• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.511-515
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• 2000

Early weaning is a means of breaking the disease cycle from sow to piglet as well as capitalising on the enormous growth potential of the pig. However, the transition from milk to dry diets results in a growth check. Feeding of supplemental milk, fermented to reduce pH and enterotoxigenic bactetial proliferation, may be a means of gradually weaning pigs on to solid feed. This study involved 216 pigs weaned from the sow at 12 days of age, allocated to groups of 6 males and 6 females per weaner pen and allowed ad libitum access to a pelleted diet. In addition, half the pigs were given supplemental fermented skim milk for the first 8 days after weaning. Feeding supplemental fermented milk increased feed intake (104 vs. 157 g DM/d, p=0.011), average daily gain (-3 vs. 112 g/d, p<0.001) and feed conversion efficiency (0.01 vs. 0.81, p=0.003) over the first 8 days after weaning. The improvements observed in the supplemented pigs continued to be augmented such that, by 42 days of age, the pigs that had received supplemental fermented milk were heavier (9.6 vs. 11.5 kg, p=0.003) than their unsupplemented counterparts. Feeding fermented supplemental milk to early-weaned pigs can improve growth performance in the immediate and subsequent post-weaning period.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.319-332
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• 1997

Experiments were performed to determine the effects of the Shiryungtang (SRT) liquid extract on the hypertension and the hyperlipidemia induced by cholesterol in Sprague-Dawley rat(SDR) and Spontaneous Hypertensive rats(SHR). The results were obtained as follows : 1. The blood pressures of Sample A, B were decreased significantly compared with control group. First day, in case of Sample B, the blood pressure depressed after 1 and 2 hour. 2. After 11days of feeding with SRT, the blood pressure was decreased significantly in the treated group as compared with the control group. 3. After 11days by fed with SRT, the cholesterol had no significant in all treated group compared with the control group. 4. After 11days by fed with SRT, the triglyceride had no significant in all treated group compared with the control group. 5. The cholesterol of hypercholesterolemic rat induced by feeding with cholesterol was decreased significantly in all treated group compared with the control group. 6. The triglyceride of hypercholesterolemic rat induced by feeding with cholesterol was decreased significantly in all treated group compared with the control group. 7. The HDL-cholesterol of hypercholesterolemic rat induced by feeding with cholesterol was decreased significantly in all treated group compared with the control group. 8. The phospholipid of hypercholesterolemic rat induced by feeding with cholesterol was decreased significantly in Sample B of the treated group. 9. The total lipid of hypercholesterolemic rat induced by feeding with cholesterol was decreased significantly in Sample B of the treated group. 10. The total protein of hypercholesterolemic rat induced by feeding with cholesterol was decreased significantly in Sample B of the treated group. 11. The albumin of hypercholesterolemic rat induced by feeding with cholesterol was decreased significantly in all treated group compared with the control group. With the above result, it is thought that Shiryungtang can be applied effectively to the hypertension and hyperlipidemia.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.110-117
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• 1996

To evaluate the feeding effect of oriental medicine on the functional properties of pork, male pigs(Sus scrofa var. domesticus L.) were fed commercial basic diets containing 1.0%, 3.0% and 7.0% of oriental medicine complex from 30 or 45 days before slaughter. The growth pattern and physical conditions of pigs during the feeding period were checked, and after slaughter, the taste of pork and biological characteristics of serum were analyzed. Body weight gain was significantly increased in case of 45 day feeding groups of 3.0 and 7.0% compared with control group (p<0.05), whereas food intakes were slightly decreased in these groups. Triglyceride and total cholesterol levels were effectively decreased in the same feeding groups compared with control group (p<0.01~0.001). Three percent feeding group not only effectively decreased the LDL-cholesterol levels, but also sig-nificantly decreased the atherogenic index in 30 days(p<0.001). Malondialdehyde levels and hy-droxyl radical formations were effectively inhibited in all oriental medicine feeding groups. Superoxide dismutase activities were effectively increased only in 3.0% feeding groups, HDL-cholesterol levels almost did not change in 3.0% and 7.0% feeding groups in 30 days. External and sensory evaluations make satisfactory results in all oriectal medicines feeding groups. According to the experimental results, the growth pattern and physical nomditions of the pigs fed oriental medicine without feeding any antibiotics were relatively superior to those of control group. The authors suggest that, if more than 3.0% of oriental medicine were fed to the pigs from more then 30 days before slaughter the pork is reatively better than those of general pork not only for the modulating the chronic degenerative diseases, but also for its qualities and tastes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.93-105
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• 1968

