• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.646-653
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• 1999

This study was done to investigate the effect of ${\gamma}$ irradiated beef feeding on antioxidant vitamin levels and defense enzyme activities in diethylnitrosamine(DEN) initiated rats. Weaning Sprague Dawley male rats were fed the diet containing ${\gamma}$ irradiated ground beef at the dose 0, 3, 5 kGy as a 20% of protein source for 8 weeks. One week after feeding, rats were intraperitoneally injected twice with a dose of DEN(50mg/kg BW). As a promoter, 0.05% phenobarbital was fed in drinking water from one week after DEN treatment until the end of experiment. At the end of 8th week, serum level of vitamin C, serum and hepatic levels of retinol and tocopherol were determined. In addition, activities of cytosolic glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S transferase, catalase and hepatic superoxide dismutase(SOD) were measured. By ${\gamma}$ irradiation, there was no significant effect on serum and hepatic levels of vitamin C and tocopherol except a significant decreasing effect on hepatic retinol level. There was also no significant effect on the activities of enzymes involved in antioxidative defense system, However, DEN treatment led to a significant increase in activities of glutathione reductase and glutathione S transferase while the activity of glutathione peroxidase was decreased. The activities of hepatic SOD and catalase were not changed by DEN treatment. Overall results indicate that the consumption of low dose of ${\gamma}$ irradiated beef does not affect antioxidative defense system.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.390-398
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• 2015

A feeding experiment was conducted to determine the use of distillers dried grain (DDG) as a partial replacement for fish meal in the diet for juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Four iso-nitrogenous (50% crude protein) and iso-caloric (4.3 kcal/g) diets (designated as DDG0, DDG7, DDG14, and DDG21) were formulated to contain 0, 7, 14, and 21% DDG. Triplicate groups of juvenile rockfish (initial body weight, $10.2{\pm}0.2g$) were fed one of the experimental diets to visual satiety twice a day (09:00 and 17:00) for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, survival of rockfish was above 97% and not affected by dietary DDG levels (P>0.05). Weight gain, feed efficiency and daily feed intake of juvenile rockfish were significantly decreased with increase of dietary DDG levels (P<0.05). Condition factor, hepatosomatic index and visceralsomatic index of juvenile rockfish were not significantly affected by dietary DDG levels (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed in the contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash of the whole body and dorsal muscle in juvenile rockfish fed the experimental diets (P>0.05). Therefore dietary inclusion of DDG as a replacement for fish meal could depress the growth of juvenile rockfish.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.203-208
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• 2009

A factorial feeding trial of different levels of three carbohydrate sources (wheat flour, $\alpha$-potato starch, and sodium alginate) was conducted to determine proper sources and levels of dietary carbohydrate for juvenile sea cucumbers. Three replicate groups of juvenile sea cucumbers (770 mg average weight) were fed the experimental diets once a day for 10 weeks. After feeding trial, survival of sea cucumbers was not significantly different between diets. The body weight of sea cucumbers was significantly (P<0.01) affected by both source and level of dietary carbohydrate, tending to decrease as dietary carbohydrate level increased. Body weight of sea cucumbers fed a 25% wheat flour diet was the highest but was not significantly different from that of sea cucumbers fed diet containing 10% wheat flour with 15% sodium alginate (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed in contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash of sea cucumbers among dietary treatments. These results suggest that sea cucumbers utilize wheat flour and sodium alginate more efficiently than they do $\alpha$-potato starch, and that a formulated diet containing 43-60% carbohydrate may be suitable for juvenile sea cucumber culture.

• 여성건강간호학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.262-271
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was to explore association of maternal role adjustments, parenting stresses, and demographic factors to breastfeeding adaptation. Methods: A correlational survey design was used to recruit 183 mothers who breastfeed or breastfed their babies. Participants' visited outpatient departments and were admitted to pediatric ward at 2 hospitals in metropolitan city of Korea. Inclusion criteria for subjects were mothers whose babies were from 1 month to 24 months old. Data were collected using a self-report questionnaire for mothers' and babies' demographic variables, maternal role adjustments, parenting stresses, and maternal breastfeeding adaptations. Results: Higher levels of maternal adaptations and low levels of parenting stresses were associated with greater maternal breastfeeding adaptations. Types of feeding during hospital stays and baby's health status at birth were also associated with maternal breastfeeding adaptation. Conclusion: Results showed that a higher level of mothers' adjustment to breastfeeding; indicated lesser parenting stresses with higher levels of maternal adaptation. Nursing interventions for breastfeeding should be applied for appropriate breastfeeding adaptation during mothers' hospital stay. As baby's poor health status at birth medical team should provide a proper breastfeeding education.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제14권5호
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• pp.407-417
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• 2004

