• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.111-120
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• 2002

Postmenopausal women lose more bone mass than men as a result of estrogen deprivation. The resultant low bone mineral density (BMD) is a major risk factor in the development of osteoporosis. Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium are main components of bone. The purpose of this study is to investigate nutrient intake and serum osteocalcin, Ca, P and Mg and their correlation to bone mineral density in Korean postmenopausal women residing in rural areas. We conducted 24 hour dietary recalls, anthropometric measurements and blood analysis on 60 postmenopausal women. The BMD of the lumbar spine (L2$\rightarrow$L4) and the femoral neck were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). Subjects were assigned to one of three groups:normal (T-score> -1, n=20), osteopenia (-2.5> T-score $\leq$ -1, n=23), and osteoporosis ( T-score $\leq$ -2.5, n=17). The mean age, height, weight and BMI were 62.37 yr, 154.36 cm, 55.28 kg and 23.18 $kg/m^2$ respectively. The mean daily energy and protein intakes were 76.35% and 87.41% of RDA for Koreans. The mean intakes of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium were 463.62 mg (66.23% of RDA), 955.32 mg (136.47% of RDA), 345.87 mg respectively. The mean serum levels of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were 8.76 mg/dl, 3.80 mg/dl, and 2.10 mg/dl, respectively, and there were no significant differences among the three groups. However, the BMD of the femoral neck showed a significantly negative correlation with serum magnesium (p<0.05). To summarize the results, most nutrient intakes (especially calcium) in postmenopausal women did not reach the RDA values for Koreans. Also, increase of serum magnesium levels may be related to bone loss.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.157-166
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to identify the effect of the level of alcohol drinking and smoking period on the occurrence of lumbar and femoral neck osteoporosis in men aged 50 years and over. Methods: This study analyzed the data of 1,410 men based on results of a National Survey on Nutritional Health for the period 2010-2012. Complex sample multi-variate logistic regression analysis was conducted to determine whether alcohol drinking and smoking period were associated with osteoporosis in men aged 50 years older. Results: The risk of osteoporosis in the femoral neck was 3.43 times (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.15~10.29) higher in men who consumed less alcohol and smoked for a long time compared to men who smoked more than 40 years and consumed much alcohol at once. The risk of osteoporosis in the lumbar spine was 3.45 times (95% confidence interval [CI]=1.69~7.04) higher respectively. Men who consumed much alcohol at a time and smoked less than 40 years were 1.54 (1/0.65) times (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.45~0.93) more likely to be classified as normal than the men who consumed much alcohol and had a long smoking period. Conclusion: The interaction of excessive drinking and smoking has a more detrimental effect on bone mineral density.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.90-97
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• 2021

DXA로 측정한 요추 부위와 대퇴골경의 골밀도 수치가 2년간 지속적으로 연령대 평균 이하였던 중년의 사무직 남성 환자가 접골탕을 복용하고 골밀도 수치가 개선되었다.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.282-288
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• 1999

