• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.151-156
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• 2001

Acetic acid solution containing calcium (AC) was added to kimchi seasonings by 10% and 205, and heat treatment at 70$\^{C}$ for 15 min was also tried, respectively. Kimchi with treated seasonings was investigated for the quality during fermentation at 10$\^{C}$. Heat treatment with 20% AC showed a retarded decrease pH than others on 10 days, but there was no great difference after 14 days. Higher titratable acidity was revealed in kimchi with AC during the fermentation. Total microbial lead and lactic acid bacterial count were generally lower in kimchi with AC. Reducing sugar content was maximum for all samples on 5 days, and then decreased thereafter. Redness of control kimchi was steadily increased during fermentation, but was lower than those of other treatments.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.73-77
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• 1994

This study was conducted to investigate and make comparison between treatment which was reduced the reducing sugar content from Chinese cabbage using salting and desalting processes prior to Kimchi fermentation , and control for the effect of reducing sugar content on Kimchi fermentation at $25^{\circ}C$. In the early stage of Kimchi fermentation , the amount of reducing sugar (5.7mg/ml) in treatment was much smaller than that (15.1mg/ml) in control. Reducing sugar content of treatment decreased drastically during the first two days and then levelled off . Whereas, that of control dropped significantly up to the first four days of fermentation. pHs of treatment and control decreased significantly during the first two days and then showed gentle slopes. Acidities of treatment and control were increased continuously during the entire range of fermentation . The acidity of control reached to 0.75% in 3 days of fermentation, while that of treatment was shown after 6 days. Hardnesses of treatment and control using a puncture test were almost constant and the hardness value of treatment was higher than that of control during whole fermentation period. The total bacteria and lactic acid bacteria counts increased drastically during the first day of fermentation and the increase of total bacteria counts was mainly caused by that of lactic acid bacteria counts.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.521-528
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• 2003

This research was conducted to find the effects of the addition of kugija to the quality and conservativeness of Nabak kimchi. Kugija extract was prepared by boiling kugija fruits, at different ratios (1, 3, 5 and 7%; w/v) in water for 30 minutes. The changes in the sensory and microbiological properties of the Nabak kimchi were measured for 25 days, following the preparation at a uniform temperature of 10$^{\circ}C$, and compared to a control (distilled water without kugija). For the properties of acceptability, the Nabak kimchi treated with 3% kugija was evaluated as being best during the whole fermentation. The number of total cell counts and number of lactic acid microorganisms gradually increased to a maximum, and then decreased. It was the maximum for controlling and 1 % treatment on day 2, forand 3, 5 and 7% treatment on day 7. (Eds note: the highlighted sentence needs c1arification\ulcorner)This experimental study revealed the effect of kugija extract in enhancing the eating qualities on Nabak kimchi and retarding the fermentation over the initial seven days. The optimum levels of kugija extract on Nabak kimchi obtained through experiments was between 1 and 3% of the water content. Although 3% gave a better color, the fermentation-retarding effect and savory taste. The application of kugija extract could be domestically applied to improve the eating quality and the preservation of traditionally prepared Nabak kimchi.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Oxidative stress is a major effector of various diseases; accordingly, antioxidants are frequently ingested in order to prevent or alleviate disease symptoms. Kimchi contains various natural antioxidants, and it is known that the functional activity varies depending on the ingredients and fermentation state. Black raspberries (BR) contain various bioactive compounds with antioxidant effects. This study investigated the antioxidant and liver-protection effects of kimchi supplemented with black raspberry juice powder (BJP). MATERIALS/METHODS: BJP-added kimchi (BAK; at 0.5%, 1%, and 2% concentrations of BJP) and control (without BJP) were prepared and fermented at $4^{\circ}C$ for 4 weeks. Changes in the antioxidant effects of BAK during fermentation were investigated. In addition, the protective activity of BAK against oxidative stress was investigated in a liver cirrhosis-induced animal model in vivo. RESULTS: BAK groups showed the acidity and pH of optimally ripened (OR) kimchi at 2 weeks of fermentation along with the highest lactic acid bacterial counts. Additionally, BAK groups displayed a higher content of phenolic compounds and elevated antioxidant activities relative to the control, with the highest antioxidant effect observed at 2 weeks of fermentation of OR 1% BAK. After feeding the OR 1% BAK to thioacetamide-induced liver cirrhosis rats, we observed decreased glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase activities and elevated superoxide dismutase activity. CONCLUSIONS: These findings showed that the antioxidant effects of OR BAK and feeding of OR 1% BAK resulted in liver-protective effects against oxidative stress.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.783-788
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• 2006

