• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.69-74
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• 1993

This study was investigated to examine the effect of conditioned medium from bovine oviductal cell(BOEC) in the co-culture system with BOEC on in vitro development of in vitro produced bovine embryos. Oocyte-cumulus complexes were cultured for 24 hrs in TCM-199 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 1$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml FSH and 21U hCG, 1$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml oestradiol-17$\beta$ at 39$^{\circ}C$ under 5% CO2 in air. In vitro fertilization was performed with epididymal sperm and heparin (10$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, 15min.) or caffeine(2.5mM)-treated spermatozoa. Oocytes were incubated with 1$\times$106 spermatozoa/ml for 18 hrs and then cultured in various culture system for 7 days. The development rates of 16-cell or blastocyst stages were recorded on 4, 7 days, respectively, after incubating. The proportions ofembryonic development into molulae and blastocysts were higher in cumulus cell co-culture(23.4%) and BOEC co-culture(34.3%) than in M199-FCS(6.1%). Similarily, the development rates into molulae and blastocysts were significantly higher in BOEC-conditioned medium than those in M199-FCS. Therefore, it is suggested that BOEC co-culture and BOEC conditioned medium increase significantly the development of in vitro produced bovine embryos in in vitro system.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2000

These studies were undertaken to evaluate morphological normality and development competence in vitro of hyman oocytes following vitrificatioin using ethylene glycol and electron microscopic grid. Human immature oocytes retrieved from natural and stimulated cycles was vitrified at 0 or 48 h and 0, 8 to 15 or 24 to 28 h after maturation culture, respectively. In oocytes retrieved from unstimulated cycle, no signifciant differences were found in morphological normality (56 to 63%) and fertilization (31 to 37%) rates between the times of vitrification. In stimulated patients, however, more oocytes were morphologically normal when vitrified at 24 to 28 h than when vitrified at 0 or 8 to 15 h after maturation culture. Regardlesss of the hormonal stimulation, high cleavage rates(83 to 100%) were obtained in all treatment groups but did not differ significantly. Twenty to 43% of cleaved oocytes developed to the blastocyst stage at 6 days after IVF. These results suggest that vitrified oocytes from unstimulated and stimulated cycles could develop to the blastocyst stage, regardless of the stages of vitrification.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.237-242
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• 1995

Porcine follicular oocytes matured in culture were inseminated with frozen-thawed spermatozoa. When the oocytes were inseminated in the medium with oviductal epithelial cell monolayer, the penetration rates higher in those with (4.1, 31.7, 45.1, 54.5 and 69.4%) than without cells (0, 17.1, 34.8, 45.2 and 58.9%) at 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 h after insemination. The proportions of polyspermy in penetrated oocytes in medium with or without cells increased with time of examine. In another experiment, the penetration rate was higher without (57.6%) than with (19.6~24.1%) preincubation of spermatozoa for 1~4 h in medium. However, when the oocytes were inseminated with spermatozoa preincubated for 1~2 h, the penetration rates significantly higher (P<0.05) in those with (65.6 and 55.9% for 1 and 2 h) than without (24.1 and 20.6% for 1 and 2 h) oviductal epithelial cell monolayer. On the other hand, the proportions of polyspermy decreased with time of spermatozoa preincubation. These results indicate the significant advantages of the spermatozoa preincubation with oviductal epithelial cell monolayer for 1 and 2 h to maintain penetration potential during in vitro fertilization in the porcine.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.311-317
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• 2000

This study was carried out to compare the temperature and time of heat shock, and the effect of heat shock on development of embryos after in vitro maturation and fertilization in bovine oocytes. The results obtained were as follows. 1. The optimum temperature and time of heat shock were 41$^{\circ}C$ and 30sec on in vitro development of embryos from 4~8 cell to blastocyst. 2. The rates of cleavage on zygotes produced on in vitro were significantly increased by heat shock after IVM than before IVM(P<0.05). 3. When the oocytes were treated heat shock after IVM and 5 days cultured, developmental rates to blastocyst were increased than other experimental treatments.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.142-148
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• 2022

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the complication rates of oocyte pick-up (OPU) procedures via transvaginal ultrasonography in patients with different levels of ovarian reserve. Methods: In total, 789 patients who underwent OPU procedures for in vitro fertilization (IVF) were included in the study. Results: Individuals with normal ovarian reserve had a 2.947-fold higher risk of complications in OPU procedures than individuals with low ovarian reserve, and individuals with high ovarian reserve had a 7.448-fold higher risk of complications than individuals with low ovarian reserve. In addition, a higher number of IVF trials was associated with an increased risk of complications. Conclusion: The results of this study show that OPU has a higher risk of complications, particularly severe pain, in patients with high ovarian reserve. It is thought that complications can be reduced by preferring mild stimulation in patients with high ovarian reserve. Collecting fewer oocytes is also associated with a lower risk of complications from OPU. Even if a patient's reserve is very good, fewer and higher-quality oocytes should be targeted with the use of the lowest possible dose of drugs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.965-973
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• 2011

