• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.67-72
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• 1981

This study was performed to examine the cultivation of Pleurotus florida that forms pinhead between 5 and $25^{\circ}C$, on rice straw substrates in Korea. The highest yield of P. florida sporophores was obtained from the fermented rice straw substrates added 5% rice bran to the rice straw by dry weight basis at the starting of fermentation. The pile turning of materials for uniform fermenting was made three times when the temperature of the pile reached $60^{\circ}C$ during out door composting. The $60^{\circ}C$ row steam was treated 6 hrs for pasterization of the substrates in the cultivating house. The quantity of spawn affected the mycelial growth and the yield of P. florida. The optimum amount of spawn was 10% to the rice straw by dry weight basis mixed with the substrates. P. florida produced normal sphorophores from September to middle of July of the following year.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.128-134
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• 1988

For the preparation of fermented feed with Lyophyllum decastes, optimum cultural conditions for the production of cellulase were $30^{\circ}C$, pH 6.0, 60-70% moisture content and the cultural of 15 days. Among the submaterial added, 30-40% of rice bran and 0.72% of $(NH_4)_2PHO_4$ were effective for the cellulase production and its production increased when rice straw treated with 4% alkaline peroxides. Solid state fermentation of rice straw with Lyophyllum decastes for 40 days removed 19.9% of lignin, and increased the total nitrogen content to 1.6% from 1.1%. As the fermentation proceeded, the in vitro dry matter digestibility of fermented feed was increased and it increased 21.1% after 35 days.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1568-1572
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• 2002

A 152 day trial was conducted to see the effect of feeding naturally fermented wheat straw (FWS) with either energy, protein or energy protein supplements on the growth of buffalo calves. Twenty four male buffalo calves (10-12 months old) divided in 6 equal groups were individually offered FWS as sole roughage along with either conventional concentrate mixture (conc), maize grains (M), solvent extracted mustard cake (DMC), M-DMC mixture (50:50), deoiled rice bran (DRB) or uromol bran mixture (UBM) in 70:30 ratio. The digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen retention and nutritive value was maximum in FWS:UBM followed by FWS:DMC and FWS:Conc groups. Almost, all the blood parameters were observed well within the normal range except that of blood urea (FWS:UBM) and creatinine (FWS:DMC and FWS:DRB). The dietary combination in which FWS was supplemented with only conventional protein supplement like DMC proved to be highly efficient as far as live weight gain was concerned. FWS supplemented with energy-protein combination i.e. MDMC could also be used as complete feed for growing calves in comparison to conventional feeding system.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.177-181
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• 1983

To improve cultivation technique for the stable and high yield, the outdoor fermentation of rice straw bundles, and pasteurization and fermentation of rice straw compost in tunnel were carried out. 1) Mycelial growth of P. ostreatus was becoming rapid and dense according to prolongation of fermentation periods outdoor rice straw bundles, but days untill fully mycelial growth after spawning was short. 2) As the fermentation period of rice straw bundles was 6 days (three times turning), yield of P. ostreatus was the highest as $50.5kg/3.3m^2 and increased 24% of yield than those of conventional method. 3) When it was fermented rice straw compost in tunnel for 4 days, mycelial growth of P. ostreatus was rapid and dense, and also days untill budding after spawning, was shorter, yield $67.6kg/3.3m^2$, resulted in increasing 17% of yield than those of conventional method. 4) On being sterilization and fermentation of the rice straw compost in tunnel, the production cost was decreased 22.3% in compared with conventional method.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.213-223
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• 2012

