• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.130-136
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• 2010

Norovirus (NV) is becoming a major cause of foodborne illness in many countries. At present, very little is known about the survival of NV in the environment or the disinfection procedures needed to remove NV from contaminated surfaces. Feline calicivirus (FCV, $1{\times}10^{6.75}\;TCID_{50}/mL$) was used as a surrogate model for NV to investigate the effectiveness of sanitizing treatments for the viruses attached to food and food contact surfaces. Ammonium chloride (2%), organic acids (3000 ppm), and ethanol (70%) were most effective, providing $4\;log_{10}$ (99.99%) reductions in FCV titers on food or food contact surfaces. The disinfection efficacies of most agents on ceramic and glass surfaces were greater than stainless steel. The results from this study can be applied in the food industry to reduce NV-associated foodborne illnesses.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.5.1-5.9
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• 2023

Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV), feline calicivirus (FCV), and feline herpesvirus type-1 (FHV-1) are major infectious pathogens in cats. We evaluated the immunogenicity of a new vaccine containing inactivated FPV, two FCVs, and FHV-1 in animals. An FPV, two FCVs, and an FHV-1 isolate were continuously passaged 70, 50, 80, and 100 times in CRFK cells. FP70, FC50, FC80, and FH100 were propagated and used as vaccine antigens. Two inactivated feline virus vaccines, feline rehydragel-adjuvanted vaccine (FRAV) and feline cabopol-adjuvanted vaccine (FCAV) were prepared and inoculated into mice and guinea pigs. Humoral immune responses were measured using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) for FPV and virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) for two FCVs and FHV-1 tests. Serial passages in CRFK cells resulted in increase in titers of FPV and two FCVs but not FHV-1 The FCAV induced higher mean HI and VNA titers than the FRAV in guinea pigs; therefore, the FCAV was selected. Cats inoculated with FCAV developed a mean HI titer of 259.9 against FPV, and VNA titers of 64, 256, and 3.2 against FCV17D03, FCV17D283, and FHV191071, respectively. Therefore, cats inoculated with the FCAV showed a considerable immune response after receiving a booster vaccination.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.928-933
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• 2009

노로바이러스는 인간에게 급성위장염을 일으키는 식중독 바이러스로, 최근 전세계적으로 노로바이러스 식중독 사고가 증가하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 다양한 생리활성 작용이 있다고 알려진 향신료, 차(茶), 식물성 한약재등 11종의 천연물질을 대상으로 노로바이러스의 대체모델인 feline calicivirus (FCV 에 대한 항바이러스 활성을 조사하였다. 각 추출물에 대한 항바이러스 활성은 end point dilution assay 방법인 50% tissue culture infectious dose ($TCID_{50}$)으로 바이러스 감염가를 측정하였다. 녹차(Camellia sinensis L.) 추출물의 경우 3.13 mg/ml의 농도에서 1 시간만에 FCV가 완전히 불활성화 되었으며, 홍화씨 (Carthamus tinctorius L.) 추출물은 6.25 mg/ml의 농도에서 5시간 만에 바이러스가 불활성화 되어 녹차추출물이 FCV에 대한 항바이러스 활성이 가장 뛰어난 것으로 조사되었으며, 농도 및 반응시간에 유의적으로 항바이러스 활성을 나타내는 것으로 관찰되었다. 녹차 및 홍화씨 추출물 등과 같은 천연식물 자원을 이용하여 FCV에 대한 항바이러스 활성을 조사한 결과는 궁극적으로는 노로바이러스에 의한 식중독 저감을 위한 기초자료에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.155-158
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of Phaeophyta extracts against feline calicivirus (FCV), used as a norovirus surrogate. A bioassay-guided cytotoxicity and virus infectivity assay revealed that methanolic extracts of Phaeophyta possessed significant antiviral activity against FCV. Among them, Eisenia bicyclis extract exhibited the highest antiviral activity against FCV. The 50% effective concentration of the extract ($EC_{50}$) inhibiting FCV viral replication by 50% was $80{\mu}g/mL$. The extract also showed the highest selectivity index, calculated from the ratio of the median cellular cytotoxicity concentration ($CC_{50}$) and $EC_{50}$, indicating antiviral efficacy against FCV. In addition, significant interruption of FCV infection was observed by pretreatment of host Crandall-Reese feline kidney cells with the E. bicyclis extract ($200{\mu}g/mL$) prior to virus infection, in a dosedependent manner.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.32.1-32.8
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• 2021

Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly infectious pathogen in cats and widely distributed worldwide with high genetic variation. Full-length open reading frame 2 of 5 from recently isolated Korean FCV isolates were sequenced and compared with those of global isolates. The results of phylogenetic analysis supported dividing global FCV isolates into two genogroups (type I and II) and demonstrated the presence of genogroup II in Korea, indicating their geographic spread in East Asia. High sequence variations in region E of the FCV isolates emphasizes that a novel vaccine needs to be developed to induce protective immunity against various FCV strains.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.445-448
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• 2015

5개월령 코리안 숏헤어 새끼 고양이(몸무게 1.7 kg)가 상부호흡기 증상, 얼굴과 발/발바닥의 궤양과 부종 및 파행을 주증으로 내원하였다. 실험실 검사상, 백혈구감소증, 림프구 감소증, 췌장염 및 칼리시바이러스 감염증이 확인되었다. 진단은 고독성 칼리시바이러스 감염증에 대한 특이 임상증상과 PCR을 통한 칼리시바이러스 동정 및 다른 상부호흡기 감염을 배제함으로써 내려졌다. 상부호흡기 증상완화와 이차 감염에 대한 처치 및 보조요법을 약 한 달간 실시하였고, 환자는 이러한 치료를 통해 임상증상이 크게 개선되었다. 본 증례는 고독성 고양이 칼리시바이러스에 대한 첫 번째 발병증례이다.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.92.1-92.8
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• 2022

