• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2014

Phase transition properties of the copolymer films of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and trifluoroethylene(TrFE), P(VDF-TrFE), were studied with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and polarization modulated ellipsometry (PME). XRD studies on both Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films and spin coated films exhibit conversions from ferroelectric phase to paraelectric phase at $108{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ on heating and paraelectric phase to ferroelectric phase at $78{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ on cooling. The presence of the ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition is also confirmed by the PME technique for the first time in this study. PME was proved to be a very sensitive tool in the measurement of the structural changes at the nano-thickness films.

• ETRI Journal
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.677-684
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• 2005

A phased array antenna was fabricated using four-element ferroelectric phase shifters with a coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line structure based on a $Ba_{0.6}Sr_{0.4}TiO_3(BST)/MgO$ structure. Epitaxial BST films were deposited on MgO (001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition. To attain the large differential phase shift and small losses for a ferroelectric CPW phase shifter, an impedance-matching-part adding technique between the effective transmission line and connecting cable was used. The return loss and insertion loss for this techniqueadapted BST CPW device were improved with respect to those for a normal BST CPW device. For an X-band phased array antenna system consisting of ferroelectric BST CPW phase shifters, power divider, dc block, patch antenna, and programmed dc power, the steering beam could be tilted by $15^{\circ}$ in either direction.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.297-300
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• 2012

Lead-free (1-x)$(Na_{0.5}K_{0.5})NbO_3-xLiNbO_3$, i.e., NKN-LNx (x=0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 mol) was prepared using the conventional solid state reaction method. The effects of LN mixing on the ferroelectric properties of NKN-LNx ceramics were studied using a dielectric constant and P-E (Polarization-electric field) measurements. Ferroelectricity was observed in the composition for x approximately varying between 0.0 and 0.4. Minimum remanent polarization $2P_r=5C/cm^2$ was achieved in the composition for x = 0.2. The ferroelectric phase transition temperature $T_C$ increased with increasing LN content. The ferroelectric phase transition of NKN-LNx ($x{\geq}0.1$) is a second-order phase transition, and that of NKN-LNx ($x{\leq}0.2$) is a first-order phase transition. These results indicate that the ferroelectric phase transition temperature of NKN-LNx change from that of second-order to weak first-order phase transition according to the LN content.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.60-65
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• 2014

This article explains the experimental results of ferroelectric polarization switching (FPS) of potassium nitrate ($KNO_3$) with different polymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) using simple melt-press techniques. To analyze the ferroelectric polarization switching in potassium nitrate ($KNO_3$) composite films at room temperature, we applied the Ishibashi and Takagi theory (based on Avrami model) to the switching current transient. To investigate the dimensionality of domain growth, the ferroelectric polarization switching current (FPS current) was observed from the square - wave bipolar signals across a resistance of $0.1k{\Omega}$ in series with the composite films. The existence of a switching current transient pulse confirmed the ferroelectricity and indicated the stability of the ferroelectric phase (phase III) of $KNO_3$ at room temperature. Polarization hysteresis (P-E) characteristics supported the prominent features of ferroelectric polarization switching in the composite films at room temperature.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.523-546
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• 2022

Morphotropic phase boundary (MPB), which is a special boundary that separates two or multiple different phases in the phase diagram of some ferroelectric ceramics, is an important concept in identifying physics that includes piezoelectric responses. MPB, which had not been discovered in organic materials until recently, was discovered in poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene (P(VDF-TrFE)), resulting from a molecular approach. The piezoelectric coefficient of P(VDF-TrFE) in this MPB region was achieved up to -63.5 pC N^-1, which is about two times as large as the conventional value of -30 pC N^-1 of P(VDF-TrFE). An order-disorder arrangement greatly affects the rise of the piezoelectric effect and the ferroelectric, paraelectric and relaxor ferroelectric of P(VDF-TrFE), so the arrangement and shape of the polymer chain is important. In this review, we investigate the origin of negative longitudinal piezoelectric coefficients of piezoelectric polymers, which is definitely opposite to those of common piezoelectric ceramics. In addition to the mainly discussed issue about MPB behaviors of ferroelectric polymers, we also introduce the consideration about polymer chirality resulting in relaxor ferroelectric properties. When the physics of ferroelectric polymers is unveiled, we can improve the piezoelectric and pyroelectric properties of ferroelectric polymers and contribute to the development of next-generation sensor, energy, transducer and actuator applications.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.915-921
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• 1995