This study was conducted to investigate the application possibility of leaf and stem extract(LSE) extracted from the mixture of leaf and stem of ginseng radix(Panax ginseng CA. Meyer). This study measured the intake levels and efficiency ratio, growth rate, absorption ratio of carbohydrate, lipid and protein of rat by feeding with LSE during 6 weeks. We analyse the hematological and serum metabolic variables, serum lipid concentrations. Total diet and protein intake levels were low, but efficiency ratios were significantly high in LSE administered groups than the control group. Weight gain, liver and kidney weight of LSE groups were significantly higher than the control group. Blood RBC, Hct, Hb, total protein and albumin concentrations were reasonable levels in LSE administered groups compared to the basal diet group. Also serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride contents of LSE groups were low, but HDL-cholesterol level was higher than the basal diet group. These results imply that leaf and stem of ginseng radix could be used as possible food resources, functional food material and feed stuff.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.727-738
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• 2006

비육돈에게 옻나무 사료의 첨가수준과 급여기간이 도축 후 육질에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해 본 실험을 실시하였다. 생시체중이 80kg과 65kg인 미경산돈(Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc)을 도축전 5주(비육후기)와 8주(비육전기:3주; 비육후기:5주)동안 옻나무 사료를 0%(대조구), 2% 및 4%로 처리구당 5두씩 급여하였다. 도축후 24시간동안 냉각시킨 다음 발골한 등심(M. longissimus)을 3±0.2℃에서 8일 동안 저장하면서 실험을 실시하였다. 일반성분 함량에서 옻나무 사료를 4% 급여한 돈육이 대조구에 비해 조지방 함량이 감소하였다(p<0.05). 보수력은 옻 급여육이 대조구보다 높았다(p<0.05). 표면육색에서 명도(L* 값)는 저장기간 동안 옻나무 사료를 5주간 급여육이 대조구보다 높았으나(p<0.05), 적색도(a* 값)와 황색도(b* 값)는 옻나무 급여수준과 기간에 따른 영향을 받지 않았다. TBARS는 저장기간중에 옻나무 급여육이 대조구보다 낮았으며(p<0.05), 옻나무 사료를 5주간 급여육이 가장 높은 항산화 효과를 보였다. 옻나무 사료를 급여하면 돈육 지방의 불포화지방산이 증가하고 상대적으로 포화지방산이 줄어드는 것으로 나타났다. 단가 불포화지방산(MUFA)의 경우 옻나무 사료 급여량이나 기간에 상관없이 모든 옻 급여육이 대조구에 비해 유의적으로 높았고, 다가 불포화지방산(PUFA)은 8주간 옻나무 사료를 급여한 돈육에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 반면 포화지방산의 경우 옻나무 사료를 5주간 급여한 돈육이 대조구보다 유의적으로 낮았다(p<0.05). 등지방의 융점은 옻나무 사료의 급여수준과 기간이 증가함에 따라 감소하였다(p<0.05). 따라서 옻나무 사료를 비육돈에게 급여하면 돈육의 지방 함량이 줄어드나 보수력 및 불포화지방산이 증가되며, 냉장기간중 지방산화가 억제되었다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.409-418
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine the nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation characteristics in sheep fed dried mugwort and mugwort silage for 5% levels of rice straw in the basal diet, and mugwort pellet for 5% levels of concentrate in the basal diet. For the experiment, they were given a basal diet containing of rice straw and concentrate mixed at a 3: 7 ratio (DM basis). The treatments were designed as a 4 ${\times}$ 4 Latin square design with four sheep (50.2 kg body weight). The digestibility of crude protein was increased (p < 0.05) to 4.6 - 6.2 % in sheep fed mugwort silage treatments (60.23 %) compared with those of control (54.08 %) and dried mugwort treatment (55.67 %). That of ether extract was iicreased (p < 0.05) to 4.8 - 8.8 % in sheep fed mugwort silage treatments (80.22 %) compared with those of control (71.47 %) and dried mugwort treatment (75.46 %). In the dry matter intake, mugwort silage treatment (904.44 g) was the hightest and mugwort pellet treatment, dried mugwort treatment and control were 810.66 g, 780.66 g and 742.18 g, respectively. The ruminal pH in all treatments were rapidly decreased (p < 0.05) at 0.5 and 1 hour after feeding and slowly increased at 2, 4 and 8 hours after feeding, especially mugwort silage treatment. The ammonia nitrogen concentrations were the highest (p < 0.05) in sheep fed mugwort silage treatment (11.24 - 12.05mg / 100 rnz) at 0.5 and 2 hours after feeding. The ruminal concentrations of acetic acid (6.06 mmol /100 $m\ell$) and propionic acid (2.35 mmol/ 100 mz) were an increased (p < 0.05) at the mugwort silage treatments at 1 and 2 hours after feeding. Purine derivatives out put (13.41 mmol / d) and microbial protein production (11.61 mmol / d) were increased (p < 0.05) compared with those of control (5.42 and 4.93 mmol / d).

