• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.221-230
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• 2010

Citizens' demand, which has been previously focused on welfare, is now expanding to include elements for higher quality of life such as employment, housing, culture, and sports. Accordingly, the government, with an aim of effectively delivering resident services that satisfy various demands, is committed to transforming the central government-oriented service system into the integrated service system based on public-private partnership. The government is also dedicated to expanding services to 8 areas including not only welfare but also healthcare, employment, housing, education, sports, culture, and tourism, which are directly related to everyday lives of residents. This project is designed to support such reforms in the citizen service delivery system in order to enhance quality of life of local residents. This study is to draw implications from analysis for implementing the citizen service integrated information system in order to reform the citizen service delivery system effectively through examinations and analyses of citizen services provided by the central government. Especially focus on public utility charges depreciation simplification citizen service. Its implications are expected to offer a real contribution for central and local Governments that want to increase the productivity of implementing eGovernment service.

• Journal of the Korean Medical Association
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• v.61 no.11
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• pp.638-642
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• 2018

Surgery is a very hands-on area of medical care, in that surgeons identify problems in patients' bodies and directly change them through operations. Therefore, it is not only necessary for surgeons to have a high level of expertise, but also to take considerable responsibility for the outcomes of each operation. However, surgery, which was once an object of envy, has long been a process to avoid, due to various circumstances, such as abnormal medical expenses in the medical field and social phenomena that avoids difficult work. It is unfortunate that medical professionals do not receive sympathy from others within the same medical field because of the general difficulties of the profession. The fundamental problem in this situation is the abnormal profit structure of the Korean medical system. Efforts by various related organizations will be needed to objectively evaluate the problems of the current medical insurance system and to make reasonable adjustments considering the difficulty, frequency, and resource-intensiveness of medical care.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.119-130
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to estimate the rate of credit card payment for private education. The results of study can be used to improve credit card handling problems of private educational institutes, leading toward improvements in income transparency, increase in tax burden equity and long-term economic welfare improvement for individual households. 424 households out of 586 household that were surveyed in September of 2002 had 1,700 cases private extracurricular education. 67 of the 1,700 cases that did not have expenditure records were removed from the analysis. Only 3.67％ out of 1,633 cases were paid by a credit cards and the amount of credit card payment were only 5.65％ of the total amount spent for private education. The average fee of private educational institutes that allow credit card payment was higher than the fees of private institutes which don't allow a credit card payment or those of private institutes where consumers don't know whether a credit card payment was allowed. The average fee of private education paid by credit cards was 34,465.46 won higher than that paid by cash. Credit card payments to private educational institutions is an important social issue with respect to fair tax collection and tax burden equity since most private educational services operate in fairly small sizes and are offered by the self-employed, and the expense of private education is a fairly large proportion of the household income. It is also important for consumers if credit card acceptance expands alternatives that consumers can choose in private education. Therefore, credit card payment should be encouraged in private extracurricular education. To do this, private education providers should be forced to join a credit card payment service by the National Tax Service. A regulation that prohibits the refusal of credit card payments should be required, and credit card service charges of private education providers should be incrementally decreased. Also, consumer education and public promotions for credit card use instead of cash in paying for private education fees are recommended.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.17-40
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• 2006

With the prospect of rapidly growing health insurance expenditures, particularly spending for ambulatory care, the introduction of a case-based payment method is discussed as an alternative to the current fee-for-service based method. A system to measure case mixes of providers is a core component of such payment systems. The objective of this study were to develop a classification system for ambulatory care, Korean Ambulatory Patient Group (KAPG) based on the U.S. APG version 2.0 and to evaluate the classification accuracy of the system. A database of 64,258,386 records was constructed from insurance claims submitted to the Health Insurance Review Agency (HIRA) during three months from August 2002. A total of 41,347,307 records with a single visit was used for the development and 7% random sample of the database was used for the evaluation. Additional groups were defined to include both physician and hospital fees in the classification, age splits were added to classify the entire population as well as the population older than 65, and the definition of medical groups used by the HIRA was adopted. The variance reduction in charges achieved by KAPGs was computed to evaluate the accuracy of classification. A total of 474 KAPGs was defined compare to 290 groups in the U.S. APG. The variance reduction for charges of all visits ranged from 20% to 37% depending on the type of provider, and ranged from 22% to 42% for non-outliers, that were better than those achieved by the system currently used by the .HIRA for its internal review purpose. Although further study is required to improve the classification for complicated care in larger hospitals, the results indicated that KAPGs could be used for better management of costs for ambulatory care.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.7-27
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• 1996

It is very costly to construct transportation facilities such as roads, bridges, tunnels, and public parking lots mainly because land price is very high in metropolis like Seoul. Private car oweners use these facilities more extensively than public transportation users. However, the government does not impose proper charges for using these facilities. Such improper charge causes traffic congestion and then decreases social welfare in efficiency and equity. To solve problem, many traffic demand management policies are used. Traffic management policies which are currently used or under consideration by the City Government of Seoul include the imposition of road tolls, increase of parking fees in public parking lots, increase of gasoline taxes, expanded implementation of bus only lanes, and shippujae, which requires one(1) non-driving day for 10 calendar days. This study examined the impacts of such policies on the different income classes using simulation analysis. We found that the impacts of market-oriented policies such as the imposition of road tolls and the increase of gasoline taxes is regressive. Also, we found that while the low and middle income private car users have incentive have incentive for public transportation use, the high income private car users have no incentive for public transportation use in many cases.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.185-196
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• 2015

