• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.47-60
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze gender gaps in wage and job satisfaction according to skill characteristics and gender composition in occupation type. Most of the previous studies dealing with gender gaps in wage and job satisfaction have limitations in using a model at a single level. To overcome these limitations, this study integrated the analysis of worker level and job level variables through the application of hierarchical linear model. For the empirical analysis, the 20th year of the Korea Labor Institute Panel Survey and Korea Network for Occupations and Workers data used, factor analysis was utilized to derive cognitive, technical and physical skills. According to the empirical results, female workers in the metropolitan area showed lower average wage and job satisfaction than male worker. these gender gaps were alleviated in occupations which requiring a high level of cognitive skill, while deepening in occupation with a high occupational segregation. The purpose of this study is to derive implications for the policy aimed at reducing the gender gap in the labor market by analyzing the relationship between gender gaps in wage and job satisfaction according to skill characteristics and gender composition rates of wage workers in the metropolitan area.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 2000

We detect lots of problems on the manufacturing spot because of working results done without considering the aptitude and inherited temper(constitution, blood type, male and female) of the worker, and they lead to results not only the occupational disease and the cause of industrial accidents but also quality deterioration and productivity reduction in point of view of manufacturing management. For the purpose of solving these problems, this study is perfomed by grasping the correlation sasang constitutions and job characteristic of small & medium enterprises. We classify sasang constitutions to four types : so-yang-in type, tae-yang-in type, tae-em-in type, so-em-in type by the utilization of QSCC II and the doctor aid of oriental medicine, and also survey differences of classified sasang constitutions with previous studies. This study tries to identify significant features between major jobs resulting from sasang constitution types in a specific small & medium enterprise producing agricultural machinery(a tractor, a combine, etc). The results of this case study indicate that sasang constitution types influences job types. Under the working conditions that virtual reality scene photographed by video camera are running, also the effects of brain function of each worker using Electroencephalograms(EEGs) are investigated. Electroencephalograms(EEGs) provide much information about the brain function, such as relaxation, concentration, various thoughts and so on. Previous studies reported the appearance of ${\theta}$ waves and an increase in the ${\alpha}$ waves during psychologically satisfaction conditions. An statistical analysis of experiments conducted shows the various changes of brain waves(${\alpha},{\beta},{\theta},{\delta}$ waves). By means of these study results, we can identify that sasang constitutions should be applied to contribute much to quality advancement and productivity improvement through a comparative study on the job characteristic.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.133-160
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• 1973

1. Introduction Community medicine with the concept of comprehensive medical care and an ideal medical care delivery system not only for an individual or family but for the whole community has emerged. In April 1970, the Presbyterian Medical Center started a hospital based community health service project in order to improve the health of the people in rural areas. Prior to commencing a comprehensive medical care system, a family survey was needed. The major objective of this survey was to obtain information concerning the people and their environment so as to be able to plan and implement a comprehensive medical care program in Soyang-Myun. 2. Survey Method An interview using a family record form was carried out for each household. This family record form was designed to get information about demography, family planning, environmental sanitation and vital statistics. Prior to beginning, the members of the survey team were trained in interviewing techniques for three days. The team consisted of a public health nurse, four nurse-aides, a sanitarian and four health extension workers who are working in our project, The survey was carried out during the period November 1971 to March 1972. 3. Project area 1) Population of Soyang-Myun was 11,668; male, 5,962 and female, 5,706. Sex ratio: 104.5. 2) Households : 1,858 3) Family size: The average household consisted of 6.3 persons. 4) Educational level of householder a. Illiterate 13% b. No schooling but able to read 10% c. Preschool children 19% d. Primary school 47% e. Middle school 7% f. High school 3% g. College or University 1% 5) Occupational distribution of householders a. Farmer 67% b. Laborer 13% c. Office worker 4% d. Merchant 4% e. Industrial worker 2% f. Unemployed 8% g. Miscellaneous 2% 6) Religious affiliation a. No religion 74% b. Buddhist 12% c. Protestant 10% d. Catholic 4% 4. Survey results Living Environment : a. Home ownership 95% b. Kinds of roofing Straw-thatched house 84% Tile-roofed house 10% Slate-roofed house 5% Other 1% c. Floor space Less than 6 pyong 10% 6-10 pyong 53% 11-15 pyong 24% 16-20 pyong 9% More than 20 pyong 4% d. Radio ownership 80% Environmental Sanitation : a. the source of drinking water public well 49% private well 30% drainage water 9% steam water 8% well pump 3% water distribution system 1% b. Distance between well and toilet more than 16meters 38% 6-10 meter 31% 11-15 meters 14% Less than 6 meters 17% c. The status of well management Bad 72% Fair 26% Good 2% d. General sanitary state of house Bad 37% Fair 51% Good 12% e. House drainage system had no house drainage. 77% Family Planning : a. 24% of the people have used contraceptives, but 12% ceased to use them. 76% have never used contraceptives. b. used methods 1oop 68% oral pill 16% vasectomy 4% condom 1% tubal ligation 1% two or more methods 10% Maternal Health : a. The number of conceptions of housewives under 50 years of age. 11 times 26% 6 times 11% 5 times 11% 4 times 9% b. The place of delivery own house 88% hospital 1% others 11% Treatment of general sickness : a. The place of treatment Soyang Health Center 31% Hospital (private or otherwise) 26% Pharmacy 14% Herb medicine 5% Private care 5% No treatment 12% Miscellaneous 7% b. Usual causes of diseases Unknown 46% Tuberculosis 29% Neuralgia 8% CVA 3% Bronchitis 3% Others 11%

