• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.203-209
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• 1974

This study is intended to comparison of the recent ideal number of children and atrial approach for analyzing value system for children that form attitude affecting birth control with earlier study conducted 10 years ago. In general the traditional fertility pattern of Korea may be considered as 'early marriage and high fertility' backed by the confucian value system of a farming-oriented country. A selective attitude favoring sons contributes substantially to fertility. But Korea is now moving toward a late marriage and fertility pattern. This has been due to the repid introduction of western culture and a partial acceptance of western value systems, a relative weakening of traditional value systems, a gradual increase in infant and child servival rates thresh medicines, and a desire to avoid having too many children because of economic poverty. This study showed following results: Ideal number of sons and daughters in urban area was decreased by 0.2 respectively compared to earlier study. In rural area, the number of decrease of sons and daughters was 0.5 and 0.2 respectively. The conception concerning Happiness has changed to wealth from health in previous opinion. Regarding attitude toward having sons, 98 percent of them wanted to have sons positively, moreover 10 percent of them wanted two or more sons. Regarding reasons for the wanting sons, we see that economic and traditional considerations, such as dependance in old age, and inheritance of the family line, are a principle concern of about 56 percent in both areas. The rate of dependence in old age was decreased conspicuously compare to previous study while the rate of helding rituals was increased remarkably in rural area. Among reasons for limiting family size. 'for better living and for better education for their children were main rasons reted 46 percent in urban, 51 percent in rural areas. The rates were not changed compare to previous study. Regarding attitude of those who have no son or children, the rate of re-marriage with second wife was decreased remarkably in rural area and the rate of living without special behaivor for having son was increased compare to previous study.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제4권4호
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• pp.297-300
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• 1996

LBD-001, a recombinant human interferon $\gamma$ produced by genetically engineered yeast as a host system, was administered intraperitoneally to Sprague-Dawley male rats from premating to mating period at least for 60 days and to female rats from at least for 2 weeks before mating to early gestation period (from day 0 to 7 of gestation) at dose levels of $0.35\times10^6, 0.39\times10^6, and 1.38\times10^6$ I.U./kg/day. In the positive control group, ethynylestradiol ($EE_2$; 40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day) was subcutaneously administered only to female rats during the early gestation period. Effects of the test agents on reproductive performances of the male or female rats and embryonic development were as followings; (1) No significant changes by the treatment of LBD-001 were observed in general behaviors, body weight, food and water consumption, and necropsy of parent animals. However, significant decreases of body weight, food consumption, and water consumption were observed in ($EE_2$ -treated female rats. (2) Mating performances and fertility of parent animals were not significantly affected by the treatment of LBD-001. In ($EE_2$ -treated females, however, the fertility was completely inhibited. (3) No changes in resorption rate and external abnormality of F1 fetuses were observed by the treatment of LBD-001. The results show that LBD-001 at the dose of $1.38\times10^6$ I.U./kg/day or less does not affect general toxicity and reproductive function of parent animals and embryonic development of F1 fetuses.

• 한국인구학
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.39-77
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• 1984

It has been well known that the family pjanning programme has a great deal with declining fertility in Korea. The present study was aimed to measure the impact of family planning program me on fertility level. The specific objectives are to overview the demographic changes ncluding fertility declining and to calculate actual number of birth averted during the last 20 years. The data used for the present study was collected from various sources such as service statistics of the government, survey and research reports, and other related papers. The tool used for calculation of birth prevention was "Standard Couple Years of Protection (SCYP) Method" developed by M Gorosh. The major findings are summarized as follows ; Total of family planning acceptors from 1962 to 1982 was 9,556,153. On the basis of this data, total of averted births was calculated for eachcontraceptive Method ; 1.Oral pills, total number of acceptors from 1968 to 1982 was 2.347,259. Estimated number of birth averted was 272 ,303 .70 and the Coefficient of births prevention per acceptor turned out to be 0.114 2.Condoms, total number of birth acceptors from 1962 to 1982 was 2,874,216. Estimated number of birth averted was 220,495.30 and the coefficient of births prevention per acceptor turned out to be 0.077. 3.IUD, total number of acceptors from 1962 to 1982 was 5,101 .650. Estimated number of birth averted was 1,377,584.76 and the coefficient of births prevention per acceptor turned out to be 0.270. 4.Vasectomy, total number of acceptors from 1962 to 1982 was 556,508. Estimated number of birth averted was 626 ,128 .80 and the coefficient of births prevention per acceptor turned out to be 1.125. 5.Tubaligation total number of birth acceptors from 1972 to 1982 was 1 210,775. Estimated number of birth averted was 1 ,117 679.00 and thecoefficient of birtlts prevention per acceptor turned nut to be 0.923. 6.Abortion, total number of acceptors from 1973 to 1982 was 465,525. Estimated number of birth averted was 355 ,283 .60 and the coefficient of births prevention per acceptor turned out to be 0.763.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.108-113
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• 2020