목적: 골밀도는 DXA 기종에 따라 그 측정치의 차이가 발생하는 것으로 알려져 있어 현재 널리 사용중인 Lunar EXPERT-XL과 Hologic QDR 4500-A에서 측정된 골밀도의 차이를 비교하고 그 차이를 보정할 수 있는 교차보정식을 구하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 109명의 여성(평균 나이; $55{\pm}11$년)을 대상으로, 같은 날 대상 환자의 제2-4 요추와 대퇴골 경부를 Lunar EXPERT-XL과 Hologic QDR 4500-A로 각각 촬영하여 얻어진 측정 영역(area)과 골무기질양(BMC), 골밀도(BMD)와 정상 골밀도 참고치에 대한 백분율의 차이를 분석하였다. 또한 측정영역, 골무기질양, 골밀도와 정상 골밀도 참고치에 대한 백분율에 대해 각각 선형 회귀 분석으로 교차 보정식(cross-calibration equation)과 상관 계수(R), 표준 예측 오차(SEE)를 구하였다. 결과: Lunar 기종으로 측정한 제2-4 요추와 대퇴골경부의 골밀도(각각 평균 $0.955{\pm}0.17g/cm^2$, $0.767{\pm}0.131g/cm^2$)가 Hologic 기종으로 측정한 값보다(각각 $0.851{\pm}0.144g/cm^2$, $0.649{\pm}0.108g/cm^2$) 각각 평균 13%와 19% 높았다. 골무기질양과 정상 골밀도 참고치에 대한 백분율도 Lunar 기종에서 모두 유의하게 높았으나(p<0.001), 측정영역은 두 기종간의 차이가 없었다(p>0.05), 두 기종간 골밀도는 높은 상관관계(r>0.95)를 보였고 교차 보정식은 제2-4 요추에서 Lunar=1.1297${\times}$Hologic-0.0027, 대퇴골 경부에서 Lunar=1.1556${\times}$Hologic+0.0182 이었다. 결론 두 DXA 기종간의 골밀도 측정치는 서로 차이가 있었으나 높은 상관 관계를 보여 교차 보정식을 얻을 수 있었다. 이 교차 보정식은 환자의 추적 검사상 불가피하게 다른 기종으로 검사를 받은 경우나 하나의 기종으로 검사를 받은 연구 집단의 결과를 다른 기종으로 검사한 연구 집단의 결과와 비교 분석시 유용하리라 생각한다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.367-377
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• 2008

한국건강관리협회에 내원한 환자 중 설문에 응해준 268명(여성 136명, 남성 132명)의 연령, 체질량지수 (BMI) 및 생활습관과 골밀도(BMD)의 관계를 연구하였다. 골밀도는 이중에너지 X선 흡수계측기를 이용하여 요추(lumbar spine)와 대퇴경부(femoral neck)에서 측정하였다. 그 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 여성의 평균키는 $155.8{\pm}6.0cm$, 평균체중은 $56.8{\pm}7.9kg$, 평균체질량지수는 $23.4{\pm}3.1kg/m^2$으로 나타났으며, 남성의 평균키는 $169.1{\pm}6.0cm$, 평균체중은 $69.0{\pm}9.5kg$, 평균체질량지수는 $24.1{\pm}2.7kg/m^2$이었다. 연령이 증가할수록 골밀도가 감소되었으며, 연령과 골밀도는 매우 유의한 관련성을 보였다(p<0.01). 그러나 여성의 골밀도는 50대 이후에 급격히 감소되는데 비해, 남성의 골밀도는 연령의 증가와 더불어 점진적으로 감소되었다. 그리고 남녀 모두 요추의 골밀도가 대퇴경부의 골밀도보다 낮았다. 체질량지수가 증가할수록 골밀도가 대체로 높아졌으며, 특히 50대에서는 뚜렷하게 높아졌다. 그러나 이들의 관계는 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 골밀도 범주의 분포를 보면, 여성은 40대까지는 정상이 대부분이었으나, 50대에서는 정상과 골감소증의 비율이 비슷하였으며 60대 이상에서는 골다공증이 많았다. 그러나 남성은 70대를 제외한 모든 연령층에서 대부분 정상의 골밀도 범주에 속했다. 커피나 탄산음료는 골밀도에 영향을 주지 않았으나, 음주는 영향을 주었다. 음주집단이 비음주집단보다 골밀도가 높았으며, 유의한 관련성(p<0.05)을 보였다. 또한 흡연과 운동은 골밀도와 유의한 상관관계를 나타내지 않았다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2002