Our objective was to determine the differences in the rate and extent of dry matter digestion between barley subjected to differing agronomic variables. Two malting barley varieties, Copeland and Metcalfe were seeded at rates of 200 and 400 plants/$m^2$. Each of these varieties received nitrogen fertilizer at rates of 0, 30, 60 and 120 kg/ha, resulting in a total of 20 different barley grain samples. Samples were ground through a 6mm screen and approximately 3 g of each weighed into 50 ${\mu}m$ Dacron bags and sealed. The bags were incubated in three ruminally cannulated Holstein cattle for periods of 0, 3, 6 and 24 h. Using the data obtained from these incubations, rates of digestion were able to be predicted. The soluble fraction ranged from 0.229-0.327, the slowly degradable fraction ranged from 0.461-0.656, and the undegradable fraction ranged from 0.038-0.299. The rates of digestion ranged from 0.127-0.165 $h^{-1}$ and the effective degradability ranged from 0.527-0.757. At the Canora location, the Copeland samples which received 120 kg/ha of nitrogen fertilizer had a significantly lower (p = 0.013) soluble fraction than the rest of the samples at that location. A significant interaction (p = 0.009) was seen between the seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer application with samples from the Canora location, as well as significant differences (p = 0.029) between nitrogen application rates in samples from the Indian head location. The rate of digestion of samples from the Indian head location differed (p = 0.020) between the two seeding rates, with samples seeded at 200 seed/$m^2$ having a slightly higher rate of degradation. Differences in the effective degradability were seen between the different nitrogen application rates with samples from both the Canora and Indian head locations, as well as an (p = 0.004) interaction between the seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer application rate. Although there was not a clear correlation between the different variables, both nitrogen application and seeding rate did have a significant effect on the rates and extent of digestion across each of the four locations.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.8
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• pp.45-50
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• 1990

This study was carried out ot investigate the effects of fetal calf serum (FCS) and gonadotropins supplemented to the medium on maturation and fertilization in vitro of porcine follcular oocytes. Ovaries were obtained from gilts at local slaughter-house. Oocyte-cumulus complexes were recovered by puncturing the ovarian follicles(3~5 mm in diameter). The complexes from individual ovaries were pooled in a $0.4m{\ell}$ droplet of medium covered with paraffin oil, then washed twice in fresh droplet and cultured for 36hrs in culture media according to experimental conditions. Boar epididymal spermatozoa were capacitated by preincubation for 4hrs in m-KRB medium and the preincubated spermatozoa were insemenated in the fertilization medium containing the cultured oocytes. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows: 1. The maturation rates of oocytes cultured in m-KRB and m-KRB supplemented to 10% FCS were 82 and 37%, respectively. When PMSG, hCG. and PMSGt hcG($10Iu/m{\ell}$) were added to the media supplemented to 10% FCS, the maturation rates were 66, 58 and 68%, respectively. 2. Expansion of cumulus cells was not occured in m-KRB and m-KRB supplemented to 10% FCS. However, when PMSG, hCG and PMSG+hCG($10Iu/m{\ell}$) were added to m-KRB supplemented to 10% FCS, the expansion rates of cumulus cell layers were 92, 13 and 91%, respectively. 3. When oocytes were mltured in m-KRB, the rates of penetration and formation of male pronucle: were 93 and 7%, respectively. By adding FCS and gonadotropin to m-KRB, the penetration and formation of male pronuclei were 100 80%, respectively.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.197-216
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• 2008

