenesis were studied in male ddY mice.(omitted)