• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.231-236
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• 2004

In order to identify the growth characteristics, the yield and chemical composition of Jeju native sorghum(Sorghum bicolor L.) based on seeding date in Jeju region. Seeding carried out the 10-day intervals from March 27 to May 27 in 2000, respectively. Plant height was 222.9 cm, Showing the highest on seeding date, April 7 among that of any other seeding date. On the other hand, those of early and late seeding gradually decreased. The results of stem diameter, number of leaves were similar to those of the plant height. The yield of fresh, dry matter forage, crude protein and TDN found the highest on April 7 seeding, 48.0 MT/ha, 12.0 MT/ha, 1.0 MT/ha, 5.3 MT/ha, respectively. In early and late seeding, the yield was gradually decreased. According to delaying the seeding date, March 27 to May 27, the contents of crude protein (from 7.8 to $11.4\%$) ether extract(from 1.7 to $3.3\%$), nitrogen free extract(from 34.1 to $40.0\%$) and TDN(from 42.9 to $52.5\%$) were gradually increased, respectively. On the other hand, those of crude fiber (from 40.6 to $32.3\%$) and crude ash (from 10.3 to $7.6\%$) were decreased. These results showed that April 7 was the optimum seeding date with the sole object of feed production of Jeju native sorghum.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.296-303
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine the effects of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) and charcoal supplementation on meat quality traits in finishing pigs. A total of 420 pigs (LYD) were randomly allocated into seven treatments with three replications. The dietary treatments were T1 (control, basal diet), T2 (basal diet+0.3% stevia), T3 (basal diet+0.6% stevia), T4 (basal diet+0.3% charcoal), T5 (basal diet+0.6% charcoal), T6 (basal diet+0.3% stevia+0.3% charcoal), and T7 (basal diet+0.6% stevia+0.6% charcoal). Pigs were slaughtered conventionally on each marketing day and chilled overnigth. At 24 h postmortem, the Longissimus muscle from left side between the 6th and 14th rib was removed for the meat quality traits. The T6 group showed a higher pH, water holding capacity (p<0.05), and lower drip loss (p<0.05) than those in the T1 group. The T6 group showed lower (p<0.05) $L^*$ (lightness) and $b^*$ (yellowness) values and higher $a^*$ (redness) color value than those in the T1 group, resulting in a redder surface meat color. In the subjective evaluation, marbling and color scores improved in the T6 group compared to those in the other treatments. In the panel test, the T6 group tended to have higher tenderness and juiciness scores than those in the T1 group. In the storage characteristics, all treatments showed similar 2-thiobarbituric acid and volatile basic nitrogen values as well as total microbial counts during 7 d of cold storage. As a result, dietary supplementation with 0.3% stevia and 0.3% charcoal showed the highest meat quality traits and storage characteristics in finishing pigs.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.111-118
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• 2015

Probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic substances as well as microorganisms were added to infant formula in an attempt to influence the intestinal microflora with an aim to stimulate the growth of lactic acid bacteria, especially bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. Over the last 10 years, new synbiotic infant formulas containing probiotics and prebiotics have been proposed in order to simulate the effect of breast-feeding on the intestinal microflora. Owing to their synergistic effect, the new synbiotics are expected to be more helpful than using probiotics and prebiotics individually. Maintenance of the viability of the probiotics during food processing and the passage through the gastrointestinal tract should be the most important consideration, since a sufficient number of bacteria ($10^8cfu/g$) should reach the intended location to have a positive effect on the host. Storage conditions and the processing technology used for the manufacture of products such as infant formula adversely affect the viability of the probiotics. When an appropriate and cost-effective microencapsulation methodology using the generally recognized as safe (GRAS) status and substances with high biological value are developed, the quality of infant formulas would improve. The effect of probiotics may be called a double-effect, where one is an immunomodulatory effect, induced by live probiotics that advantageously alter the gastrointestinal microflora, and the other comprises anti-inflammatory responses elicited by dead cells. At present, a new terminology is required to define the dead microorganisms or crude microbial fractions that positively affect health. The term "paraprobiotics" (or ghost probiotics) has been proposed to define dead microbial cells (not damaged or broken) or crude cell extracts (i.e., cell extracts with complex chemical composition) that are beneficial to humans and animals when a sufficient amount is orally or topically administered. The fecal microflora of bottle-fed infants is altered when the milk-based infant formula is supplemented with probiotics or prebiotics. Thus, by increasing the proportion of beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, prebiotics modify the fecal microbial composition and accordingly regulate the activity of the immune system. Therefore, considerable attention has been focused on the improvement of infant formula quality such that its beneficial effects are comparable to those of human milk, using prebiotics such as inulin and oligosaccharides and potential specific probiotics such as bifidobacteria, which selectively stimulate the proliferation of beneficial bacteria in the microflora and the indigenous intestinal metabolic activity of the microflora.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.668-672
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• 2001