Osteoporosis, the typical metabolic bone disease of the elderly, is characterized by a reduction in bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. Genetic and environmental factors are known to play a key role in bone metabolism, and diet is also considered to be one of the important factors. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship among the factors affecting BMD, including stature, body weight, age, time period since onset of menopause, and biochemical markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Seventy-eight postmenopausal women who visited health promotion center for health examinations volunteered to participate in this study and they were divided into two groups according to the time period since onset of menopause : women with a time period since onset of menopause of less than 5 years (Group 1) and women with a time period since onset of menopause of 5 years or more (Group 2). The demographic characteristics and dietary intake were surveyed using a questionnaire. BMDs of the lumbar spine and femoral neck of subjects were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum levels of 25-hydroxy-vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH), known to be indicators of bone related hormone status, were anlyzed. Serum samples were measured for calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin as bone formation indicators, and urine was analysed for deoxypyridinoline, creatinine, calcium, and sodium as bone resorption indicators. The results are as follow : The mean BMDs of the lumbar spin and femoral neck were $1.02 \pm 0.02 g/cm^2 and 0.81 \pm 0.02 g/cm^2 respectively, and the BMD level of Group 2 was significantly lower than tat of Group 1 (p<0.01, p<0.05, respectively). The mean daily intake of energy was 1838 $\pm$ 55 kcal. When nutrient intake was compared with the recommended dietary allowances (RDA) of the subjects, only calcium, vitamin A and riboflavin intake showed means lower than the RDA. The nutrient intake did not show any significant differences between Group 1 and 2 Serum and urine levels of biochemical markers of bone turnover did not show any significant differences between Group 1 and 2, and all were within the normal range. However, the PTH and deoxypyridinoline levels showed a tendency to be higher, and the osteocalcin level to be lower in Group 2 than in Group 1. Although age and years after menopause (YAM) showed negative correlations with lumbar spine bone mineral density (LBMD) (r= -0.38, p<0.001, and r= -0.26, p< 0.05, respectively), no correlation was found with femoral neck bone mineral density (NBMD). While height, body weight and body mass index (BMI) showed a positive correlation with LBMD (r= 0.32, p<0.001, r= 0.38, p<0.001, r= 0.22, p= 0.05, respectively), only body weight and BMI showed a positive correlation with NBMD (r= 0.30, p<0.01, and r= 0.27, p<0.05, respectivley). There was no significant corealtion between BMDs and the nutrient intake of subjects, except in the case of carbohydrates (r= 0.22, p<0.05). Also, serum and urine levels of bone turnover markers showed no significant correlation with nutrient intake. On the other hand, serum osteocalcin had a positive correlation with vitamin C intake (r= 0.22, p= 0.05), and urine deoxypyridinolin showed a negative correlation with niacin intake (r= -0.22, p= 0.05). Urinary na was negatively correlated with protein intake(r= -0.23, p= 0.05). The results suggested that it is difficult to prevent the decrease in bone mass among postmenopausal women eating the usual Korean diet. However, the BMDs of the lumbar spine and femoral neck were positively related to body weight ad BMI in postmenopausal women. Therefore, this study confirmed that one of the most effective ways to minimize bone loss in postmenopausal women would be to maintain an adequate body weight with balanced nutrient intake and activity in the pre-and postmenopausal periods.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제72권2호
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• pp.191-201
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• 2019

Finite element analysis is one of the most used tools for studying femoral neck fracture. Nerveless, consensus concerning either the choice of material characteristics, damage law and /or geometric models (linear on nonlinear) remains unreached. In this work, we propose a numerical quasi-brittle damage model to describe the behavior of the proximal femur associated with two methods to evaluate the Young modulus. Eight proximal femur finite elements models were constructed from CT scan data (4 donors: 3 women; 1 man). The numerical computations showed a good agreement between the numerical curves (load - displacement) and the experimental ones. A very encouraging result is obtained when a comparison is made between the computed fracture loads and the experimental ones ($R^2=0.825$, Relative error =6.49%). All specific numerical computation provided very fair qualitative matches with the fracture patterns for the sideway fall simulation. Finally, the comparative study based on 32 simulations adopting linear and nonlinear meshing led to the conclusion that the quantitatively results are improved when a nonlinear mesh is used.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.109-129
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• 1995