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.61-67
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• 1999

Objectives: The aim of this study was to examine the impact of shift work on psychological, physical and social adjustment in nurses. Methods: Two hundred ninety-nine female nurses(179 shift worker, 120 non-shift worker) filled out a questionnaire, which consisted of fifty-six items including demographic characteristics. Subjective ratings of psychological, physical, social and sleeprelated distresses were assessed with a visual analogue scale(100mm). Results: Shift work exerted significantly negative impacts on all psychological, physical, social and sleep-related variables of the shift work nurses. The subjective perception about psychological and physical health of shift work nurses was significantly negative as compared to that of non-shift work nurses. Shift work nurses complained of more shift work related social dysfunction and limited social activity. Shift work nurses were also suffering from significant sleep difficulties as compared to non-shift work nurses. Conclusions: This study suggests that shift work can exert a negative impact on psychological and physical health of nurses as it can cause disturbances of the normal circadian rhythms of the psychophysiological functions, beginning with the sleep-wake cycle. Shift work can also cause difficulties in maintaining the usual relationships both at family and social levels. These results may suggest that we need appropriate coping strategies to overcome adverse effects of shift work.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 1995

This study was performed to find out the exposure level of mixed organic solvents, excretion of urinary hippuricacid and subjective symptoms according to the exposure of organic solvents of female workers who works on 5 shoes manufacturing industries in Taejon City from 24, september to 20, october 1993. The studied groups were divided into 3 groups that were consist of direct exposure group(48 workers), indirect exposure group(49 workers) and non-exposure group(68 workers) to the organic solvents. The exposure levels of toluene of direct exposure group which $89.86{\pm}56.20ppm$ had higher than that of indirect exposure group which had $40.23{\pm}47.21ppm$. In the exposure level of mixed organic solvent(R-value), direct exposure group was $2.84{\pm}1.53$ and exceeded approximatly 3 times the R-value. Whereas, indirect exposure group was not exceeded the R-value as $0.80{\pm}0.61$. In the excretion level of urinary hippuric acid, direct exposure group was $1.78{\pm}1.25g/l$, indirect exposure group was $1.22{\pm}0.93g/l$ and non-exposure group was $0.51{\pm}0.18g/l$ respectively. Therefore both direct exposure group and indirect exposure group were significantly higher than non-exposure group(P<0.01). In the correlation between toluene levels and urinary hippuric acid level, the direct exposure group had positive correlation(R=0.8309, P<0.01), also indirect exposure group had positive correlation(R=0.5859, P<0.05) and also in the correlation between the R value of mixed organic solvents and the urinary hippuric acid levels, the direct exposure group had positive correlation(R=0.4492, P<0.05), and indirect exposure group had ositive correlation(R=0.7911, P<0.01). In the complain rates of the worker's subjective symptoms at work, both direct exposure group and indirect exposure group were higher than non-exposure group(P<0.05, P<0.01). But the sujective symptoms of "floating sensation" of direct exposure group had significantly higher than indirect exposure group. In the percent of subjective symptoms complaints during the worker's daily life, both direct exposure group and indirect exposure group had generally more statistical significance than nonexposure group(P<0.01), direct exposure group had not statistical significant difference from indirect exposure group. As the results mentioned above, it has been analysed that the indirect at the adjacent manufaturing process are exposed to the considerable amount of solvent. Therefore, I think that there should be the betterment of surrounding through the complete working environment management to the occurrence source of the organic solvent, the changes of health management system to the indirect-exposed workers, and the systematic management of the special medical examination and the like.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.411-429
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• 2019

There are not many studies on job satisfaction among older workers living alone. This study examined the determinants of job satisfaction for older workers living alone, and the job satisfaction was analyzed by the demographic-social factors, the health-psychological factors, and labor factors regarding to sex and ages. Korean Labor and Income Panel Study(KLIPS, 18th) used in this study, and the subjects were 308 older worker living alone and over 55 years old. The determinants of job satisfaction for male respondents were happiness, organizational commitment, and duration of work. Howver, the determinants of job satisfaction for female respondents were age, happiness, organizational commitment, and levels of skill. Income, organizational commitment, employment stability, and duration of work were the determinants for 55-64 years old. Education, organizational commitment, and levels of skill were the determinants for 65-74 years old. Education and happiness were the determinants for 75 years old and over. Age, income, happiness, organizational commitment, employment stability, duration of work, and levels of skill were the determinants of job satisfaction for all respondents. Finally, this study proposed the policy and practical implications for improving of job satisfaction among older workers living alone.

