• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.281-289
• /
• 2005

This study investigated the effect of dried food-waste diets(FW) fermented by Aspergillus oryzae(AO), on broiler growth performance, $NH_3$, emission and fecal microflora. Three hundreds broilers, two week old Hubbard strain, were randomly allotted to 4 experiments and fed with standards early boiler diet replaced with FW and AFW. In experiment 1, eighty four broilers were distributed into 7 treatments with 4 pens at 3 birds per replicate(pen). The dietary treatments ; T1 was com-soy bean meal based broiler diet(Control), T2, T3, T4 were for basal diet replaced with dried food waste without AO(FW) at the level of 20, 40 and $60\%$, respectively and T5, T6 and T7 followed the same levels for the basal diet but using Aspergillus oryzae inoculate food-waste(AFW). For experiments 2, 3, 4, seventy two broilers were distributed into 6 treatments with 4 pens at 3 birds per replicate(pen), respectively. The dietary treatments were the com-soy bean meal based broiler diet replacement with different combinations of FW and AFW, 1:0, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 0:1. at level of 20, 40 and $60\%$, respectively. In Exp. 1, it tended to be decreased in weight gain, however, there were no statistical differences among treatments except FW $60\%$ level of replacement(p<0.05). Feed intake and feed efficiency was not different among treatments. Total bacterial counts were not different between the control and FW diet, but E. coli decreased as the AFW levels of replacement were increased(p<0.05). There were no differences in weight gain, feed intake and feed efficiency among treatments in Exp. 2 and weight gains were lower fur FW diet compared with the control and AFW diet in Exp. 3(p<0.05). In Exp. 4, there were no differences in feed intakes among treatments, but lower in weight gain and feed efficiency in FW diet than that the control. In experiment 3, the $NH_3$ emission was the highest among treatments in FW/AFW 1:0 diet(p<0.05). From these results, it seems that FW would be supplemented up to $20\%$ in broiler diets and AO culture extract could improve FW value as feed supplements.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.130-138
• /
• 1976

In order to utilize the agricultural waste products, two strains of mold producing powerful cellulolytic enzyme were sereened from various soils, composts, rotten wood and others. The optimum condition of cellulase production was studied. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. Two strains of mold which showed remarkably high cellulolytic activity were identified as Aspergillus niger-SM 6 and Trichoderma viride-SM 10. 2. The highest cellulase production was obtained at pH 5.0-6.0 in 5 days. 3. Cellulase production in strain Aspergillus niger-SM 6 increased with the addition of C.M.C., $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, C.S.L., orange peel powder and rice hull. The rice hull, treated with 3N NaOH at $120^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. and neutralized with various acids, was used. Up to 50% of wheat bran could be substituted by the treated rice hull without any decrease of cellulase activity. 4. In the strain of Trichoderma viride-SM 10, cellulase production increased with the addition of C.M.C., $NH_4NO_3$, Vitamin-free casamino acid and orange peel powder, while the other carbon, nitrogen, phosphate sources, natural nutrients and organic substances gave no remarkable effect.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.48 no.4
• /
• pp.361-365
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted to isolate and identify a microorganism that increases tricin-O-(threo-${\beta}$-guaiacylglyceryl) ether (TTGE) content in the hulls of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Bacteria from germinated rice were isolated by enrichment cultivation using yeast mold, luria bertani, potato dextrose and mannitol egg york polymyxin broths. The highest increase in TTGE content ($339.30{\mu}g/g$) was achieved by a microorganism isolated by PDA enrichment cultivation. On the basis of 16S RNA sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis, the isolated bacterium was identified to have 100% similarity with Burkholderia vietnamiensis. The isolated bacteria were short rods, negative for the Gram stain, and positive for the catalase test. The highest TTGE level was $435.86{\mu}g/g$ in 72-h fermented samples, representing a 2.5x increase compared with the control ($175.65{\mu}g/g$). In conclusion, the bacterium isolated from germinated rice extract was Burkholderia vietnamiensis, and the optimum fermentation period to maximize TTGE levels was 72 h. These findings might help in developing functional materials using rice hulls, a waste product of rice milling.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.117-122
• /
• 1975