In this study, two experiments were conducted to evaluate the total mixed ration with fermented feed (TMRF) and total mixed ration (TMR) by rumen in vitro fermentation and their effects on the growth performance and blood characteristics of Hanwoo steers. In experiment 1, three Hanwoo steers ($600{\pm}47$ kg), each permanently fitted with a ruminal cannula were used. In this experiment, three diets designated as T1, TMRF (18.4% fermented feed, tall fescue, mammoth wild rye forage and whole crop barley); T2, TMRF (17.7% fermented feed, rice straw and whole crop barley); and T3, TMR (rice straw, whole crop barley and probiotics, but no fermented feed), which were subjected to rumen in vitro fermentation for 48 h. The results demonstrated that DM disappearance rate gradually increased with advancing fermentation time, but T1 and T2 were higher than the T3 (p<0.05) from 3 h to 12 h, but insignificant (p>0.05) at 24 and 48 h. None of the specific VFAs were affected except for acetic and non volatile lactic acids, which were produced more in T2 than in T1 and T3 at 24 h and 48 h of incubation. A/P was lower in T1 and T2 than inT3 at 24 h (p<0.05) and 48 h (p>0.05) of incubation. These results confirmed that TMRF-related treatment shows a superior performance to that of TMR during the ruminal fermentation period. In experiment 2, the three diets in experiment 1 plus 1 more control diet (concentrates, probiotics and 2% rice straw of body weight) were fed to the 48 Hanwoo steers ($160{\pm}10$ kg) for a period of 168 d. The results demonstrated that the daily and total live weight gain and feed efficiency were higher (p<0.05) in the TMRF and TMR groups than in the control group. SGOT, SGPT and BUN (p<0.05) were reduced in TMRF relative to the control and TMR groups by 168 d which confirmed that TMRF shows better blood profiles than the TMR and control groups. Overall, these results appear to show that TMRF has better in vitro ruminal characteristics than those of TMR; growth performance and blood profiles were also found to be superior in TMRF than in the TMR and control groups. Thus, our findings suggest that TMRF-based feed supplies are favorable for Hanwoo cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.1431-1441
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• 2018

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the effects of replacing rice straw with different proportions of cassava pulp on growth performance, feed intake, digestibility, rumen microbial population, energy partitioning and efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization in beef cattle. Methods: Eighteen yearling Thai native beef cattle (Bos indicus) with an average initial body weight (BW) of $98.3{\pm}12.8kg$ were allocated to one of three dietary treatments and fed ad libitum for 149 days in a randomized complete block design. Three dietary treatments using different proportions of cassava pulp (100, 300, and 500 g/kg dry matter basis) instead of rice straw as a base in a fermented total mixed ration were applied. Animals were placed in a metabolic pen equipped with a ventilated head box respiration system to determine total digestibility and energy balance. Results: The average daily weight gain, digestible intake and apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and non-fiber carbohydrate, total protozoa, energy intake, energy retention and energy efficiency increased linearly (p<0.05) with an increasing proportion of cassava pulp in the diet, whereas the three main types of fibrolytic bacteria and energy excretion in the urine (p<0.05) decreased. The metabolizable energy requirement for the maintenance of yearling Thai native cattle, determined by a linear regression analysis, was $399kJ/kg\;BW^{0.75}$, with an efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for growth of 0.86. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that increasing the proportion of cassava pulp up to 500 g/kg of dry matter as a base in a fermented total mixed ration is an effective strategy for improving productivity in zebu cattle.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.91-95
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• 1979

Ethanol and Xylose were produced from cellulosic agricultural waste such as rice straw and corn cob by a single-step simultaneous hydrolysis-fermentation process utilizing semi-solid culture of Trithoderma as enzyme source and Saccharomyces yeast. By this process all the hexoses prduoced by the enzyme were converted to ethanol leaving pentoses which are not fermented by the yeast. By processing 50 g of rice straw, 18 ml of ethanol and 2.7 g of xylose were produced and 50 g corn cob produced 3.8 ml of ethanol and 10.8 g of xylose. Alkali-treatment of rice straw showed little effects on the productivities of ethanol and xylose. The possible reasons are discussed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.241-248
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• 2009