Many patients with malignancies of the head and neck undergo radiation therapy, either as the only method of treatment or in combination with surgery. Radiation therapy has great effect in the case of fairly advanced malignancies which can't be operated radically. But the complication of radiation therapy arise because of damage to the peri- and operated area. It is fully known that irradiated tissue shows retarded healing process in the skin, mucosa and especially vascuslar tissue. The purpose of this study was to observe the healing process of irradiated free or island flap after operation. As Experimental Models, Femoral arterial and venous anastomosis (Group 1), Epigastric-island flap (Group 2) and free Epigastric falp(Group 3) with irradiated postoperative 24 hrs were made on 30 rats/group. As Control Model(Group 4), Free Epigastric flap was not irradiated after operation was chosen on 30 rats. The amount of irradiation was single fraction of 20 Gy using as linear megavoltage accelerator. Difference between Experimental and Control group was evaluated by the method of clinical examination, histopatholoical findings, biochemical analysis and DNA activity at postoperative 1, 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. The results were as follows, 1. Skin color and new epithelization in group 2 and 3 was similar to control group clinically. 2. Postoperarive patency of femoral artery and vien showed 5% and 22% of ischemity. 3. The externa, media and intima of irradiated femoral artery and vein were similar to control group histopathlogically. 4. Granulation and collagen tissue accumulation of irradiated groups were more active due to degenerative and fibrotic changes than control group at postoperative 7 days histopathologically. 5. The hydroxyproline content of all experimental groups were reduced till 14 days and the group 2 was most prominent at postoperative 7 and 28 days(p<0.05). 6. DNA activities of all groups were reduced till 3 days, but begun to recover at 7 days and more activities in control group than irradiated group(p<0.05). Based on the above results, the clinical healing process of free flaps with irradiated postoperative 24 hrs little difference from control group without complications.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.243-248
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• 2001

Radiographic findings of degenerative joint disease (DJD) in the coxofemoral joints were studied in 108 dogs referred to Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University. Radiographic findings were identified with a extended ventrodorsal projection. Clinical signs such as pain in the affected joint, exercise intolerance, lameness, crepitation on flexion and extension of the joint and decreased range of motion, were shown in 40% and radiographic changes of bilateral coxofemoral joints were identified in 69% of a group of dogs. There are no sex predilections. Thirty-seven dogs were diagnosed as canine hip dysplasia (CHD; 10 cases), avascular necrosis of the femoral head (Legg-Calves-Perthes disease [LCPD]; 12 cases), fracture of the acetabulum (1 case), luxation(10 cases) and subluxation (15 cases), however, luxation and subluxation were identified in 11 dogs affected with CHD and LCPD. Causes of DJD in others (71case) were not identified. Radio-graphic findings identified included osteophyte formation at the attachment of the joint capsule (70%), sclerosis of the subchondral bone of the cranial acetabular edge (47%), remodeling of the femoral head (34%), thickening of the femoral neck(31%), perichondral osteophyte formation (31%), joint laxity (30%) and so on. All of the dogs diagnosed as CHD were large breed such as Retriever, Germain Shepherd, and Weimaraner and their age was under 1 year. This condition occurred bilaterally in 70% of affected animals. Dogs diagnosed as LCPD were young (under 1 year), small breed dogs. The incidence of LCPD is greater in Yorkshire Terrier, Miniature Pinscher and Poodle. This condition occurred unilaterally in 67% of affected animals. Clinical signs of dogs with unknown cause were shown in 15% and this condition occurred bilaterally in 75% of affected animals. Radiographic findings varied with patient's age and breed, however, the most common finding was osteophyte formation at the attachment of the joint capsule.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.135-150
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• 2009

Objectives : Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic disease of the bone, and one of the most important public health problems around the world. Obesity rate gradually increases as women grow older. The purpose of the study was to investigate the changes between bond mineral density(BMD) and body mass index(BMI) according to sex and age. Methods : We measured the bone mineral density(BMD) of lumber spine(L2-L4) and femoral neck in 10000 normal adult, using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA; DPX-alpha). and also measured the body mass index(BMI) in 9810 normal adult. then we analysed the changes of BMD and BMI according to sex and age. Results : 1. As getting older, male's T-score of lumbar spine(L2-L4) was slowly decreased. On the other hand, female's T-score of lumbar spine was sharply dropped after 46 years old. 2. As getting older, male's T-score of femoral was slowly decreased. On the other hand, female's T-score of femoral was sharply dropped after 49 years old. 3. Irrespective of age, male's BMI keep up the extent within a definite period of numerical value. As getting older, female's BMI continued its upward trend. Conclusions : Much more attention should be needed for female patient suffering from osteoporosis and obesity than male.