Objective: Endometrial fibrosis, the primary pathological feature of intrauterine adhesion, may lead to disruption of endometrial tissue structure, menstrual abnormalities, infertility, and recurrent pregnancy loss. At present, no ideal therapeutic strategy exists for this fibrotic disease. Eupatilin, a major pharmacologically active flavone from Artemisia, has been previously reported to act as a potent inducer of dedifferentiation of fibrotic tissue in the liver and lung. However, the effects of eupatilin on endometrial fibrosis have not yet been investigated. In this study, we present the first report on the impact of eupatilin treatment on transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-induced endometrial fibrosis. Methods: The efficacy of eupatilin on TGF-β-induced endometrial fibrosis was assessed by examining changes in morphology and the expression levels of fibrosis markers using immunofluorescence staining and quantitative real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results: Eupatilin treatment significantly reduced the fibrotic activity of TGF-β-induced endometrial fibrosis in Ishikawa cells, which displayed more circular shapes and formed more colonies. Additionally, the effects of eupatilin on fibrotic markers including alpha-smooth muscle actin, hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha, collagen type I alpha 1 chain, and matrix metalloproteinase-2, were evaluated in TGF-β-induced endometrial fibrosis. The expression of these markers was highly upregulated by TGF-β pretreatment and recovered to the levels of control cells in response to eupatilin treatment. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that suppression of TGF-β-induced signaling by eupatilin might be an effective therapeutic strategy for the treatment of endometrial fibrosis.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.510-516
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• 2011

Salt-affected soils are present in Pakistan in significant quantity. This experiment was conducted to assess the effectiveness of compost for reclamation and compare its efficiency with gypsum. For this purpose, various combinations of compost and gypsum were used to evaluate their efficacy for reclamation. A saline-sodic field having $pH_s$ 8.90, $EC_e$ $5.94dS\;m^{-1}$ and SAR $34.5(mmol\;L^{-1})^{1/2}$, SP (saturation percentage) 42.29% and texture Sandy clay loam, gypsum requirement (GR) $8.75Mg\;ha^{-1}$ was selected for this study. The experiment comprised of seven treatments (control, gypsum alone, compost alone and different combinations of compost and gypsum based on soil gypsum requirements). Inorganic and organic amendments (gypsum and compost) were applied to a saline sodic soil. Rice and wheat crops were grown. Soil samples were collected from each treatment after the harvest of both crops and analyzed for chemical properties (electrical conductivity, soil reaction and sodium adsorption ratio) and fertility status (organic matter, available phosphorus and potassium contents) of soil. Results of this study revealed that compost and gypsum improved chemical properties (electrical conductivity, soil reaction and sodium adsorption ratio) of saline sodic soil to the desired levels. Similarly, all parameters of soil fertility like organic matter, available phosphorus and potassium contents were built up with the application of compost and gypsum.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.210-217
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• 2024