The variations of both thiamine and riboflavin value in the organs, viz. liver, small intestine, spleen and kidney of the rats were measured for observing some metabolic changes in the animals during fasting and feeding different quality of diets without V-E supplement. The animal used for the experiment was adult female ablino rat from a pure strain, weighing 225-280g. The animals were divided into 6 groups; the control group, the high carbohydrate diet group, the high carbohydrate diet with V-E group, the high protein diet group, the high protein diet with V-E group, and fasting group. The result obtained are summarized as follows; 1. The thiamine contents in the liver were once increased during early stage of starvation compared with the control group, thereafter they were decreased on the 8 days fasting while the contents in the small intestine and spleen were decreased during 1 to 8 days fasting. 2. The riboflavin contents in the liver and kidney were increased during starvation and the content in the small intestine was no marked change compared with control group. 3. The thiamine contents in the liver and small intestine during feeding the high carbohydrate with V-E supplement diet group were lower than that of the diet without V-E group and the content in the spleen was increased by feeding V-E enriched high carbohydrate diet. 4. The thiamine contents in the liver, small intestine and spleen during feeding the V-E supplemented diets were lower than that of the non-supplemented one's. 5. The riboflavin contents in the liver, small intestine, and kidney were increased during feeding the high carbohydrate diet compared to the control group, and they were decreased during feeding the V-E enriched high carbohydrate diet. 6. The riboflavin contents in each organ were increased during feeding the high protein diet compared to the control group, and they were much increased during 20 to 30 days of feeding the V-E supplemented high protein diet. 7. Therefore, as the above results showed, the variation of thiamine value in the each organs were not markedly changed during feeding different quality of the diets. The thiamine and riboflavin contents in the each organ in the V-E enriched high carbohydrate diet group were lower than without V-E supplemented one's The riboflavin contents in each organ were increased during feeding the high protein diet compared with the control group and the centents were increased during 20 to 30 days of the feeding V-E enriched high protein diet.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2005

A feeding trial of two feeding rate (satiation and $80\%$ satiation) $\times$ four feeding frequency (three meals a day, two meals a day, one meal a day and one meal every two days) factorial design with three replications was carried out to investigate the optimum feeding frequency and rate for growth of flounder during the winter season. Juvenile flounder averaging 45 g were fed a extruded pellet for 60 days. Weight gain was affected by both feeding frequency (P<0.001) and feeding rate (P<0.01). The best weight gain obtained from fish fed two meals a day with satiation was not different from that of fish fed three meals a day with satiation and $80\%$ satiation. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the diet three times daily were the highest among groups, but not different to other groups of fish except for one meal every two days with satiation and $80\%$ satiation feeding. Daily feed intake was affected by both feeding frequency and feeding rate (P<0.001), these values of fish fed two and three meals a day with satiation were the highest among the groups. Moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash contents of fish were not affected by both feeding frequency and feeding rate (P>0.05). The results of this study indicate that the optimum feeding frequency for the growth of juvenile flounder grown from 45 g to 53 g is two meals a day with satiation feeding during the winter season.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.780-785
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• 2015

Dietary intake and bioavailability of phorotannins in abalone was investigated after feeding with the phlorotannin-rich brown seaweed Ecklonia stolonifera after 4 days starvation. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) affords isolation and quantification of the major phlorotannins of 7-phloroeckol and eckol, which were identified by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Abalone growth and feed consumption rates were similar when fed either with the E. stolonifera or the common feed seaweed Saccharina japonica for 20 days. Throughout the feeding period, 7-phloroeckolol was accumulated in the abalone flesh tissue up to an average of 0.58±0.13 mg/g dry weight after 6 days. Eckol was reached to 0.25±0.05 mg/g dry tissue after 6 days, and maintained the level until end of feeding period. By feeding S. japonica as a control, no phlorotannins were detected in the abalone tissues. Both of the abalone, fed with E. stolonifera or S. japonica, had enzymes that decomposed 7-phloroeckol and eckol in muscle tissues, with similar degradation rates of −0.05 or less and −0.05 mg/ml/hr, respectively. Phlorotannins were reduced by constitutive enzymes in abalone tissues. Therefore, value-added abalone containing bioactive phlorotannins can be produced by simply changing the feed to the phlorotannin-rich brown seaweed E. stolonifera 6 days before harvest.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.309-315
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• 1999