To investigate the oxygen free radical and alcohol metabolizing system in liver of rats fed diets with 30% ethanol extract of Lycium chinense (LCEE), Sprague-Dawley male rats weighing 225~235g have been fed a diet supplemented with 2% or 4% LCEE for a month. The rats fed LCEE supplemented diets gained less body weight compared with the control, and had no remarkable changes of liver function. In rats fed 2% LCEE supplemented diet, hepatic cytochrome P450 contents appeared to be increased, but catalase (204.88$\pm$20.06 $H_2O$$_2$nmoles/mg protein/min), and superoxide dismutase (13.18$\pm$0.74 Unit/mg protein) activities were significantly increased compared with control 120.28$\pm$26.99 $H_2O$$_2$nmoles/mg protein/min and 10.49$\pm$0.80 Units/mg protein). There was no difference in hepatic glutathione content, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase ctivities between the rats fed LCEE suplemented diets and the control diet. On the other hand, hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity were not changed by LCEE feeding, but hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase activities were significantly increased in rats fed both 2 and 4% LCEE diets(5.01$\pm$0.21 and 4.47$\pm$0.06 $\mu$moles NADPH/mg protein/min) compared with control (3.28$\pm$0.21 $\mu$moles NADPH/mg protein/min) and its Vmax value was 1.9 fold increased in rats fed 2% LCEE and 1.5 fold in those fed 4% LCEE compared with control. In conclusion, it is likely that rats receiving a diet supplemented with LCEE may have the oxygen free radicals and alcohol detoxication potential.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.273-283
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• 1983

In order to investigate the effect of the combined dietary animal and vegetable proteins on growing female and male rats and mice. 25 female and 25 male rats of 4 weeks old weighing approximately 43-65g and 47-60g, respectively, were subjected to feeding trials for 4 weeks and then subsequently to metabolic trials for 10 days. In case of mice, 25 female and 25 male mice of 4 weeks old weighing approximately 12-17g and 12-16g, respectively, were equally treated. The dietary energy level was set as 3600 kcal ME/kg, and protein and fat provided respectively 12 and 5% of the dietary energy. The rest 83% of the energy level was supplied with appropriate amounts of starch and glucose. The following results were obtained. The body weight gain of female and male rats were increased as the combined dietary animal protein level increased. Whereas that of male mice was the highest for the diet E(Ap 10+Vp 90). Food efficiencies both of female and male rats were improved as combined dietary of animal protein increased. Male rats were superior to that of female. In the mice, the food efficiency value of male mice was superior to that of female. And the values of the male showed the same fashion as that in the growth rate, although it was not for the female. Protein efficiencies, both of female and male rats, were improved as combined dietary of animal protein level increased. That of male mice was in accord with the body weight gain and food efficiencies. But that of female mice was not accordant. Nitrogen retention of the experimental diets in the same protein level was in proportion to nitrogen intake. That of male mice was improved as animal protein level increased, but, that of female mice was not. Body protein utilizability was found to be superior in mice to rats. Blood serum protein level was not found to be affected by the experimental diets in the same protein level. The best combination ratio of animal and vegetable protein seems to be variable depending on the sex and species of animals, and the best diets for female and male rats and female and male mice were found to be experimental diet A(Ap 10+Vp 90) or diet B(Ap 75+Vp 25), diet C(Ap 50+Vp 50), and diet E(Ap 10+Vp 90), respectively. From the above-mentioned results that there was no difference in growth rate of body weight gain from the weanling period to puberty, and that the protein requirements of rats and mice were different from each other.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 1977