In order to utilize the agricultural waste products for animal feeds, studies have been made concerning the production of cellulase of Irpex lacteus and its properties of crude enzyme, and summarized as follows. 1. At the production of cellulase, the culture of wheat bran added with rice bran was more active than any other cultures. 2. The optimum incubation time is 5 days in shaking culture. 3. The optimum condition of reaction in saccharification with CMC were obtained the following results. 1) The optimum pH was within the range of from 3.5 to 4.0 and stable within 3.0 to 6.0. 2) The optimum temperature was $40^{\circ}C$ and thermal stability was below $40^{\circ}C$. 3) The optimum reaction time was 2 hours. 4) The optimum crude enzyme concentration was 50%V/V and substrate concentration 1%.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.109-116
• /
• 1975

In order to utilize the agricultural waste products for animal feeds, two high xylanase producing mold strains were selected from various sources of samples. The optimum conditions of xylanase production and the characteristics of the mold enzyme were investigated,and summarized as follows. 1. Two Aspergillus niger strains (experimental No. 1701 and 430) showed the high xylanase activity. 2. The highest xylanase production was obtained at pH 5.0-6.0 in two days. 3. Xylanase production in strain 1701 was increase with the addition of carboxy methyl cellulose, $NH_4H_2PO_4$ and corn steep liquor as carbon sources and natural nutrients, as respectively, while the other carbon, nitrogen, phosphate sources, natural nutrients and minerals gave no remarkable effect. In the strain 430, the enzyme procuction was not effected with the above substrate sources. 4. Maximum xylan hydrolysis reaction with the crude enzyme extract (33.3% v/v) was obtained in the 2% substrate concentration at pH 5.0 and $60^{\circ}C$ in three hours in both strains. 5. Maximum xylan hydrolysis rate was 95% at the optimum conditions for xylanase activity.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.58 no.9
• /
• pp.34.1-34.9
• /
• 2016

Background: By-products of pickled radish (BPR) are considered food waste. Approximately 300 g/kg of the total mass of raw materials becomes BPR. Production of pickled radish has grown continuously and is presently about 40,000 metric tons annually in Korea. The objective of the present study was thus to explore the possibility of using BPR as a ruminant feed ingredient. Results: BPR contained a large amount of moisture (more than 800 g/kg) and ash, and comprised mostly sodium (103 g/kg DM) and chloride (142 g/kg DM). On a dry matter basis, the crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) levels in BPR were 75 g/kg and 7 g/kg, respectively. The total digestible nutrient (TDN) level was 527 g/kg and the major portion of digestible nutrients was carbohydrate; 88 % organic matter (OM) was carbohydrate and 65 % of total carbohydrate was soluble or degradable fiber. The coefficient of variation (CV) of nutrient contents among production batches ranged from 4.65 to 33.83 %. The smallest CV was observed in OM, and the largest, in EE. The variation in CP content was relatively small (10.11 %). The storage stability test revealed that storage of BPR at $20^{\circ}C$ (room temperature) might not cause spoilage for 4 d, and possibly longer. If BPR is refrigerated, spoilage can be deferred for 21 d and longer. The in vitro ruminal fermentation study showed that substitution of annual ryegrass straw with BPR improved ruminal fermentation, as evidenced by an increase in VFA concentration, DM degradability, and total gas production. Conclusion: The major portion of nutrients in BPR is soluble or degradable fiber that can be easily fermented in the rumen without adverse effects, to provide energy to ruminant animals. Although its high sodium chloride content needs to be considered when formulating a ration, BPR can be successfully used as a feed ingredient in a ruminant diet, particularly if it is one component of a total mixed ration.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.242-248
• /
• 2007