In order to understand the initial feeding time of larvae red marbled rockfish, Sebastiscus tertius changes of mouth size were investigated. Also, the fecundity of different size of red marbled rockfish broodstocks was measured. The broodstocks of red marbled rockfish, S. terius of $32.3\pm6.52 cm$ and larger than 45cm in total length spawned 296,648 and 600,000 larvae, respectively. About 50% was normal healthy larvae among the spawned ones. Mouth sizes calculated by the angle mouth opening and upper jaw length for newly spawned red marbled rockfish larvae were 0.263, 0.197 and 0.132 mm at D, 0.75D and 0.5D, respectively, when the upper jaw length was 0.186mm. Thereafter, 20 days old larvae showed 0.822, 0.617 and 0.411 mm in calculated mouth length at D, 0.75D and rockfish larvae grows, their upper jaw length gradually increased. 2 days old red marbled rockfish larvae possibly stated to feed rotifers and lasted their feeding for the another 35days, relatively long periods compared with other larvae fish. And 25 days old larvae possibly fed the newly hatched Artemia nauplii and lasted their feeding for the another 20 days, like other larvae fish. The proper supplying time of artificial feeds for the red marbled rockfish larvae seemed to be around 10 days after spawning.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 1997

The influence of delayed(1, 2, 3, 4 days) feeding and starvation on morphological change and survival rate of the spotted sea bass larvae was examined at the KORDI laboratories which located at Poryong Power Plant, Poryong-gun, Chungchongnam-do in November, 1996. 1. The larvae of spotted sea bass began to feed on rotifers at 5 days after hatching. In case of non-feeding, all of the larvae died at 9 days after hatching. The larvae which fed 1 day after the normal first feeding schedule(1 day delayed) grew normally and 2 days delayed groups showed 5.3% in survival rate at 9 days after hatching. In case of non-feeding and 3 or 4 days delayed groups, all of the larvae died between 9 and 10 days after hatching. 2. In case of non-feeding, total length of the larvae decreased gradually. 3. The percente ratio of gut height and mytome height to standard length in starved larvae has declined most rapidly compare to other demensions during the non-feeding period. The percente ratio of gut height to mytome height had also difference between unfed and fed larvae. At 9 days after hatching, the ratio of that between fed and unfed larvae were 84.5 % and 52.4 %, respectively. 4. The morphology of starving larvae were characterized as sharpened jaw, projected edge of lower part of clavicle and bending trunk with slenger gut.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.682-687
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• 2018

This study investigated the food value of Paracyclopina nana for flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae in two feeding stages, rotifer (for 12 days) and Artemia (for 16 days). In the rotifer feeding stage, survival and growth of flounder larvae in the only P. nana (nauplii) feeding experiment were higher than in the only rotifer feeding experiment on 12 DAH (days after hatching). In the Artemia feeding stage, the growth of flounder larvae in the only P. nana (C4-adult) feeding experiment and mixture feeding experiment (P. nana+Artemia) were higher than in other experiments on 30 DAH, but the survival of flounder larvae did not differ significantly among experiments. The n-3 HUFA contents of nauplius and C4-adult were 4.0% and 5.4%, respectively. Overall the results of this study indicate that the brackish water cyclopoid copepod, P. nana, is an effective live food organism for larval seedling production of marine fish.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted with twenty crossbred male lambs to assess the effect of cotton (Gossypium) seed meal (CSM) on blood constituents and immunity. Lambs were randomly assigned to a reference diet (30% deoiled peanut meal, DPNM) and four test diets containing 40% of either raw, 45 minutes cooked, 1% $Ca(OH)_2$ and iron (1 free gossy-pol, FG : 0.3 Fe) treated CSM (replacing approximately 50%, reference concentrate mixture). These isonitrogenous and isocaloric concentrate mixtures were fed to meet 80% of protein requirements (NRC, 1985) along with ad lib maize hay for 180 days. Blood was collected at 60, 120 and 180 days post feeding. The lambs were sensitized with Brucella abortus S99 antigen after 140 days and were subjected to ELISA and delayed type hypersensitivity. Blood haemoglobin, erythrocyte count, leucocyte count, total protein, total albumin, total globulin, urea, creatinine concentration and aspartate aminotransferase activity in lambs fed on raw or processed CSM were comparable to the values of reference lambs. The higher (p<0.01) blood glucose levels observed in CSM fed lambs at 60 days of feeding was latter reduced to the levels comparable with those on reference diet at 120 and 180 days of feeding. The alanine amino transferase activity was lower in lambs fed raw and cooked CSM containing diets at 120 and 180 days of feeding. A marginal increase in serum iron and alkaline posphatase activity was observed in iron treated group and raw CSM fed lambs, respectively. The humoral immune response and DTH reactivity was lower (p<0.05) in lambs fed raw CSM (consuming 302.83 mg FG/day). Cooking, $Ca(OH)_2$ and iron treatment of raw CSM showed a positive response in alleviating the suppression of immune response owing to the reduced consumption of FG by 40.19, 17.40% and 26.73%, respectively in these diets. The present study thus indicated that consumption of 40% raw CSM (302.83 mg FG/day) though did not affect majority of the haematological and blood biochemical parameters, but markedly suppressed the immune mechanism of lambs.