• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.556-567
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• 2020

Objective: To improve the utility of native grass resources as feed in China, we investigated the dynamics of protein and carbohydrate fractions among Inner Mongolian native grasses, during ensiling and the aerobic stage, using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Methods: Silages were prepared without or with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inoculant. We analyzed the protein and carbohydrate fractions and fermentation quality of silages at 0, 5, 15, 20, 30, and 60 d of ensiling, and the stability at 0.5, 2, 5, and 10 d during the aerobic stage. Results: Inner Mongolian native grass contained 10.8% crude protein (CP) and 3.6% water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) on a dry matter basis. During ensiling, pH and CP and WSC content decreased (p<0.05), whereas lactic acid and ammonia nitrogen (N) content increased (p<0.05). Non-protein N (PA) content increased significantly, whereas rapidly degraded true protein (PB₁), intermediately degraded true protein (PB₂), total carbohydrate (CHO), sugars (CA), starch (CB₁), and degradable cell wall carbohydrate (CB₂) content decreased during ensiling (p<0.05). At 30 d of ensiling, control and LAB-treated silages were well preserved and had lower pH (<4.2) and ammonia-N content (<0.4 g/kg of fresh matter [FM]) and higher lactic acid content (>1.0% of FM). During the aerobic stage, CP, extract ether, WSC, lactic acid, acetic acid, PB₁, PB₂, true protein degraded slowly (PB₃), CHO, CA, CB₁, and CB₂ content decreased significantly in all silages, whereas pH, ammonia-N, PA, and bound true protein (PC) content increased significantly. Conclusion: Control and LAB-treated silages produced similar results in terms of fermentation quality, aerobic stability, and protein and carbohydrate fractions. Inner Mongolian native grass produced good silage, nutrients were preserved during ensiling and protein and carbohydrate losses largely occurred during the aerobic stage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 2020

Objective: Minerals are one of the important nutrients for supporting the growth of sheep grazing in the highland, northwest of China. The experiment was conducted to investigate the relationship of both macro and micro minerals in sheep grazing in the highlands of six districts located in the Qilian Mountain of China. Methods: Samples of herbage (n = 240) and soil (n = 240) were collected at random in a "W" shape across the area designated for harvesting from 24 farms, where the sheep commonly graze in October (winter) for mineral analyses. In addition, serum samples were taken via jugular vein from 20 sheep per farm from 24 farms (n = 480 samples in total) for serum minerals analyses. Mean values of macro and micro minerals were statistically compared among districts and the correlations among soil-plant-animal were statistically analyzed and correlations were regressed, as well. Results: The results revealed that there were variations for both macro and micro minerals among districts. Statistical analysis of the correlation coefficients between herbage and sheep were significantly different for most of the minerals but not for P, Cu, and Se. Many correlation regression coefficients were found significantly different among minerals of herbage, soil, and sheep serum especially those of K, Na, Fe, Mn, and Zn (between herbage and sheep serum), and Fe and Mn (between herbage and soil), Na, Fe, Mn, and Zn (between soil and sheep serum), respectively. The regression coefficient equations derived under this experiment for prediction of Ca (R² = 0.618), K (R² = 0.803), Mg (R² = 0.767), Na (R² = 0.670), Fe (R² = 0.865),Zn (R² = 0.950), Mn (R² = 0.936), and Se (R² = 0.630), resulted in significant R² values. Conclusion: It is inferred that the winter herbage minerals in all the districts were below the recommended levels for macro minerals which indicated there would be some mineral deficiencies in sheep grazing the herbage in these regions. Supplemental minerals may therefore play an important role in balancing the minerals available from the herbage in winter and would lead to increased productivity in sheep on the highland areas of China. These findings could be potentially applied to the other regions for improving the livestock productivity.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.535-541
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• 2017

On the basis of 200 ppm of Ag and 120 l/h of feed flow rate, we built a pilot plant of an ion exchange fiber system having an double tube type ion exchange chamber with strong base ion exchange fiber (FIVAN A-6) which was designed to replace fibers easily and to eliminate the need for a fixture. The following results were obtained for the double tube type of ion exchange fiber system with an ion exchange capacity of 4.6 meq/g for Ag. The adsorption process was operated in the range of 40~90 l/h after confirming the effect of the flow rate and, pH did not affect formation of complex ion of Ag in the range of pH 7~12. In the case of backwash process, the recovery rate of Ag was tested in the range of 60~120 l/h and comparative experiments were carried out using NaOH, $NH_4Cl$, and NaCl as the chemicals for backwash. Although the desorption time was shortened at higher concentration, the desorption efficiency per mol was lowered. Therefore, it was confirmed that the desorption time and the concentration should be well balanced to operate economically. The desorption pattern of the backwash process is slower than the adsorption process and takes a lot of time. The results showed that the Ag adsorption ratio was 99.5% or more and the Ag recovery ratio was 96% or more, and commercialization was possible.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.57-65
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• 2008

