• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.95-103
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• 2004

This study has been assessed the influence of applying sewage sludge to soil amendments on the sorption properties, and leaching potential of three commonly used organophosphorus pesticides, Diazinon, Fenitrothion, and Chlorpyrifos. A sandy soil with a low content of organic carbon was treated with sewage sludge with a ratio sandy soil sludge ratio of 30:1. The sorption was determined with the batch equilibrium technique. The sorption isotherms could be described by Freundlich equation. The Freundlich constant, K value which measures sorption capacity, were 3.97, 9.94, 22.48 for Diazinon, Fenitrothion, Chlorpyrifos in non-amended soil. But in amended soil, K value was 12.58, 28.47, and 61.21 for Diazinon, Fenitrothion, and Chlorpyrifos. The overall effect of sewage sludge addition to soil was to increase pesticides adsorption, due to the high sorption capacity of the organic matter. The effect of sludge on the leaching of pesticides in the soil was studied using packed soil columns. Total recoveries of pesticides in soil and leachate with leaching in soil column, were in the range of about 73∼84%, was reduced with the passage of time. Diazinon moved more rapidly than Chlorpyrifos in the unamended soil due to greater sorption and lower water solubility of Chlorpyrifos. Total amounts of pesticides leached from the sewage sludge amended soils were significantly reduced when compared with unamended soils. This reduction may be mainly due to and increase in sorption in amended soils, as a consequence of the increase in the organic matter content.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.239-246
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• 1993

In order to clarify the possible contamination of rice straw used as a crude feed for livestock, Korean native cattle and cow, by pesticides, the samples collected from 21 sites in Korea were analyzed by a multiresidue method for 10 pesticides with GLC to obtain the following results. 1. Detection limits were 0.001ppm in butachlor, 0.002ppm in chlorpyrifos, 0.003ppm in BPMC, pirimiphos-methyl and diazinon, 0.004ppm in fenitrothion, 0.005ppm in phenthoate, 0.009ppm in IBP, 0.015ppm in carbofuran, and 0.03ppm in carbaryl. 2. In recovery tests, 73-101% of the pesticides applied were recovered, the recovery being low in carbofuran and chlorpyrifos. 3. Butachlor, 2-chloroacetanilide herbicide, and BPMC, carbaryl, and carbofuran, carbamate insecticides, were not detected in any sample. 4. In organophosphorus insecticides, the amounts of fenitrothion in sample No. 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 12, 20 and 21 were in the range of 0.01-0.05ppm, those of phenthoate detected in sample No. 10 and 12 were 0.4 and 0.17ppm, respectively, and those of IBP in all samples, with the exception of sample No. 7, 12, 16, 17, 20, and 21, were in the range of 0.01-0.20ppm. The residues of chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and pirimiphos-methyl were not detected.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.36-44
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• 1984

Waters, sediments and crucian carps samples collected bimonthly from Nakdong river during- the period of August 1982 to June 1983 were analyzed for organophosphorus pesticide residues by GLC equipped with a flame photometric detector. Among the environmental samples, IBP, diazinon, phenthoate, parathion, malathion and fenitrothion residues were found only in waters and crucian carps and sediments samples were devoid of the residues. In addition, seasonal variations of the residues in waters and crucian carps were observed. Waters and crucian carps samples collected in August, when pesticides are generally in great demand, contained all the organophosphorus pesticide residues while no organophosphorus were detected in waters and crucian carps samples collected in February, April or December. The most abundant residues in the two environmental samples were diazinon and IBP and residue levels of parathion, malathion and fenitrothion were found extremely low.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.94 no.6
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• pp.420-430
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• 2005