This study was designed to evaluate the nutritive value of pearl barley. Forty males and the same number of females of albino rats, the Leuise strain, weighing from 52.1g to 59.1g were divided into eight experimental groups, five males and females were composed of one group. A group: casein 15%+starch 75%+oil 8%+vitamin mixture 1%+salt mixture 1% B group: pearl barley 98%+vitamin mixture 1%+salt mixture 1% C group: rice 98%+vitamin mixture 1%+salt mixture 1% D group: barley 98%+vitamin mixture 1%+salt mixture 1% E group: rice 49%+pearl barley 49%+vitamin mixture 1%+salt mixture 1% F group: rice 73.5%+pearl barley 24.5%+vitamin mixture 1% +salt mixture 1% G group: barley 49%+pearl barley 49%+vitamin mixture 1% +salt mixture 1% H group: barley 73.5%+Pearl barley 24.5%+vitamin mixture 1%+salt mixture 1% The rats were kept in an individual cage and were fed 8 different diets for 7 weeks and fed by ad-libitum feeding method. The results of this study were eluciated as followings. 1. B group was significantly lower in weight gain than the other groups. 2. Polished pearl barley showed higher digestion rate in protein and carbohydrate than brown pearl barley but lower in fat. 3. Liver weight was obserbed significant differences between B group and C group. but no significant differences between the others. 4. B group was significantly lower in the total protein content of liver and A/G ratio in plasma than other groups. 5. B group was also the lowest in the hematocrit and hemoglobin contents among the experimental groups. 6. Free amino acid composition in plasma was similar to those in diet.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.90-105
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• 2013

This study was performed to find out stomach contents of cold water fish such as Manchurian trout (Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis) and River salmon (Oncorhynchus masou masou) in the Odae mountain area. Field survey was carried out 3 times by each season from May to October 2012 along the Gyebang stream and the Yangyang-Namdae stream at north-west mountain slope and north-east mountain slope of the Odae mountain area respectively. The result of digestive track analysis showed that food species of Manchurian trout were total individuals of 645 including 5 orders, 23 families, 39 species of benthic macroinvertebrates and 11 taxa of terrestial insects. And each IRI (Index of Relative Importance, %) value of food species by Manchurian trout was terrestial insects 37.0%, Trichoptera 36.4%, Ephemeroptera 20.0%, Diptera 3.9%, Plecoptera 2.7%, and Gordea <0.1%. While the River salmon fed on 1,186 individuals covering 4 orders, 20 families, 33 species of benthic macroinvertebrates and 6 taxa of terrestial insects including arachnid. Also IRI values by River salmon were terrestial insects including arachnid 2.7%, Ephemeroptera 52.9%, Trichoptera 27.9%, Diptera 9.4%, and Plecoptera 7.0% respectively. With these results, we might say that both Manchurian trout and River salmon is carnivorous fish which display the feeding preference to terrestial insects and benthic macroinvertebrates. As a results we could find out that the two kinds of cold water fish preferred similar habitat types and liked same order of food species in same season, however the compositions of food species for Manchurian trout and River salmon were considerably different.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.319-325
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• 1984

This experiment aims to observe the nutritive value of blood sausages by manufacturing three kinds of them in order to utilize various by-products of swine when it is processed. In attempt to do so, five different diets were made: one control diet and four diets in which three kinds of blood sausages(blood sausage-1 was made with sausage meat 10%, fat 40%, blood 20%, skin 20% and liver 2%. blood sausage-2 was made with ham meat 30%, fat 20%, blood 20%, liver 2% and skin 20%. blood sausage-3 was made with smoked ham patch 30%, fat 20%, blood 20%, liver 2% and skin 20%) and mixed sausage(sausage meat 20%, fat 10% and fish meat 35%) were mixed with control diet at the rates of 10% respectively. These diets were fed to growing male and female albino rats for 6 weeks. The results obtained through this study are summarized as follows. In body weight gain of male rats, blood sausage-1 and 2 groups were significantly higher than mixed sausage group during the experimental period, and in that of female rats, control group and blood sausage-1 group were similar, but the other groups were lower than control group. Food intake was different in each group every week, but the amount of that was similar to each one throughout all experimental period. Food efficiency ratio and protein efficiency ratio in male were similar in each group, but slightly different in female during the feeding period. Liver weights of male in mixed sausage group and blood sausage-3 group were lower than those in control group and blood sausage-2 group, but liver weight of female in blood sausage-2 group was lower than that in control group. And all groups were similar in liver weight per 100 g of body weight. Mixed sausage group and blood sausage-1 group were lower than control group in kidney weight of male, and blood sausage-1 group was lower than control group in kidney weight of female. Kidney weight per 100 g of body weight of male showed that blood sausage-1 group was lower than the other groups. Spleen weight was similar in all groups. Hematocrit and hemoglobin contents in blood, total protein, albumin, albumin/globulin ratio, total lipid and total cholesterol contents in serum were showed almost similar in all groups.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2009