Managing a mixture of zoysiagrass with tall fescue has been proposed in transitional zone as a practical practice to combine the advantages of the two species and compensate the limitations. To manage the mixture is a challenge because two species are involved. The objective of this study was to determine if zoysiagrass/tall fescue mixture can be maintained with proper mowing and fertilization under simulated sport traffic at an acceptable quality level. Zoysiagrass was seeded in June and tall fescue was overseeded in August 1996. In November 1996, zoysiagrass coverage was 62.36, 29.88, and 30.02% for 0, 50, and $100\;Kg\;ha^{-l}\;N$ rates, respectively. At the same time, zoysiagrass coverage was 23.53, 41.95, and 57.40% for the mowing heights of 6.5, 5.0, and 3.5 cm, respectively. Zoysiagrass and tall fescue coverage in July 1997 was showing the same trend as in the late season of 1996 although the differences were not as big. There were significant interactions between N fertilization rates and mowing heights. In November 1998, the zoysiagrass coverage was different among the two tall fescue variety mixtures, 21.68, and 32.25% in 'Arid' and 'Grasslands Garland', respectively. Zoysiagrass coverage was favored in lower mowing height, lower N rates, and lower traffic. Interaction effects on zoysiagrass were found between tall fescue variety and nitrogen rate, tall fescue variety and mowing height, and traffic and nitrogen rate. Zoysiagrass shoot density was 7.42, 25.47, and 58.95% for mowing heights of 6.5, 5, and 3.5 cm, respectively; and it was 47.27, 20.27, and 26.26% for N rates of 0, 50, and $100\;Kg\;ha^{-l}\;$, respectively in 1998. The effects on zoysiagrass shoot density from the interaction of N rate and tall fescue variety was significant in 1998. Shoot density responded to the N rate, mowing height, and traffic differently from the ground coverage, indicating that shoot and leaf growth have different adaptation strategies.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1992

These experiments were designed to investigate the effects of glycosaminoglycans(GAGs), which maybe produced by cumulus cells, on in vitro maturation process of bovine follicular oocytes. The rates of in vitro maturation of bovine oocytes were examined after incubating with the various concentrations of a hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, or heparin for 26 hours. The results obatained in these experiments were summarized as follows : 1. When the cumulus or removed oocytes treated with hyaluronic acid(200, 400, 800 and 1, 600$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml), the maturation rates of cumulus-removed oocytes were 48.6, 59.4, 68.4 and 61.3% respectively. Especially, at a concentration of 800$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, the maturation rates(68.8%) of cumulus-removed oocytes were slightly lower than that(78.3%) of cumulus-enclosed oocytes. However, the treatment of hyaluronic acid showed significantly higher maturation rates compared to that(48.4%) of control group of cumulus-removed oocytes(p<0.05). Therefore, these results suggest thate hyaluronic acid had a beneficial effect on maturation of bovine follicular oocytes. 2. The maturation rate of cumulus-free oocytes treated with chondroitin sulfate(200, 400, 800 and 1, 600$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) was 52.3, 56.1, 55.9 and 52.2% respectively. These rates were not different from those(52.9%) of control group. However, these rates in cumulus-free oocytes were significantly lower than that(79.0%) in cumulus-enclosed oocytes(p<0.01). Therefore, these results suggest that chondroitin sulfate do not affect on the maturation of oocytes. 3. In cumulus-free oocytes cultured with different heparin concentration, the maturation rates were ranged from 48.5 to 52.1%, showing no differencies from that(50.7%) of control group. However, these rates were significantly lower than 80.0% in cumulus-enlosed oocytes(p<0.01). 4. The nuclear maturaton of oocytes was increased by treatment of each of three glycosaminoglycans(hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, and heparin). In addition, the treatment of mixed together showed the significant additive effect. Hyaluronic acid was more effective than chondroitin sulfate and heparin were.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.151-156
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• 2010

For industrialization of the hard clams, Meretrix petechiails (Lamarck), spawning was induced per spawning induction technique in the artificial maturation group administered of parent maturation control and the natural maturation group of which parents were transported for artificial spawning per time period. Then, fertilization rates, hatching rates and D-shaped larva development rates were investigated. In addition, growth and survival rates of larvae were investigated per larva breeding technique. The results of spawning induction by exposure in the artificial maturation group indicated that response rates were relatively higher at 23% and 32% respectively at the 4th hour and the 8th hour of exposure. In terms of water temperature increase, responses began only when the temperature reached $28^{\circ}C$ or higher. In the experiment group administered with both exposure and water temperature increase techniques, response rate was found to be 45% or higher at the 4th hour of exposure and the temperature of $28^{\circ}C$. At the temperatures of 29, 30 and $31^{\circ}C$, significant differences were not observed. Therefore, it was indicated that the response rates of parent hard clams were higher toward water temperature increase than exposure time. As for spawning induction per time period of the transported parent group, response rate and D-shaped larva development rate were the highest at 67.6% and 96% respectively on August 6, 2009. In terms of water temperatures during larva breeding experiment, growth was faster as water temperature was higher. In addition, growth and survival rates were relatively higher at the salinity of 25. In terms of stocking density, growth and survival rates were relatively higher at 5 inds./mL.