As the pine wilt disease spread rapidly over Korea in recent, aerial pesticide spraying to the infected pine stands increased abruptly. The increasing aerial pesticide application for control of the disease would result in disturbance of soil ecosystem in pine stands. This study was conducted to assess the disturbance, using field experiment in pine stands of Hongleong experimental forests in Seoul with BACI experimental design with three sprayed plots and three unsprayed plots of $25m^2$. We sprayed fenitrothion of 0.0335 kg a.i./ha over each of the sprayed plots, being the same as the pesticide residues of litters after aerial spraying. The pesticide had been applied on 4 June, 11 June, and 29 June in 2002, comparable with the dates of the aerial spraying in the previous year in Busan. We monitored population of soil organisms including arthropods, fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes at two sampling days before pesticide application, at two sampling days during the application season, and at three sampling days after last application for two months since late May in 2002. The pesticide applications did not make any significant effect on the population of arthropods, fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes in soils and on the structure of soil organism community, showing low probability of significant effects of the aerial pesticide application on soil organisms in pine stands.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.50-60
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• 1987

Sensitivity, expressed in the $96h-LC_{50}$ determined with continuous flow system, was compared for eight developmental stages of Oryzias latipes with butachlor, diazinon and fenitrothion. Significance of the laboratory determined $96h-LC_{50}$ in real field situation was evaluated for butachlor using outdoor model agrosystem. In the laboratory tests, the most sensitive stage was post-larva stage IV(7 days after hatching) with $96h-LC_{50}$ of 0.14, 1.4, and 1.6ppm for butachlor, diazinon and fenitrothion, respectively, whereas the least sensitive stage was early embryo stage(1 day after fertilization), and then the susceptibility was somewhat stable after 21days after hatching. In the model agrosystem test, the highest concentration of 0.53ppm of butachlor in water was obtained at the 2nd day after application. The stages IV and VIII showed mortality of over 50% at 96 hours after application. It is concluded that the conventional use of butachlor in the field would cause significant adverse effect on O. latipes. It is suggested that sensitivity test at the early life stages with fish is an important part of the ecotoxicological assessment of chemicals.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.194-200
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• 1990

The diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.) was selected over 24 generations with fenvalerate. The resulting resistant strain was tested to study development of insecticide resistance and cross resistance to some insecticides in the laboratory. Insecticide resistance of diamondback moth at the 24th generation devleoped 66.2 fold compared to the parent strain for fenvalerate. The fenvalerate selected strain exhibited 145 fold, a high level of cross resistance to deltamethrin, and also showed 17.4-45.0 fold cross resistance to alphamethrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, permethrin, and tetramethrin in the pyrethroid insecticides. The fenvalerate selected strain showed 2.5-4.3 fold, low cross resistance to diazinon, dichlorvos, EPN, BPMC, cabaryl, and methomyl. However, it did not show cross resistance to acephate, fenitrothion, phenthoate, and carbofuran.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.87 no.4
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• pp.571-576
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• 1998

Experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the application of low concentration insecticides by sprinkler system for control of the pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplasis japonensis, by killing the adults emerging and copulating near the ground. For ground spray, 2 insecticides of fenitrothion and deltamethrin, dilutions of $2,000{\times}$ and $3,000{\times}$ deltamethrin, and 3 spray intervals of 1-3 day were tested at the peak time of adult emergence during the day time. The results are as follows ; 1. Ground spray of fenitrothion 50% EC and deltamethrin 1% EC were found to be highly effective for control of the pine needle gall midge. Average gall formation by fenitrothion, deltamethrin and untreated ones were 3.40%, 5.23% and 45.69%, respectively ; control value of both insecticides exceeded 88%. 2. As a ground spray of deltamethrin 1% EC, dilution $2,000{\times}$ was significantly different from $3,000{\times}$ in gall formation rates. Average gall formation of $2,000{\times}$ plots and $3,000{\times}$ treated ones were 5.23% and 18.00% ; control values were 89.44% and 63.66%, respectively. 3. Diurnal treatment of ground spray was found to be highly effective for control of pine needle gall midge. 4. In particular, control by ground application of dilutions $2,000{\times}$ and $3,000{\times}$ of deltamethrin is suggested because it does not have an adverse effect on arthropods of the ground surface such as ants and spiders.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.206-212
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• 2013