The behavior of Na-A type zeolite formed in hydrothermal synthesis of melting slag from municipal incineration ash has been investigated with varying synthesis time and $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$ ratio. Sodium silicate and sodium aluminate feed was found to initially form nuclei of Na-A type zeolite in the behavioral study of the reaction products with different synthesis times. As the synthesis time increased, the nuclei have grown to Na-A type zeolite crystals by reacting with $SiO_2$ and $Al_2O_3$ dissolved from the melting slag. The hydrothermal synthesis was completed in 10 hr in the $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$ ratio of 1.38 and after that time, the Na-A type zeolite formed was dissolved and transformed into hydroxysodalite. Only Na-A type zeolite was formed in the $SiO_2/Al_2O_3$ ratio ranging 0.80 to 1.96, whereas Na-P type zeolite as well as Na-A type was formed in the $SiO_2/Al2O_3$ ratio of 2.54.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1654-1663
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• 2013

Rice straw is closely associated with meju fermentation and it is generally known that the rice straw provides meju with many kinds of microorganisms. In order to elucidate the origin of meju fungi, the fungal diversity of rice straw was examined. Rice straw was collected from 12 Jang factories where meju are produced, and were incubated under nine different conditions by altering the media (MEA, DRBC, and DG18), and temperature ($15^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, and $35^{\circ}C$). In total, 937 strains were isolated and identified as belonging to 39 genera and 103 species. Among these, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Eurotium, Fusarium, and Penicillium were the dominant genera. Fusarium asiaticum (56.3%), Cladosporium cladosporioides (48.6%), Aspergillus tubingensis (37.5%), A. oryzae (31.9%), Eurotium repens (27.1%), and E. chevalieri (25.0%) were frequently isolated from the rice straw obtained from many factories. Twelve genera and 40 species of fungi that were isolated in the rice straw in this study were also isolated from meju. Specifically, A. oryzae, C. cladosporioides, E. chevalieri, E. repens, F. asiaticum, and Penicillium polonicum (11.8%), which are abundant species in meju, were also isolated frequently from rice straw. C. cladosporioides, F. asiaticum, and P. polonicum, which are abundant in the low temperature fermentation process of meju fermentation, were frequently isolated from rice straw incubated at $15^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, whereas A. oryzae, E. repens, and E. chevalieri, which are abundant in the high temperature fermentation process of meju fermentation, were frequently isolated from rice straw incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ and $35^{\circ}C$. This suggests that the mycobiota of rice straw has a large influence in the mycobiota of meju. The influence of fungi on the rice straw as feed and silage for livestock, and as plant pathogens for rice, are discussed as well.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 2009

This study aimed to examine the testis toxicities of metal compound, manganese (Mn), which may be generated as mist or fume in the industrial sites. As well as serum prolactin (PRL) concentration was analyzed because Mn accumulation in basal ganglia up-regulates serum PRL and hyperprolactinemia consecutively induces the testis toxicity. Male F344 rats were divided into the 4 groups (2 controls and 2 Mn treated groups, n=10) on the basis of the test condition (inhalation, Mn $1.5mg/m^3$ or not) and treatment period (for 4-weeks and 13-weeks). The treatment time was 6 hr. a day, 5 days a week for the whole body. Basic tests including changes in body weight, feed rate were observed. Blood and testis Mn concentration, and testis toxicity test such as the number and deformity test of sperm were also observed. Serum PRL level was analyzed by ELISA to certify the relationship between the Mn induced increase of the serum PRL level and sperm production. Blood and testis Mn concentrations were significantly and dose-dependently increased. Sperm count was decreased in Mn-treatment groups than control in a treatment time dependent manner. Morphological analysis of cauda epidydimal sperm showed that the frequencies of morphologically abnormal sperms such as bent tail and small head were increased in the both Mn-treatment groups than control. A significant increase in serum PRL levels was found in response to Mn treatment but it was not hyperprolactinemia range. These results suggest that treatment of Mn up-regulates the serum PRL concentration and induces the testis toxicity. The No Aversed Effect Level (NOAEL) of inhaled Mn on the male rat testis may be under the $1.5mg/m^3$.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.305-316
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• 2005

This study was conducted to determine the total amount and type of seleniwn (Se) in the Se-enriched mushroom and its spent mushroom composts (SMC), and to investigate the metabolism in relation to Se accwnulation in the mushroom. Mushrooms, Flammulina velutipes, used in this study were grown for 60 days by adding 2 rng of inorganic Se (Na2Se03) per kg of mushroom composts (MC) on as-fed basis and were compared with normal mushrooms grown on the non Se-supplemented Me. Total Se contents for Se-treated mushrooms were significantly increased (P < 0.0001) by 20-fold (4.51 $\mu$/ g of dry) compared to Se-untreated (0.23 $\mu$/ g of dry). On the contrary, organic Se ratio was significantly lower (P < 0.0001) in the Se-treated mushroom (72.3 %) than the Se-untreated one (100 %, not analytically detected of inorganic Se). Se distribution upon a length in the Se-treated mushrooms was the highest in the bottom part (6.86 $\mu$/ g of dry) near to MC, and top and middle parts were significantly lower (3.71 and 3.01 $\mu$/ g of dry, respectively; P < 0.001) than the bottom. In the SMC from Se-treated mushrooms, the significant amount of Se (5.04l1g/g of dry) was remained, but that from the Se-untreated mushrooms was significantly low (P$\mu$ / g of dry. Se-treated SMC showed a high ratio of organic Se (65.67 %), suggesting that the significant amount of inorganic Se in the SMC was converted to organic Se by mushroom mycelia. Prior to mycelia inoculation in the mushroom culture, the sterilization of MC brought approximately 18% of Se loss in the MC. Apparent and net accumulation rates (%) for Se into mushrooms were 14.81 and 10.14 %, respectively, resulting from the Se volatilization into the air via metabolic process of mushroom itself. The result of this study shows that inorganic Se addition to MC for mushroom improved the organic Se contents in the mushroom and SMC. This study showed the possibility that Se in Se-enriched mushroom and SMC could be utilized as Se sources of food for human as well as feed for livestock.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.25.1-25.9
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• 2019

