• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.20-29
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to develop a feeding protocol for premature infants and to evaluate the effects of protocol. Methods: The feeding protocol was developed through a literature review and discussions of an expert group. The developed feeding protocol was tested with 85 preterm infants in one neonatal intensive care unit in B city. A non-equivalent control group non-synchronized design was used. Data were collected from January 1 to April 30, 2013 for the control group and from June 1 to September 30, 2013 for the experimental group. The experimental group (n=38) received the feeding protocol, whereas the control group (n=47) had routine feeding care. Collected data were analyzed by t-test and -test using SPSS/WIN version 18.0. Results: First feeding time (t=2.22, p=.029) and full enteral feeding time (t=2.28, p=.026) were significantly decreased in the experimental group compared to the control group. There was no difference in incidence of complications (p>.05). Also no significant differences in weight reduction rate between the two groups were observed at the 7th postnatal day (t=-1.23, p=.222). Conclusion: The results indicate that the feeding protocol for preterm infants is effective in decreasing first feeding time and full enteral feeding time.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.315-326
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• 1991

This study was tried for a mathematical approaches related to daily fluctuations in the stomach fullness of Agrammus agrammus. The specimen was collected by angling and gill net from September 1984 to August 1985 off Shinsudo, Samchonpo. Fullness of the stomachs was increased in the early morning and the late afternoon, decreased in the late morning, at noon, and during the night. That is, feeding activity of the fish was more intense at sunrise and sunset. Daily feeding activity of the fish in a day was divided into the time period of gastric evacuation and both feeding and gastric evacuation. Stomach fullness with the lapse of time in the time period of gastric evacuation was geometrically decreased. Stomach fullness in the time period of both feeding and gastric evacuation was affected by gastric evacuation rates, feeding rates, and maximum fullness of the stomach. These parameters were able to estimate from the method estimating the regression coefficient in the relationship between the time(t) and the stomach fullness$(F_t)$, or between stomach fullness at the time t and $t+\Deltat$. The rates of feeding and gastric evacuation were the highest in spring and the lowest in winter. The relationships between time(t) and stomach fullness$(F_t)$ in the time period of gastric evacuation and both feeding and gastric evacuation induced from hypotheses were respectively as follows. $$F_t=F_{to}e^{-r(t-to)}$$, $$F_t=F\infty-(F\infty-F_{to})e^{-(p+r)(t-{to})}$$

• Toxicological Research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.147-150
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• 2000

Melatonin plasma in Swallows exhibited circadian rhythmical secretions in the LD (Light and dark, 12：12) period with and without feeding. But their average difference between at CT6 (Circadian Time) and CT18 was 3.53 ng/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$ in LD period with feeding. on the other side 1.60 ng/$m\ell$ during without feeding. Melatonin concentration at CT6 without feeding incresed from 0.22 ng/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$ to 0.93 ng/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$. It is demonstrated that decresing melatonin secretion may reduce digestive function in order to ready for the migration. While the birds with feeding exhibited circadian rhythmical activity, their activity without feeding was durable. The concentrations of melatonin plasma by refeeding were 1.53 ng/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$ at CT6 and 6.07 ng/$\textrm{m}{\ell}$ at CT18. Melatonin plasma concentration in the night increased by more than ca. quadruple at day. This results suggest that melatonin regulates metabolism for the return to the normal metabolism condition after migration. After 3 days refeeding melatonin was secreted circadian rhythmically same as the secretions with feeding at beginning.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1995

To examine whether colostral growth factors are transferred to the general circulation, concentrations of plasma cortisol, insulin, prolactin, growth hormone, insulin-like growth factors(IGFs) -I and -II, IGF-binding proteins(IGFBPs) and total protein were measured in newborn calves fed colostrums, milk of milk replacer before and after feeding at 12 h intervals during the first two days after birth. Plasma protein concentrations increased with time after than in milk- or milk replacer-fed calves. The mean protein concentration was greater in colostrum-fed than in milk- or milk replacer-fed calves. Plasma cortisol levels transiently declined after each feeding regardless of the type of diet, while insulin levels tended to increase. Mean concentrations of these hormones did not differ between dietary groups, nor did they change with time after birth. Plasma concentrations of prolactin and growth hormone did not differ between dietary groups and also did not change with time after birth or after feeding. Concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-II transiently increased at the second feeding period, but these, as well as plasma IGFBP profiles, were not different between groups or before and after feeding. Results did not indicate significant transfer of colostral growth factors across the newborn ruminant small intestine.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.718-726
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate differences between a pulmonary aspiration group and a non-pulmonary aspiration group in glucose concentration of tracheal secretions by measuring time and feeding methods. Method: The subjects were 36 ICU patients who were receiving formula via nasogastric tubes and had endotracheal tubes or tracheostomy tubes. Tracheal secretions were collected by connecting suction traps to a suction catheter in three different times(within 1 hour after feeding, between 1 to 2 hours after feeding, and between 2 to 3 hours after feeding) for 2 days, overall six times. Glucose concentration of tracheal secretions was measured with the glucometer(Accucheck II). Results: Glucose concentration of tracheal secretions increased in progression after feeding. The mean of specimens collected last(between two to three hours after feeding) was shown to be the highest value(M=61.61mg/dl) in the pulmonary aspiration group. Significantly(p=.000) more subjects(94.44%) in the pulmonary aspiration group received formula via a 50cc syringe than those in the non-pulmonary aspiration group(22.22%). Conclusion: Critically ill patients may need more time for head-elevation after tube feeding to prevent pulmonary aspiration. In practice, enteral formula should not be given the patients via a $50_cc$ syringe anymore, instead a feeding bag or infusion pump should be used to prevent pulmonary aspiration.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.155-173
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• 1995