To find a feasibility of utilization of food waste slurry (FWS) generated during composting, FWS was combined with pig manure slurry (PMS) in various ratios and the change of nutrient contents and offensive odor of the combined slurries before and after fermentation were studied. The initial pH was 7.67 for PMS and 8.45 for FWS. However, during the fermentation, pH increased in the combined slurries with the higher FWS rate among the treatments while decreased in thosewith higher PMS rate. EC of each slurry sample showed that the difference among combined slurry samples has been reduced during fermentation and became stabilized in $21{\sim}23dS\;m^{-1}$ after 180 days. After 180 days fermentation, total nitrogen (T-N) decreased. T-N of mixture with a half and more FWS decreased up to 0.1%, less than the critical level (0.3%). The contents of O.M., T-N, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium decreased with fermentation while those of potash and salinity increased. From initial fermentation until 30 days, a lot of $NH_3$, as an offensive odor, was produced. However, it decreased steadily, except in higher PMS rate. In terms of producing $50{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ of $NH_3$, the top layer took 30 days after fertilization with FWS only, 45 days for utilized treatment with F75 (25 % of PMS), 75 days for utilized with F50 (50%) and F25 (75%) and 90 days for PMS only, respectively. $RNH_2$ also had similar trend with $NH_3$ but it was produced continuously as long fermentation proceeded. In terms of $RNH_2$, the decrease in concentration up to $50{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$ were; 45 days for FWS only(F100), 105 days for F75 utilization, 120 daysfor F50, 165 days for F25, respectively. ethyl mercaptan was produced in PMS until 180 days after fertilization but it was not produced in FWS. Sensory tests as an integrated test of offensive odor were also done. FWS showed lower than 1 after 30 days from initial fermentation, while PMS had still offensive odor even up to 180 days from initial fermentation. It is probably affected by the continuous production of ethyl mercaptan and amines. However, considering in decrease T-N content caused by volatilization while offensive odor intensity according to official standard of fertilizer is lower than 2. Further study on controlling offensive odor needs to be done.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.38 no.10
• /
• pp.1422-1429
• /
• 2009

Alaska pollock roe is mainly used as a raw material for fermented seafood, especially in the East Asia. Kernels of Alaska pollock roe are not valuable as a raw material and usually discarded as a waste product. In order to utilize the broken roes of Alaska pollock, the smoked product, a imitated sausage, was manufactured for commercial production. Texture intensity (hardness and gumminess) and sensory evaluation (taste and acceptability) of the smoked Alaska pollock roe packed with collagen casing were evaluated based on mixture design and regression models. At higher concentration of carrageenan and lower concentration of starch in the formula of the smoked Alaska pollock roe, higher texture intensity and sensory scores were obtained. pH values of all treatments (control, vacuum and $N_2$ packages) increased up to 6.28, 6.23 and 6.24 on 4 months of storage, respectively, and then decreased. The numbers of VBN, TBA and viable cell counts increased during storage periods, higher in control than in vacuum and $N_2$ packages. Coliform bacteria was not detected in all treatment during storage periods.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.139-144
• /
• 1976

In order to investigate the properties of enzymes from two strains of mold, reported in the previous paper, (1) studies have been made concerning the characteristics of cellulase of Aspergillus niger-SM6 and Trichoderma viride-SM10, and summarized as follows. 1. In the semi-purification the recovery of ${\beta}-glucosidase$ was the highest when 80-90% ethanol was used and 0.8 saturation of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$. 2. The characteristics of the semi-purified enzyme were as follows. Aspergillus niger-SM6 Trichoderma viride-SM10 Optimum pH 3.5 4.0 pH stability 3.0-6.0 3.0-6.0 Optimum temperature $60^{\circ}C$ $60^{\circ}C$ Heat stability below $60^{\circ}C$ below $50^{\circ}C$ Optimum reaction time 30 min. 60 min. Optimum CMC concentration 3% 3% 3. The Km values of CMCase were 0.8% and 1.01 for Aspergillus niger-SM6 and Trichoderma viride-SM10, respectively. 4. In the strain of Aspergillus niger-SM6, there were high activity of xylanase and pectinase.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
• /
• v.28 no.3
• /
• pp.207-213
• /
• 2001

The objectives or this study were to examine reed value or waste onion in duck. Experimental chicks (Cherry Valley F$_1$, 1day old, 350 chicks) were randomly assigned in 8 treatment groups, each 45 chicks, and man-aged for 7 weeks (3 kg BW, 49 days old). Treatments were control, 3%, 6% of chopped onion-fed, 5%, 10% of onion extract fed, 6% of onion meal, 3%, 6% of fermented onion-fed. Feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) high in control group, but ADG was high in 3% chopped onion-fed group. Feed requirement was very efficient in all treatment groups except 6% fermented onion-fed group. Dressing rate was high in 5% onion extract-fed group, but it was not significant. Abdominal fat was the highest in control and 6% fermented onion-fed group and lowest in 6% chopped onion-fed group. Cholesterol content was lower in all treatment groups than in control group, but it was not significantly different. Stearic acid ($C_{18:0}$) content was significantly low in all treatment group (P<0.05). However, arachidonic acid ($C_{20:4}$) content was higher in treatment group than in control group. In result, onion diet was not significantly effect on palatability, feed intake, ADG in ducks. Duck meat of onion-fed contained low cho-lesterol and high unsaturated fat content.