The effect of water temperature on fasting and post-prandial total ammonia excretion (TAN) of the starry flounder Platichthys stellatus (mean body weigh : $42.4{\pm}3.4g$) was studied. The fasting and post-prandial TAN excretions were measured under three different water temperatures (10, 15 and $20^{\circ}C$) for 24 hours using a recirculating system. In each treatment three replicates were set up and total 45 fish were used. Fish were taken to the indoor aquarium, acclimated over 10 days at three temperatures, and transferred to TAN measuring system for measurements of TAN excretion at the same temperatures. After 3 days of starvation, fasting TAN excretion was measured at each temperature. To investigate post-prandial TAN excretion, fish were hand-fed to satiation level with a commercial diet containing 50.2% crude protein for 7 days, two times daily 08 : 00 and 16 : 00 h. The fasting and postprandial TAN excretion increased with increased water temperature (p<0.05). Mean fasting TAN excretion rates at 10, 15 and $20^{\circ}C$ were 10.9, 11.2 and $12.2mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$, respectively. The value at $20^{\circ}C$ was higher than those at 10 and $15^{\circ}C$ (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between $10^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$. Mean post-prandial TAN excretion rates at 10, 15 and $20^{\circ}C$ were 33.0, 43.4 and $55.3mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$, respectively. Two peaks of post-prandial TAN excretions were observed, and the second peak was always greater than the first. The post-prandial TAN excretion rate reached to the maximum after 10 hours from the first feeding at $10^{\circ}C$($45.3mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$), $15^{\circ}C$ ($64.5mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$) and $20^{\circ}C$ ($83.2mg\;TAN\;kg\;fish^{-1}\;h^{-1}$), respectively. The TAN loss for ingested nitrogen at $20^{\circ}C$ (48.8%) was higher than that for $10^{\circ}C$ (43.0%) and $15^{\circ}C$ (45.7%). This study provides empirical data for estimating ammonia excretion and managing culture management of starry flounder under given temperatures.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.5
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• pp.434-451
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• 2017

For this study, groundwater samples for 3 years from 2011 through 2013 were collected at 106 groundwater monitoring site in Korea. These groundwater samples were analyzed for 13 pesticides such as cabofuran, pentachlorobenzene, hexachlorobenzene, simazine, atrazine, lindane (gamma-HCH), alachlor, heptachlor, chlordane (total), endosulfan (1, 2), dieldrin, endrin, 4,4-DDT. The objectives of this study were to determine the detection frequency and their concentrations of 13 pesticides and evaluate the health risk level considering ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact using concentrations of 13 pesticides in groundwater samples. An analysis was used for the simultaneous determination for 13 pesticides using GC-MS. GC-MS was performed on HP-5ms, using helium ($1ml\;min^{-1}$) as carrier gas. The average recoveries of the pesticides were from 92.8% to 120.8%. The limits of detection (LODs) were between $0.004{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and $0.118{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were between $0.012{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and $0.354{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$. 106 groundwater wells were selected. 54 wells were from well to monitor background groundwater quality and 52 wells were from well to monitor groundwater quality in industrial or contamination source area. Eight pesticides including pentachlorobenzene, lindane (Gamma-HCH), heptachlor, chlordane (total), Endosulfan (1, 2), dieldrin, endrin, and 4,4-DDT were not detected in groundwater samples. The detection frequency for hexachlorobenzene, alachlor, carbofuran and simazine was 23.4%, 11.4%, 7.3%, and 1.0%, respectively. Atrazine was detected once in 2011. The average concentrations were $0.00423{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for carbofuran, $0.000243{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for alachlor, $0.00015{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for simazine, and $0.00001{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ for hexachlorobenzene. The detection frequency of hexachlorobenzene was high, but the average concentration was low. In the contaminated groundwater, the detection frequency for hexachlorobenzene, alachlor, carbofuran, simazine and atrazine was 26.1%, 21.3%, 7.1%, 1.9% and 0.3%, respectively. In the uncontaminated groundwater, detection frequency for hexachlorobenzene, carbofuran and alachlor were 20.2%, 7.5%, and 1.9% respectively. Simazine and atrazine were not detected at uncontaminated groundwater wells. According to the purpose of groundwater use, atrazine was detected for agricultural groundwater use. Hexachlorobenzene showed high detection frequency at agricultural groundwater use area where the animal feeding area and golf course area were located. Alachlor showed more than 50% detection frequency at cropping area, pollution concern river area, and golf course area. Atrazine was detected in agricultural water use area. By land use, the maximum detection frequency of alachlor was found near an orchard. For human risk assessment, the cancer risk for the 5 pesticides was between $10^{-7}$ and $10^{-10}$, while the non-cancer risk (HQ value) was between $10^{-4}$ and $10^{-6}$. For conclusion, these monitoring study needs to continue because of the possibility of groundwater contamination based on various purpose of groundwater use.