매실 리큐르 제조 후 부산물로 폐기되는 폐매실을 식자원으로서의 이용가능성의 검토하기 위해 폐매실의 첨가가 김치의 발효에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다. 매실 리큐르 제조후 부산물로 나오는 매실 분쇄 과육을 절임배추 무게에 10%, 20%를 첨가하여 $10^{\circ}C$에서 25일간 발효 중 젖산균수, 총균수는 대조구에 비해 낮게 나타났으며, pH와 산도는 PLB 20% 첨가구는 발효 기간 동안 완만한 변화를 나타내어 매실 첨가량이 증가할수록 김치 발효는 지연되는 경향을 나타내었다. 매실 리큐르 부산물 첨가에 의해 황색도는 증가였으나 적색도와 명도는 감소하였다. 발효 중 strongth와 hardness는 대조구에 비해 첨가구가 높게 나타났으며, 첨가량이 증가할수록 높은 경향을 나타내었다. Cohesiveness와 springiness, gumminess, brittleness 모두 매실 리큐르 부산물 첨가구가 대조구에 비해 높고, 발효 기간이 경과할수록 감소하였으며, 감소하는 비율이 대조구에 비해 낮은 경향을 나타내었다. 발효 10일째의 김치의 기호성은 매실 리큐르 부산물 첨가김치의 맛과 색은 대조구에 비해 낮게 나타났으나, 김치의 조직감은 첨가량이 증가할수록 우수하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.274-278
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• 1994

Correlation between pH and color of Kimchi during fermentation was investigated to visually evaluate the fermentation degree of Chinese cabbage Kimchi. Color "a" and 'H" values in the white part, "a", "H" and "C" values in the green part of the Kimchi showed a high correlation with pH, respectively. "a" and "H" values of Kimchi juice. "L" and "V" values of red pepper attached to kimchi had a high correlation with pH. The color of the white part was light greenish white in unripended Kimchi, but changed to redish in ripended kimchi. Green part changed from light green to redish green as ripening. Red pepper powder attached to kimchi showed redish color in unripening, but changed to yellowish re din over ripening.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.822-831
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• 2000

Application of omija(Schizndra chinensis Baillon) to improve the quality and preservation of nabka kimchi was attempted and the optimal amount of omija level and its effect on the sensory and microbiological properties of nab마 kimchi during fermentation were examined. Effects of omija juice which had been prepared by extracting omija seeds for 9 hr at room temperature (22.5$\pm$0.5$^{\circ}C$) with different ratios (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0%;w/v) of water were examined against control (kimchi prepared without omija). Organoleptic and microbiological properties of nabak kimchi were measured up to 25 days at 1$0^{\circ}C$ after preparation. Sensory properties were evaluated in the aspects of both acceptability and intensity characteristics. In whole, 0.5 and 1.0% treatments showed higher values of evaluation, compared to control, 1.5, and 2.0% treatments throughout the fermentation period. As fermentation progresses, however, sample of 1.0% treatment ranked first between day 4 to 7 and also so did sample of 0.5% treatment along with 1.0% treatment from behind day 10. As for color, control, 0.5% treatment, and 1.0% treatment were more favored than rest of the samples. In texture, 2.0% treatment showed the highest values, whereas control was rated the lowest. In the intensity of characteristics 1.5% and 2.0% treatments showed higher values except sweet taste in which 1.0% treatment ranked top during the initial 7 days and then 0.5% treatment took the first place at behind day 10. total cell counts and number of lactic acid bacteria were gradually increased and then decreased showing the maximum levels of microbial counts on different days, to say, day 2 for control and 0.5% treatment nd day 7 for 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% treatments. The application of omija juice in nabak kimchi enhanced eating qualities of the fermented product and the fermentation-retarding effect of omija juice was clearly shown during the initial seven days of fermentation. The optimum levels of omija juice in nabak kimchi obtained through experiments were between 0.5 to 1.0% for color, fermentation-retarding effects, and savory taste of the product.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.443-450
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• 1984