The morphotropic phase boundary and phase transitions of the solid solutiion system, (1-x)(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3-PbTiO3＋xPbTiO3 were studied by investigating changes in crystal structure, variations in permittivity with temperature, and calorimetric behavior. It was observed that the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) of this solid solutiion system was at near 14 mol% of PbTiO3. Compositions containing less than 10mol% PbTiO3 (x<0.1) exhibited a phase transition, i.e. ferroelectric rhombohedrallongrightarrowparaelectric paraelectric cubic, with increasing temperature. Composition containing more than 14 mol% PbTiO3 (x 0.14) showed a phase transition from ferroelectric tetragonal to paraelectric cubic. In the composition range of 0.1$\varepsilon$ (T) curve, which coincided with a phase transition from ferroelectric rhombohedral to an intermediate phase, was also found.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2004.07c
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• pp.2014-2016
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• 2004

In order to obtain a low-loss ferroelectric phase shifter, the reflection-type phase shifter with ferroelectric defected ground structure (DGS) resonators has been designed in this paper. The proposed phase shifter is consist of a 3-dB $90^{\circ}$ branch-line hybrid coupler and terminated reflective circuit with tunable ferroelectric DGS resonator. The ferroelectric DGS unit structure can provide high Q resonator characteristic at high frequencies. The design parameters of equivalent circuit for the tunable DGS resonator are derived by using simple circuit analysis method and three-dimensional full wave finite element method. The fabricated phase shifter has an insertion loss of better than 3.4dB at 13.5GHz.

• Proceedings of the Korea Crystallographic Association Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.18-18
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• 2002

Although it was suggested in 1962 that an efficient wavelength conversion could be achieved using ferroelectric crystals of periodic 180° domains, it was not until 1990's that quasi-phase-matching (QPM) became realized, as technology for periodic poling of LiNbO₃ crystals was readily available. Since ferroelectric domain inversion brings about change of the sign of second-order nonlinear susceptibility, periodically poled ferroelectric structures provide an ideal way of achieving QPM for second-harmonic generation and optical parametric oscillation. Periodically poled ferroelectric domains can also be utilized for optical devices, such as Brags electrooptic modulators. fabrication of stable periodic domain structures depends on a number of poling parameters of a ferroelectric crystal, such as coercive field, internal field and electrical conductivity. We present poling kinetics of KNbO₃ crystals, which involve domain nucleation and growth, backswitching, relaxation of internal field. Optimum poling conditions were established by designing a proper wave shape of external field. We demonstrate an efficient second-harmonic generation using QPM in a periodically poled KNbO₃ crystal.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.394-399
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• 2006

Ferroelectric $HoMnO_3$ thin films were deposited on the Si(100) substrate at $700^{\circ}C$ for 2 hrs by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) and post-annealed at 850oC by rapid thermal process (RTP). Electrical properties and crystalline phases of $HoMnO_3$ thin films were investigated as a function of postannealing time. Single phase of hexagonal symmetry with c-axis preferred orientation was obtained from $HoMnO_3$ thin films post-annealed at $850^{\circ}C$ for 5 min, while the c-axis preferred orientation was decreased with the increase of post-annealing time, and the thin films post-annealed at $850^{\circ}C$ for 15 min showed the mixture phases of hexagonal and orthorhombic symmetry. P-E (Polarization-Electric field) hysteresis loop of ferroelectric $HoMnO_3$ thin films was observed only for the single phase of hexagonal symmetry, but that was not observed for the mixture phases of the hexagonal and orthorhombic symmetry, which was discussed with the bond valence of Mn ion of crystalline phase. Leakage current density was dependent on the microstructure of thin films as well as the change of valence of Mn ion.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.500-504
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• 1997

Perovskite Pb0.7Ba0.3Zn1/3Nb2/3O3 substituted with 0.3 mole fraction for Pb-site in PbZn1/3Nb2/3O3 relaxor and pyrochlore Pb1.83Ba0.29Zn1.71Nb2/3O6.39 were mixed and dielectric characteristics of this composites were investigated. Percolation limit of perovskite phase, which was determined by microstructural observation in the composite as an isolation of perovskite phase from pyrochlore matrix, was 28.9-47.5 vol%. Ferroelectric phase transition below percolation limit depends on a parameter which affects the propagation of lattice vibration between isolated perovskite phase and pyrochlore matrix. Therefore, it is believed that ferroelectric lattice vibration of isolated perovskite phase could be transfered to pyrochlore matrix when the oxygen octahedra are linked in 3-dimension and highly polarizable Pb2+ ions are contained in both phases.