Metabolic trial with 3 fistulated sheep was conducted in a 3 $\times$ 3 Latin square design and feeding trial with 24 Hanwoo steers in 12 month of age for 20 months was conducted to investigate the replacing effect of rice straw with fermented spent mushroom (Flammuliua velutipes) compost (FSMC) on fermentation characteristics, ruminal effective degradabilty and whole tract digestibility of nutrients in sheep, and to examine the growth performance of Hanwoo steers. Experimental diets for the metabolic trial with sheep were commercial concentrates and rice straw in the ratio of 70 : 30 (CON, DM basis). Same concentrate with 30% FSMC and 70% rice straw (FSMC-30) and 60% FSMC and 40% rice straw(FSMC-60). Diets for Hanwoo steers in three treatments were same as for metabolic trial in replacing ratio of rice straw with FSMC. pH of rumen fluid in sheep was not affected by FSMC. Ammonia-N content in the rumen fluid was highest in the sheep fed FSMC-60 at 3h (P<0.045). The CON diet increased (P<0.001) acetate proportion at 1h and 3h post feeding compared to FSMC-60 diet while propionate proportion was highest in the sheep fed FSMC-60 diet for all the sampling times (P<0.027~P<0.002). Increased proportion of butyrate was observed at 30 min prior to feeding (P<0.031), and 1h (P<0.011) and 6h(P<0.039) post feeding from sheep fed FSMC-30 diet compared to those from sheep fed other diets. Effective degradability in the rumen was not influenced by experimental diets. Whole tract digestibility of crude protein (P<0.031) and neutral detergent fiber (P<0.006) tended to be increased in the sheep fed CON diet while corresponding values were lowest in the sheep fed FSMC-60 diet. Total body weight gain of Hanwoo steers for 8 months was not different among diets, thus daily body gain was not influenced by the experimental diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.648-654
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• 2004

This study was carried out to assess whether feeding of alcohol-fermented feeds (AFF) affects the nutritional metabolism and growth characteristics of Korean native steers. Ten steers were randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups. The dietary treatments were AFF (50% commercial beef cattle feed+30% alcohol-fermented soybean curd dregs+20% rice straw) and control (80% commercial beef cattle feed+20% rice straw). The change of serum metabolites and growth characteristics were measured every two months during the whole twelve months experimental period and the relationships between serum metabolites and growth characteristics were simultaneously analyzed. Four hours after feeding AFF, serum alcohol concentration reached its peak with a significantly higher value than that after control feeding (11.9 and 4.9 mg/dl, respectively). Serum glucose and inorganic phosphorus (IP) concentrations (63.1 and 8.4 mg/dl, respectively) of steers fed AFF were higher than those (56.6 and 7.0 mg/dl) fed the control diet. In both treatments, the serum glucose concentration rapidly increased when body weight (BW) of the steer reached about 600kg, while IP concentrations were rapidly diminished at that BW. Lower concentrations of both blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and cholesterol were observed in steers fed AFF up to 450 kg of BW. The IP concentration was correlated with concentrations of BUN, cholesterol and glucose in AFF fed cattle but not in the cattle fed control diets. Average daily gain was higher in steers fed AFF than steers fed control, particularly during the growing stage of cattle. These findings indicated a capability of AFF to improve BW gain of Korean native steers by decreased protein degradation as well as increased fat synthesis.

• Food Quality and Culture
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.40-44
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• 2009

To evaluate the hypolipidemic effects of Cheonggukjang (CGJ), which is frequently used in Korea similar to Natto in Japan and Douchi in China like a dairy product, boiled soybeans were fermented with two Bacillus strains, B. subtilis and B. licheniforms, isolated from rice straw and their antihyperlipidemic effects of their products were investigated. Treatment with the CGJs significantly reduced blood triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels and increased HDL cholesterol levels in Triton WR-1339-induced hyperlipidemic mice. The treatment of non-fermented soybeans alone also reduced blood TG and TC levels, but not significantly. Feeding the CGJs significantly lowered high blood TG and TC levels as well as body and epididymal mass weights in hyperlipidemic mice induced by the long-term feeding of a high-fat diet that increased blood HDL cholesterol levels. The B. subtilis-fermented CGJ products more potently reduced TG and TC levels, although the differences between the starters were not significant. These finding suggest that CGJ products may be effective as hypolipidemic foods by the synergistic interaction of soy and Bacillus strains.