This study was examined for activity of aggregation pheromone fish net trap with residual effect of insecticides against Riptortus pedestris. Time of escape was from aggregation pheromone fish net trap researched 49.74 min ($ET_{99}$) and 65.01 min ($ET_{99}$) with 1st and 2nd instar nymph respectively. Six insecticides for the stink bugs were treated to 3 different materials (wood, metal and plastic). Bifenthrin and fenitrothion were showed 100% insecticidal activity at 48 h to all developmental stage of R. pedestris. Residual effect of bifenthrin and fenitrothion on plastic material were showed 100% insecticidal activity over 15 day after treatment with 1st, 3rd instar nymphs and adults except 5th instar nymph. In field test using plastic material trap with two pesticides, 1st instar nymphs and adults were showed 100% mortality until 10 day after treatment. These results indicate that R. pedestris might be managed using aggregation pheromone trap with insecticides.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.388-393
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• 2005

This study was conducted to experiment the removal efficiency of 6 pesticides in fruits and vegetables using various washing solutions. As results, the average removal efficiencies of pesticides washed with tap-water were 68.3%, whereas those washed by ultrasonic cleaning for 2 and 5 minutes were 73.7% and 82.5%, respectively. Using different washing solutions with various additional materials such as 0.5% detergent, 5% vinegar, 5% salt and flour, the removal rates were 82.9%, 76.9%, 75.8% and 75.7%, respectively. With 0.5% detergent, pesticides were 20% more removed when washed by ultrasonic cleaning than tap-water washing; moreover, Chlorthalonil in cherry tomato showed the highest removal efficiency while EPN in grape washed with tap-water showed the lowest. The order of removal efficiencies of pesticides were Chlorthalonil (90.0%)>Procymidone (81.3%)>Chlorpyrifos (76.6 %)>Endosulfan (75.7%)>Fenitrothion (75.5%)>EPN (73.8%).

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.382-390
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• 2008

This study was performed to evaluate the acute toxicity and residual toxicity of the 69 kinds of agrochemicals (41 insecticides, 18 fungicides, and 10 acaricides) against honeybee, Apis mellifera and bumblebee, Bombus terrestris. According to the IOBC standard, the toxicity showed below 30% was classified as non-toxic. Among 41 insecticides, five insecticides (acetamiprid, chlorfenapyr, thiacloprid, milbemectin, and buprofezin+amitraz) against the honeybee; eight insecticides (methomyl, thiodicarb, acetamiprid, chlorfenapyr, thiacloprid, abamectin, spino sad, buprofezin+amitraz) against the bumblebee did not show any toxic effect. Therefore, it thought to being safe. Other 18 fungicides and 10 acaricides were safe against the honeybee and bumblebee. In residual toxicity against the honeybee, eight insecticides (dichlorvos, methomyl, imidachlorprid, emamectin benzoate, spinosad, cartap hydrochloride, chlorfenapyr, and endosulfan) among 41 insecticides tested were safe at three days after treatment; however, sixteen insecticides (dimethoate, fenitrothion, fenthion, methidathion, phenthoate, pyraclofos, fenpropathrin, clothianidin, dinotefuran, thiamethoxam, abamectin, acetamiprid+ethofenprox, acetamiprid+indoxacarb, bifenthrin+imidacloprid, ethofenprox+phenthoate, imidacloprid+methiocarb) still remain high toxicity at eleven days after treatment. Against the bumblebee, residual toxicity showed as safe in seven insecticides (dimethoate, methidation, a-cypermethion, ethofenprox, indoxcarb, chlorpyrifos+a-cypennethrin, esfenvalerate+fenitrochion) at three days after treatment; however, eight insecticides (fenitrothion, pyraclofos, clothianidin, fipronil, acetamiprid+ethofenprox, chlorpyrifos+bifenthrin, ethofenprox+phenthoate, imidacloprid+methiocarb) still showed high toxicity at seven days after treatment. From above results, it will be useful information to select insecticides being safe and effective against the honeybee and bumblebee.