Background: Due to the continuous demand for fish coupled with decline in capture fisheries, there is the need to increase aquaculture production to meet the demand. Aquaculture is faced with high cost of feeding since fish oil and fish meal are expensive. In view of this, there are calls to explore alternatives that are cheap and reliable. Objectives: This study on Oreochromis niloticus was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing fish oil (FO) with palm oil (PO) at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% on muscle fatty acid and proximate composition as well as growthrelated enzyme activities and mRNA expression. Methods: Oreochromis niloticus were fed five experimental diets (33% crude protein and 10% crude lipid) for 8 weeks. Feed had variation in fish oil and palm oil contents. After the 8 weeks feeding trial, five fish were sampled from each tank (15 from each treatment) and euthanized using an excess dose of tricaine methane sulfonate (MS-222 at 200 mg/L). Fatty acid and enzyme activities were analyzed using standard protocols. Also, RT-qPCR was used to quantify the expression levels of selected growth-related genes. Results: Fish fed 25% PO recorded the least muscle protein content and was significantly lower than the group fed 100% PO. Paired box protein 7 (Pax-7) enzyme activity was significantly higher in the group fed 50% PO compared to the groups fed 25% PO and 100% PO, while caplain-3 (Capn-3) was significantly lower in the group fed 0% PO compared to all other groups. There was a significant difference among treatments with respect to mRNA expression of Pax-7 and Capn-3. Group fed 25% PO had significantly lower mRNA expression of Pax-7, while the group fed 75% PO recorded significantly higher mRNA expression of Capn-3 compared to groups fed 0% PO, 25% PO, and 100% PO. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed that Igf-I and Igf-II mRNA expression have significant correlation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content in muscle. Conclusion: The results suggest muscle protein content could be modified if FO is replaced with PO. Also, mRNA expression of Pax-7 and Capn-3 is affected by replacing FO with PO.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1408-1414
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• 2019

Enzymes are widely used in industrial applications such as detergents, food, feed production, pharmaceuticals and medical applications and major contributors to clean industrial products and processes. To screen, identify, and characterize the enzymes the zymography techniques are routinely used. The zymography technique is a simple, sensitive, and quantifiable technique that is widely used to detect functional enzymes following electrophoretic separation in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels. The method is a versatile two-stage technique involving protein separation by electrophoresis followed by the detection of enzyme activity in polyacrylamide gels under non-reducing conditions. It is based on SDS-polyacrylamide gel (PAG) copolymerization with substrates, which are degraded by the hydrolytic enzymes restored in enzyme reaction buffer after the electrophoretic separation. Any kind of biological sample can be applied and analyzed on zymography, including culture supernatants of microbes, plants extracts, blood, tissue culture fluids, enzymes in foods extracts and metaproteome. The advantage of zymography is that it is possible to directly detect the protein with activity on the electrophoretic gel as well as confirm the activity at the nanogram level. Thus, this zymography technology can be applied in various fields. However, these advantages are rather disadvantageous and can often lead to experimental errors. In this review, the advantages, disadvantages, and problem solving of zymography technique are described.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.313-320
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of tillage system and fertilizer type on the forage yield and quality of Italian ryegrass. This experiment was a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement for two tillage systems (tillage and no-tillage) and two fertilizer type (chemical and manure compost). The plant height, dry matter (DM) content, DM yield, TDN (total digestible nutrients) yield, and CP (crude protein) yield have significant differences in tillage system of Italian ryegrass. Italian ryegrass cultivated with tillage (plow and rotary till) had lower plant height, DM yield, TDN yield and CP yield than no-tillage, while its DM content showed the opposite results. However, there were no significant differences in the results on fertilizer types. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents were significantly higher in no-tillage compared to tillage. However, there was no significant difference in CP content on tillage system. TDN and relative feed value (RFV) were higher in tillage than no-tillage system (p<0.01). The TDN content was lower when using manure as fertilizer. No significant effects were observed for NDF and RFV in fertilizer type of Italian ryegrass. Based on the results of this study, tillage system and fertilizer type affected forage quality as well as forage yield. Forage yield of no-tillage was higher compared to tillage.