Background: Feline calicivirus (FCV) is widespread throughout the world. An FCV infection is associated with conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and mouth ulcers that can lead to the animal's death. Because vaccination is not always effective, it is necessary to monitor the infection regularly. Objectives: This study examined the FCV epizootic situation in the Moscow metropolitan area by conducting a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the virus isolates. Methods: Samples from 6213 animals were examined by a reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. For phylogenetic analysis, 12 nucleotide sequences obtained from animal samples were selected. Sequencing was performed using the Sanger method. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the Maximum Likelihood method. Results: The FCV genome was detected in 1,596 (25.7%) samples out of 6,213. In 2018, calicivirus was detected in 18.9% of samples, 27.8% in 2019, 21.4% in 2020, and 32.6% in 2021. Phylogenetic analysis of the F ORF2 region and the ORF3 start region led to division into two FCV genogroups. Most of the isolates (8 out of 12) were close to the Chinese strains. On the other hand, there were isolates closely related to European and American strains. The isolates circulating in Moscow were not included in clusters with vaccine strains; their nucleotide similarity varied from 77% to 83%. Conclusions: This study revealed a high prevalence and genetic diversity of the FCV in Moscow. The epizootic situation remains stably tense because 24 viruses were detected in 25% of animals annually.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.925-930
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• 2008

Norovirus has become the most common cause of human gastroenteritis in developed countries. Detection procedures of foodborne viruses from foods require several steps. The concentration step using polyethylene glycol (PEG) is time-consuming and the detection efficiency of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is affected by inhibitors from food components. In this study, a rapid detection method based on buoyant density centrifugation was developed to replace the time-consuming chloroform-polyethylene glycol-Tris Tween method. Feline calicivirus that belongs to the family Caliciviridae was used as a surrogate model for norovirus. After artificial inoculation of feline calcivirus (FCV) to oyster and lettuce, 830 ${\mu}L$ of homogenized sample suspension was layered on the top of 670 ${\mu}L$ 20% percoll and centrifuged. Then RNA extraction step was proceeded with the supernatant. By varying several physical conditions, the detection limits were lowered to $2.4{\times}10^2$ PFU per 1 g in oyster and $2.4{\times}10^0$ PFU per 1 g in lettuce. The protocol obtained in this study could be used to develop new detection method for norovirus in foods.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.429-435
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• 2011

Korean red ginseng has been studied various biological activities such as immune, anti-oxidative, anti-microbial, and anticancer activities but antiviral mechanism needs further studies. In this study, we aimed to examine the antiviral effects of Korea red ginseng extract and ginsenosides on norovirus surrogate, including murine norovirus (MNV) and feline calicivirus (FCV). We evaluated the pre-, co-, and post-treatment effects of Korean red ginseng (KRG), ginsenosides $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$. To measure the antiviral effect and cytotoxicity of KRG extract, and ginsenosides $Rb_1$ and $Rg_1$, we treated Crandell-Reese Feline Kidney for FCV or RAW264.7 cells for MNV with concentrations of 0, 5, 6.7, 10, 20 ug/mL total saponin. There was cytotoxic effect in the highest concentration 20 ug/mL of KRG extract so this concentration was excluded in this study. The FCV titer was significantly reduced to 0.23-0.83 $log_{10}$ 50% tissue culture infectious dose ($TCID_{50}$)/mL in groups pre-treated with red ginseng extract or ginsenosides. The titer of MNV was significantly reduced to 0.37-1.48 $log_{10}$ $TCID_{50}$/mL in groups pre-treated with red ginseng extract or ginsenosides. However, there was no observed antiviral effect in groups co-treated or post-treated with KRG and its constituents. Our data suggest that KRG extract has an antiviral effect against norovirus surrogates. The antiviral mechanisms of KRG and ginsenosides should be addressed in future studies.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.71.1-71.10
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• 2020

Background: Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a major and highly infectious pathogen in cats worldwide. However, there have been limited studies about the status of FCV infections in Korea. Objectives: To investigate the current status of FCV infections in stray cats in Korea. Methods: A novel reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay was developed based on the conserved nucleotide sequences of reported FCV strains. Field swab samples were collected from 122 cats (2 hospital admitted cats and 120 stray cats) in 2016 and 2017. All the samples were tested by virus isolation and 2 different RT-PCRs, including the novel RT-PCR, for the detection of FCV. Results: The novel RT-PCR assay showed no cross-reactivity to the nucleic acids of the other feline pathogens tested, and the limit of detection was calculated as 10⁰ TCID₅₀/mL based on an in vitro assessment. The novel RT-PCR assay detected 5 positive samples from the 122 field samples, which showed perfect agreement with the results of the virus isolation method. In contrast, another RT-PCR assay used in a previous study in Korea detected no positive samples. The prevalence of FCV infection in stray cats was 2.5% (3/120) based on the results of virus isolation and the novel RT-PCR assays. Conclusions: The current study is the first report of the detection and prevalence of FCV in stray cats in Korea. The novel RT-PCR assay developed in this study showed high sensitivity and specificity, which indicates a useful diagnostic assay to identify FCV infection in cats.