Objective: This study investigated the efficacy of different concentrations of gelatin supplementation in long-term semen extender on boar semen quality during storage for 10 days at 17℃. Additionally, oxytocin was added to stored semen to enhance fertility. Methods: In Experiment 1, boar semen was collected, diluted with gelatin at concentrations between 0% and 2.5% (w/v) and mixed with a semen extender. Then, it was kept in a refrigerator at 17℃ and stored for 10 days. In Experiment 2, the sperm quality was examined after adding 0, 5, and 10 IU oxytocin per artificial insemination dose to the most effective semen extender from Experiment 1 and placing it in a refrigerator at 17℃ for 10 days. In Experiment 3, the fertility potential in terms of non-return rate and litter size was determined using the most effective solid-stored semen supplemented with oxytocin. Results: The results indicated that sperm quality decreased with increasing storage time (p<0.05). The sperm quality in terms of total motility, progressive motility, and viable sperm with intact acrosomes and high mitochondrial potential was the highest with 1.5% gelatin supplementation (p<0.001) on all days of storage. Treatment with oxytocin did not affect sperm quality (p>0.05). The non-return rate and litter size after insemination with semen supplemented with 1.5% gelatin and 10 IU of oxytocin after 8 to 10 days of storage were comparable to those of the control group (p>0.05). Conclusion: A semen extender as a solid medium supplemented with 1.5% gelatin successfully preserved boar semen for a long storage duration. Treatment with oxytocin did not affect sperm quality. In addition, the fertility capacity using 1.5% gelatin with 10 IU oxytocin and stored for 8 to 10 days was acceptable and comparable to that of short-term storage.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2014

Objective: In search of an ideal method of assisted hatching (AH), we compared the effects of conventional micropipette-AH and laser-AH on the blastocyst formation rate (BFR) and blastocyst cell numbers. Methods: Four-to five-week-old ICR female mice were paired with male mice after superovulation using Pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and hCG. The two-cell embryos were flushed from the oviducts of female mice. The retrieved two-cell embryos underwent one of five AH procedures: single mechanical assisted hatching (sMAH); cross mechanical assisted hatching (cMAH); single laser assisted hatching (sLAH); quarter laser assisted hatching (qLAH); and quarter laser zona thinning assisted hatching (qLZT-AH). After 72 hours incubation, double immunofluorescence staining was performed. Results: Following a 72 hours incubation, a higher hatching BFR was observed in the control, sMAH, cMAH, and sLAH groups, compared to those in the qLAH and qLZT-AH groups (p<0.05). The hatched BFR was significantly higher in the qLAH and qLZT-AH groups than in the others (p<0.05 for each group). The inner cell mass (ICM) was higher in the control and sMAH group (p<0.05). The trophectoderm cell number was higher in the cMAH and qLAH groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: Our results showed that the hatched BFR was higher in groups exposed the the qLAH and qLZT-AH methods compared to groups exposed to other AH methods. In the qLAH group, although the total cell number was significantly higher than in controls, the ICM ratio was significantly lower in than controls.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.275-278
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• 1992

One hundred sixty three (163) animals were used in $2{\times}2$ and $3{\times}2$ factorial experiment in randomized complete block design (RCBD) to determine the effect of clitoral stimulation during timed inseminations on the fertility of Philippine swamp buffaloes (carabaos). There were 3 separate trials conducted with two treatment groups per trial : control and with 30 second clitoral stimulation after each insemination. Parity, tone of uterus and site of semen deposition were also used as criteria in subdividing the main groups. The pregnancy rates of animals that received clitoral stimulation were significantly (p<0.05 or p<0.01) higher than those of control for both caraheifers (52.98 vs 31.41%) and caracows (52.68 vs 27.07%) ; under all uterine conditions : tone 1 (53.33 vs 31.75%), tone 2 (35.83 vs 22.82%) and tone 3 (75.65 vs 42.44%) ; and in both site of semen placement, cervix (43.99 vs 22.85%) and uterus (60.92% vs 37.81%). Fertility was also significantly (p<0.05) higher when semen was deposited in the uterus (49.37%) than in the cervix (33.42%). Interaction effect was insignificant. Clitoral stimulation should be utilized as a routine procedure following artificial insemination in carabaos.