온도와 식염농도를 달리하여 김치를 발효시키면서 생화학적 및 미생물의 변화를 검토하였다. 김치의 적숙시기는 발효온도와 식염농도에 따라 달랐다. 김치발효는 저온, 고식염농도에서 보다, 고온 저식염 농도에서 더 빨리 진행되었고 김치의 비휘발성 유기산에 대한 휘발성 유기산의 비는 김치 적숙시기에 최대로 되었다가 김치가 시어지면서 감소되었다. 식염농도와 발효온도를 달리 하여 숙성시킨 김치에서 Leu. mesenteroids, Lac. brevis, Lac. plantarum, Ped. cerevisiae, St. faecalis 및 산생성이 낮은 Lactobacilli가 분리되었다. 그러나 김치발효에 관여하는 주 미생물은 Leu. mesenteroides이며, Lac. plantarum은 김치의 숙성보다는 산패와 더 관련이 있는 것으로 추정되었다. 총 생균수는 발효초기에 급증하여 적숙기간에 최대로 되었다가, 그 이후 서서히 감소되었고, 호기성 세균과 사상균수는 발효가 진행되면서 계속 감소하였고, 효모는 $10^{\circ}C$ 전후의 온도와 고 식염농도에서 그 수가 증가하였다가 다시 감소되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1013-1020
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• 1997

To elicit the effect of fermentation on food quality of the watery Chinese cabbage pickles without fish sauce and red pepper paste(Baik-kimchi), changes in physicochemical properties and microstructure of fiber components were studied. Better water holding capacity(WHC) was showed in Baik-kimchi fermented at $25^{\circ}C$ than that of Baik-kimchi fermented at 5$^{\circ}C$. WHC measured at pH 2 and 6 were ranged from 10.18 to 16.79g/g dried sample for Baik-kimchi fermented at $25^{\circ}C$ and 6.51~14.58g/g dried sample for sample for samples at 5$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The higher WHC was resulted in pH controlled freeze-dried sample to pH 6 than that measured in pH 2 sample. The settling volume(SV) and oil adsorption capacity(OAC) increased with fermentation period and kept the same value for a little while, but slightly decreased in the over ripening period. Baik-kimchi fermented at $25^{\circ}C$ exhibited more shrunk microstructure of parenchyma cell and xylem than those of Baik-kimchi fermented at 5$^{\circ}C$. The appearance of SDF of the both Baik-kimchi ripened at 5$^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$ could give granular shape, whereas the overripened Baik-kimchi had smooth surface of SDF. On the other hand, the IDF retained the original shape during fermentation.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.142-158
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• 2019

Kimchi is a traditional Korean fermented vegetable probiotic food. The use of high quality ingredients and predominant LAB (lactic acid bacteria)-whether it be ambient bacteria or adding starters, low temperature and facultative anaerobic condition for the fermentation are important factors for preparing kimchi with better taste and functionality. The predominated LAB genera are Leuconostoc, Lactobacillus, and Weissella in kimchi fermentation. The representative species are Leu. mesenteroides, Leu. citrium, Lab. plantarum, Lab. sakei, and Wei. koreensis. Kimchi, especially the optimally fermented kimchi, has various health benefits, including control of colon health, antioxidation, antiaging effects, cancer preventive effect, antiobesity, control of dyslipidemic and metabolic syndrome, etc.; due to the presence of LAB, various nutraceuticals, and metabolites from the ingredients and LAB. The kimchi LAB are good probiotics, exhibiting antimicrobial activity, antioxidant, antimutagenic and anticancer effects, as well as immunomodualatory effect, antiobesity, and cholesterol and lipid lowering effects. Thus, kimchi ingredients, LAB, fermentation methods, and metabolites are important factors that modulate various functionalities. In this review, we introduced recent information showing kimchi and its health benefits in Korean Functional Foods (Park & Ju 2018).