• 한국사회정책
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.141-170
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to find out the relationship among the degree to provide emotional labor, personal relationship and the intent to stay of female care service workers. Specifically, this study focuses on the mediating effect of the personal relationship (client and agency relation). The path analysis and structural equation modeling analysis were performed on the collected data using SPSS18.0. and AMOS 8.0. And Sobel test conducted for examine the mediating effect. The results are the followings. First, the result of the analysis showed that agency relationship was an indirect factor as the partial mediating effect on relationship between the degree to provide emotional labor and the intent to stay for the care women workers. The result suggests that education utilizing various techniques and strategies to overcome the difficulty accompanied by emotional labor such as communication education and the government try to effort managing and controlling the agency which impact on the labor condition of care workers. Second, the government also tries to provide the trust and collaboration network system which construct a good relationship between the care worker and the agency.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.10-25
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• 1999

Children above age of two are able to have sexual excitement, and they actively seek the pleasure actively or passively through touch and masturbation. In late $60_s$ and early $70_s$, Masters, obstetrician, and Johnson, social worker, illustrated four phases of human sexual responses, namely excitement, plateau, orgasmic and resolution phases in both sexes, and multiple orgasms in the female. Their treatment principles of sexual dysfunctions were largely based on behavioral model, introducing the concepts of sensate focus, dual therapy and sex education. Following Masters and Johnson, Kaplan, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, in the early and mid-$70_s$ introduced new sex therapy which was based on the combination of analytically-oriented psychotherapy and behavior therapy, and classified sexual dysfunctions into three categories such as desire excitement and orgasmic phase disorders. Since $1980_s$ other medical fields joined the stream, putting the concentrated effort on the treatment of the impotence in the male. They have developed penile prosthesis, local injection therapy, and the administration of oral medications. Nowadays Sildenafil(Viagra) seems the best choice for the treatment of the impotence in the male.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.4957-4961
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• 2014

Background: Head and neck cancer without distant metastases is amenable to various modalities of treatment. However, the stage at presentation is a very important determinant for treatment success. The present study was conducted to determine the stage-wise presentation of non-metastatic head and neck cancer patients from the hilly regions in Kumaon division of Uttarakhand, India. Materials and Methods: The hospital records for non-metastatic head and neck cancer patients from the only functional cancer centre of the region for the period of two-years (January 2012-December 2013) were included. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma was excluded due to its staging system being different. Non-squamous histopathologies were also excluded. Patients hailing from nearby regions of Uttar Pradesh and Nepal were excluded, as were patients from non-hilly regions of Kumaon. Results: Of the 271 patients of head and neck cancer, 27 with distant metastases at diagnosis were excluded from the analysis. Of the 244 eligible patient records, 90.1% (n=222) were male, and 9.9% (n=22) were female. The proportions of patients with carcinoma of the larynx, oropharynx, oral cavity, hypopharynx and maxillary antrum were 31.9% (n=78), 27.9% (n=68), 20.5% (n=50), 12.7% (n=31) and 1.2% (n=3). A further 5.7% (n=14) were diagnosed as having secondary involvement of neck nodes with unknown primaries. The proportion of patients presenting in stages I, II, III, IVA and IVB were 0.8% (n=2), 2.5% (n=6), 9.4% (n=23), 51.6% (n=126) and 35.7% (n=87) respectively. Conclusions: An abysmally low proportion (3.3%) of non-metastatic head and neck cancer patients presented in the early stages (I and II). A vast majority of the patients (88.1%) presented with stages IVA and IVB. Not only does this reflect a poor therapeutic outlook, but also exposes the dire need for programmes focusing on cancer awareness and early detection in the region.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.81 no.4
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• pp.274-280
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• 2018

Background: The risk of tuberculosis (TB) infection among health care workers (HCWs) is higher than as noted among workers in the general population. The prevalence and risk factors of TB infection among HCWs were assessed in a tertiary hospital in South Korea, resulting in a conclusion of an intermediate TB burden within the country. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled HCWs who underwent a QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) test to detect the presence of a latent TB infection (LTBI), in patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in South Korea in 2017. The departments of the hospital were divided into TB-related and TB-unrelated departments, which were based on the risk of exposure to TB patients. In this sense, the risk factors for LTBI, including current working in the TB-related departments, were analyzed. Results: In this case, a total of 499 HCWs (54 doctors, 365 nurses and 80 paramedical personnel) were enrolled in this study. The median age of the subjects was 31 years (range, 20-67 years), 428 (85.8%) were female, and 208 (41.7%) were working in the TB-related departments. The prevalence of LTBI was 15.8% based on the QFT-GIT. Additionally, the prevalence of experience of exposure to pre-treatment TB patents was higher among HCWs working in the TB-related departments, than among HCWs working in the TB-unrelated departments (78.8% vs. 61.9%, p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the prevalence of LTBI between the two groups (17.3% vs. 14.8%, p=0.458). On a review of the multivariate analysis, only the factor of age was independently associated with an increased risk of LTBI (p=0.006). Conclusion: Broadly speaking, the factor of age was associated with an increased risk of LTBI among the HCWs in South Korea. However, those workers current working in the TB-related departments was not associated with an increased risk of LTBI.