• 한국인구학
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.14-31
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• 1988

The national family planning program in Korea, which was instituted as an integral part of the nation's economic development plans since 1962, has contributed greatly to a reduction in the fertility and population growth rate. The total fertility rate dipped from 6.0 births per women in 1960 to 2.0 in 1985, and the population growth rate rom 2.84 percent per year to 1.25 percent during the same period, while the contraceptive practice rate for the 15-44 married women increased from 9 percent in 1965 to 70 percent in 1985. Study findings indicate that the fertility reduction in the past 26 years is largely attributed to the virgorous implementation of the national family planning program, rising age at marriage, wide-spread use of induced abortion, and the changes in attitude regarding the value of children that came into being in the wake of the rapid socio-economic development over the period. Among the strengths of the national family planning program are the following : 1) a pluralistic system of program manageent with active participation of various government and voluntary organizations, 2) utilization of a large corps of family planning field workers to conduct face-to-face communication and motivation activities, 3) use of private physicians with government support to provide contraceptive services, 4) a systematic program management system including program planning of traget allocation, evaluation, and supervision with a broad MIS and award system, 5) numerous incentive and disincentive schemes for stimulating the small family norm and contraceptive use, and 6) strong commitments to the family planning program by political leaders. The new demographic targets during the Sixth Five-Year Economic and Social Development plan period(1987-91) have been set for a further reduction in the population growth rate to 1.0 percent by 1993, assuming that the TFR will decline to 1.75 level in 1995. This target is, however, not easy to achieve due to anticipated unfavorable factors like the strong boy preference, high discontinuation rates of reversible contraceptive methods, fertility termination-oriented contraceptive use, a plateau level of contraceptive practice rate that has mostly accounted for a sterilization, shortened length of birth intervals, and the changing patterns of contraceptive mix. The recent changes in contraceptive and fertility behaviors clearly indicate that the past quantity-oriented management system of the national program should be redirected toward a quality-oriented approach. Particularly, program efforts should be expanded to recruit new contraceptive users in the 20s of younger age groups, both for birth spacing and controlling their fertility since the women aged 20 to 29 account for more than 80 percent of the total annual births in recent years. In addition, the current contraceptive fee system of the national family planning program should be gradually shifted from free contraceptive services to a acceptor's charge system, and the provision of contraceptive services through the medical insurance system, which will cover the entire population by 1989, should be accelerated as a means of integration of family planning program with other health programs.

• 한국인구학
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.182-227
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• 1998

정부는 1960년대 초기의 높은 인구증가율이 경제개발의 저해 요인임을 인식하여 1962년부터 시작되는 5개년 단우의 경제개발 장기계획의 일환으로 가족계획사업을 출산조절정책 수단으로 수용하였다. 초창기부터 가족계획사업은 정부의 보건조직망을 통하여 가족계획요원에 의한 피임보급 활동과 지정시술의사에 의한 자궁내장치 및 불임시술 서비스 등이 무료로 제공되었고 특히 피임방법별 목표량 제도와 규제 및 보상 등 사회제도적 지원시책으로 1980년대까지 지속적으로 사업이 강화되었다. 민간단체의 지원활동으로는 대한가족계획협회에 의한 계몽교육사업과 한국 보건사회연구원(초창기에는 가족계획연구원)에 의한 사업평가 및 조사연구사업이 활발히 이루어 졌다. 결과적으로 1960년에 6명 수준이던 합계출산율이 1980년대 중반에 대치수준(2.1)으로 저하되어 30년도 못되는 단기간에 인구전환을 이룩하는 획기적인 성과를 갖게 되었다. 그후 합계출산율은 1.6에서 1.7 범위의 저출산을 유지하고 있으며 이러한 수준이 지속된다면 현 1% 미만인 인구성장률은 2028년에 총인구가 5,060만 수준에서 그 성장을 멈추고 그 후로는 인구의 감소가 초래될 것으로 예상된다. 이에 정부는 1996년 6월에 기존의 인구억제정책을 전면적으로 폐지하고 인구자질향상에 역점을 두는 방향으로 공식적인 정책전환을 이룩하였다. 한편 남아선호사상 등 영향으로 태아의 성감별에 의한 성선별적 인공임신중절로 인하여 출생성비의 불균형이 심화되고 유배우 부인의 인공임신중절도 아직 상당수준으로 높게 지속되고 있어 삶의질 차원에서의 새로운 인구자질향상 정책이 특히 모자보건과 노인보건을 포함하는 전반적인 국민건강증진 프로그램과 함께 더욱 효과적으로 추진되어 복지사회 구현에 기여할 수 있는 사업으로 발전되는 것이 바람직할 것이다.