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.97-101
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• 1983

밀감피 건조분말의 부러일러에 대한 사료가치를 규명하기 위하여 밀감 가공공장에서 박피된 밀감피를 수거한 후 일광건조 및 분쇄하여 밀감피 건조분말을 제조하였다. 또한 밀감피 건조분말의 일반성분, 아미노산 함양 및 광물질 함양을 분석하였다. 부로일러 전용종인 Maniker 초생추 암컷 192수를 12수씩 16개군으로 나누어 밀기울을 대치한 밀감피 건조분말의 수준을 0, 2. 4 및 6%의 4개 처리 4반복으로 완전임의배치하여 6주간 사양시험을 실시하였으며 사양시험 종료시 전 공시추에 대하여 개체별로 정강이 착색도를 조사하였는 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 부로일러의 증체량, 사료섭취량 및 사료효율에 있어서 밀감피 건조분말의 급여수준에 따른 통계적인 유의차는 없었다. 2: 부로일러의 정강이 착색도는 밀감피 건조분말의 첨가수준이 증가함에 따라 증가하였다(P＜0.05). 이상의 시험결과에 의하면 부로일러사료에 밀기울을 대치하여 밀감피 건조분말을 6% 수준까지 사용할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.21-29
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted with twenty crossbred male lambs to assess the effect of cotton (Gossypium) seed meal (CSM) on blood constituents and immunity. Lambs were randomly assigned to a reference diet (30% deoiled peanut meal, DPNM) and four test diets containing 40% of either raw, 45 minutes cooked, 1% $Ca(OH)_2$ and iron (1 free gossy-pol, FG : 0.3 Fe) treated CSM (replacing approximately 50%, reference concentrate mixture). These isonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate mixtures were fed to meet 80% of protein requirements (NRC, 1985) along with ad lib maize hay for 180 days. Blood was collected at 60, 120 and 180 days post feeding. The lambs were sensitized with Brucella abortus S99 antigen after 140 days and were subjected to ELISA and delayed type hypersensitivity. Blood haemoglobin, erythrocyte count, leucocyte count, total protein, total albumin, total globulin, urea, creatinine concentration and aspartate aminotransferase activity in lambs fed on raw or processed CSM were comparable to the values of reference lambs. The higher (p<0.01) blood glucose levels observed in CSM fed lambs at 60 days of feeding was latter reduced to the levels comparable with those on reference diet at 120 and 180 days of feeding. The alanine amino transferase activity was lower in lambs fed raw and cooked CSM containing diets at 120 and 180 days of feeding. A marginal increase in serum iron and alkaline posphatase activity was observed in iron treated group and raw CSM fed lambs, respectively. The humoral immune response and DTH reactivity was lower (p<0.05) in lambs fed raw CSM (consuming 302.83 mg FG/day). Cooking, $Ca(OH)_2$ and iron treatment of raw CSM showed a positive response in alleviating the suppression of immune response owing to the reduced consumption of FG by 40.19, 17.40% and 26.73%, respectively in these diets. The present study thus indicated that consumption of 40% raw CSM (302.83 mg FG/day) though did not affect majority of the haematological and blood biochemical parameters, but markedly suppressed the immune mechanism of lambs.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.113-122
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• 2003

육성 거세 한우(평균 체중 200kg)에게 6주 동안 배합사료의 16%와 볏짚의 48%를 대체하는 수준에서, 그리고 Holstein 비거세우(평균 체중 336 kg)에게 12주 동안 배합사료 4%와 볏짚18%를 대체하는 수준에서 퇴적발효한 육계생분­톱밥­왕겨 혼합물(DBSR 최종 함수율 45%)의 펠렛을 무제한 급여한 후 사료섭취량, 증체율, 사료효율, 경제성 및 도체 특성을 평가하였다. DBSR pellet의 기호성은 양호한 편이었다. 대조구와 비교해서 DBSR pellet 급여는 육성 거세 한우의 증체량(31.6 vs 36.6 kg), 일당 증체율(0.75 vs 0.87), 사료효율(7.23 vs 7.53)과 Holstien 비거세우의 증체량(148 vs 155 kg), 일당증체율(1.76 vs 1.84) 및 사료효율(5.69 vs 6.02)에 유의적 영향을 미치지 않았으며(P＞0.05), 증체 당 사료비용은 축종별로 각각 18.5% 및 3.5% 절감되었다. Holstein 비거세우에의 DBSR pellet 급여는 도체중, 육량 및 육질에 아무런 영향을 미치지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 수분흡수제로서 톱밥, 왕겨와 혼합한 케이지 육계생분의 퇴적발효물은 육성비육우용 사료로서 효과적으로 이용될 수 있음을 시사하고 있다.