The purpose of this research was to obtain information about the performance of breast-feeding by employed mother and the supportive accommodation in the work place. The survey questionnaire was answered by 323 employed mothers who had child over the six months and visited the pediatric clinic in the hospital and the public health center in Seoul. The results were as follows : 1. Of the 323 employed mothers, 4.7% of mothers performed breast-feeding, 58.3% of mothers did artificial-feeding and 37% of mothers did mixed-feeding during the six months after birth of baby. 2. The characteristics of employed mothers found to be related breast-feeding include Age, Education, Number of Baby, Type of Delivery, Place of Delivery, Obtaining Information On Breast-Feeding. 3. The performance of breast-feeding during the work was different significantly according to the mother's job(medical and non-medical) and the method of feeding. 4. The reasons why they could not perform the breast-feeding include not enough time because of working(80.4%) and lack of knowledge about breast-feeding method with combining employment. 5. The results showed that the rest supports of the work environment was insufficient to perform breast-feeding in he workplace except maternal leave.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.326-335
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• 2016

Purpose: It is crucial to provide adequate enteral nutrition for postoperative recovery, wound healing and normal growth in infants in pediatric cardiac ICUs. This study was done to develop a feeding protocol using the vaso-active inotropic (VAI) score and to evaluate the impact of nutritional outcomes following the new feeding protocol for infants who underwent cardiac surgery. Methods: This study consisted of three phases. First, a feeding protocol was developed based on a literature review. Second, ten experts rated the content validity. Third, a comparison study was conducted to evaluate the impact of the new feeding protocol. Data were analyzed using SPSS Version 20. Results: Twenty-nine infants were enrolled in the pre-protocol group, and 22 infants in the post-protocol group. Patients in the 2 groups were similar. Time to reach feeding goal was significantly decreased from 56.0 (27-210) hours to 28.5 (10-496) hours in the post-protocol group (Z=-4.22, p<.001). Level of enteral feeding knowledge among nurses increased significantly after implementation of the protocol. Conclusion: The feeding protocol using VAI score facilitates the achievement feeding goal to decrease feeding interruptions and help nurses in their practice. Larger studies are necessary to examine clinical outcomes following the implementation of this feeding protocol.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.341-342
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• 2001

High cell density cultivation of Pseudomonas putida is often necessary for the VOC removal bioreactor. Supplying the feeding solution of C and N sources could accelerate the growth of cells. We changed the component of feeding solution and feeding time. showing that P. putida could be grown to a high density.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.445-455
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• 2017

This study was conducted to identify the relevance between postpartum women'sfatigue and breast-feeding rate in accordance with the types of rooming-in care at one hospital in Seoul. The data were collected by using a self-report questionnaire between June and July of 2014. All subjects were full-time rooming-in group, with 64 mothers and part time rooming-in group, 43 mothers. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 windows program. The result supported Hypothesis 1, in which the number of full-time rooming-in group's daily breast-feeding would out number that of part time rooming-in group. Hypothesis 2, on the other hand, which was that the breast-feeding rate would differ between the full-time rooming-in and the part-time rooming-in groups was overruled. Hypothesis 3, in which the fatigue of the full-time rooming-in group would be higher than the part-time rooming-in group was supported. Hypothesis 4, in which postpartum women'sfatigue would relate to breast-feeding rate during hospitalization period was overruled. Thus, based on this research, it is suggested that rather than collectively running the full-time rooming-in care, part-time rooming-in care that is individualized with considerations to the conditions of the mothers and new-born should be considered.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 2014

Objective : The purpose of this study was ro identify the effects of an oral stimulation program on premature infant's oral feeding performance. Methods : The subject was one premature infant(25wks). Oran stimulation program consisting of stimulation of the oral structures involved stroking the cheeks, lips, gums, and tongue. Oral feeding performance factors were weight, overall intake per day, overall intake per one time, overall time per one time. Each factors was measured weekly. Results : The subject's weight were higher than pre-intervention. The overall intake per day, overall intake per one time were increased. And overall time per one time was shorter than pre-intervention. Conclusion The results indicate that oral stimulation program for premature infant was helpful oral feeding. Thus oral stimulation program can be use in home and practice setting.