Background: Issues concerning with the classification accuracy of Korean Outpatient Groups (KOPGs) have been raised by providers and researchers. The KOPG is an outpatient classification system used to measure casemix of outpatient visits and to adjust provider risk in charges by the Health Insurance Review & Assessment Service in managing insurance payments. The objective of this study were to refine KOPGs to improve the classification accuracy and to evaluate the refinement. Methods: We refined the rules used to classify visits with multiple procedures, newly defined chemotherapy drug groups, and modified the medical visit indicators through reviews of other classification systems, data analyses, and consultations with experts. We assessed the improvement by measuring % of variation in case charges reduced by KOPGs and the refined system, Enhanced KOPGs (EKOPGs). We used claims data submitted by providers to the HIRA during the year 2012 in both refinement and evaluation. Results: EKOPGs explicitly allowed additional payments for multiple procedures with exceptions of packaging of routine ancillary services and consolidation of related significant procedures, and discounts ranging from 30% to 70% were defined in additional payments. Thirteen chemotherapy drug KOPGs were added and medical visit indicators were streamlined to include codes for consultation fees for outpatient visits. The % of variance reduction achieved by EKOPGs was 48% for all patients whereas the figure was 40% for KOPGs, and the improvement was larger in data from tertiary and general hospitals than in data from clinics. Conclusion: A significant improvement in the performance of the KOPG was achieved by refining payments for visits with multiple procedures, defining groups for visits with chemotherapy, and revising medical visit indicators.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.57-66
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• 2023

Currently, a new energy system is emerging that implements consumption reduction by improving energy efficiency. Accordingly, as smart grids spread, the rate system by timing is expanding. The rate system by timing is a rate system that applies different rates by season/hour to pay according to usage. In this study, external factors such as temperature/day/time/season are considered and the time series prediction model, LSTM, is used to predict energy power usage data. Based on this energy usage prediction model, energy usage charges are reduced by analyzing usage patterns for each device and transferring power energy from the maximum load time to the light load time. In order to analyze the usage pattern for each device, a clustering technique is used to learn and classify the usage pattern of the device by time. In summary, this study predicts usage and usage fees based on the user's power data usage, analyzes usage patterns by device, and provides customized demand transfer services based on analysis, resulting in cost reduction for users.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.302-312
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a resource-based relative value scale (RBRVS) and its conversion factor for advanced nursing practices carried out by critical care nurse practitioners (CCNP) in intensive care units. Methods: The methodology was developed by calculating CCNP's RBRVS for 32 advanced nursing services based on CCNP's workload and time spent in the context of national health insurance. A cost analysis was performed to estimate the conversion factor of CCNP's RBRVS. The share of CCNP's contribution to fee-for-service in intensive care units was also analyzed. Results: Calculation of the RBRVS of 32 advanced nursing practices showed a range of points from 100.0 to 1,181.4 and an average of 296.1 points. The relevant conversion factor for advanced nursing practices in CCNP were estimated at 37.3-48.4 won. The contribution rate of CCNP's advanced nursing practices in the relative value scale of the national health insurance was estimated at 0.1-31.3%. Conclusion: Measuring the economic value of advanced nursing services will be a basis for esta-blishing a reimbursement system for CCNP's practices and thus encourage a social demand for advanced nurse practitioners.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.75-81
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• 2022

Under the government's principle of paying for emissions, the RFID-based pay-as-you-go system, which charges fees in proportion to emissions, was fully implemented in 2012. As of the end of 2018, the penetration rate is about 40% based on 149 local governments and multi-family apartments nationwide. The introduction of equipment showed a reduction effect of about 20-30%. Problems with existing equipment also began to appear. This study tried to improve by applying and integrating the existing technologies to solve the fundamental problems of these inlets. In other words, the plan is to improve the environment around the food waste meter by changing the design so that the hopper goes deep into the food waste bin inside the food waste meter so that the food waste becomes full and is designed smoothly when replacing the collection container.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.767-785
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• 2009

This paper studies the effect of industrial waste water effluent charge reform. The goal of the present effluent charge system is to use environmental resources in an efficient way by charging the cost for removing emitted water pollutants. However, the present system is a type of regulation instead of providing economic incentives to the industry. That is, if a firm emits pollutants greater than the limit, it has to pay an amount greater than the cost of cleaning them taking into account the amount of waste water discharged, region, the number of violation and the level of density of pollutants. However, the excessive fees have resulted in the lowest ratio of revenue-to-effluent charge among all environmental charges. The paper estimates the effect of the change in effluent fee and revenue when the present effluent charge system is converted to one that offers economic incentives. The results show that the amount of waste water effluent charge is about four times larger than the estimated environmental cleaning cost. In addition, the results show that by modifying the effluent charge system, the ratio of revenue to effluent charge can be raised.