• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 2004년도 Proceedings of the second conference of aseanian membrane society
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• pp.25-28
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• 2004

In recent years, membranes have become fully or partially integrated into all facilities that produce drinking water since membrane processes can resolve technically complex and, at times, conflicting requirements related to compliance with multi-contaminant regulations. However, NF or RO technologies are hydraulically limited by the feed water quality that causes the fouling in a membrane system. In particular, NF or RO systems involved in surface water treatment generally require extensive pretreatment for controlling membrane fouling.(omitted)

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.195-205
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• 2019

Background: The food and food service influence the quality of life and the general health condition of older persons living in long-term care (LTC) facilities. Purchasing good food materials is a ground of good food service. In Korea, the residents in LTC facilities should pay for the cost of food materials and ingredients out of their pocket because it is not covered by LTC insurance. This study explored what factors affect the cost of food materials paid by LTC facility residents and which factor affects most. Methods: We used data from the study on out-of-pocket payment on national LTC insurance, which surveyed 1,552 family caregivers of older residents in LTC facilities. We applied conditional multi-level model, of which the first level represents the characteristics of care receivers and caregivers and its second level reflects those of LTC facilities. Results: We found that the facility residents with college-graduated family caregivers paid 11,545 Korean won more than those with less than elementary-graduated ones. However, the income level of family caregivers did not significantly affect the amount of the food material cost of the residents. The residents in privately owned, large, metropolitan-located facilities were likely to pay more than those in other types of facilities. The amount of the food material cost of the residents was mainly decided by the facility level factors rather than the characteristics of care recipients and their family caregivers (intra-class correlation=82%). Conclusion: These findings suggest that it might be effective to design a policy targeting facilities rather than residents in order to manage the cost of food materials of residents in LTC facilities. Setting a standard price for food materials in LTC facilities, like Japan, could be suggested as a feasible policy option. It needs to inform the choice of LTC users by providing comparable food material cost information. The staffing requirement of nutritionist also needs to be reviewed.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제44권10호
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• pp.809-817
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• 2011

한국수자원공사에서 위탁 관리하고 있는 서남해안 도서지역 역삼투 해수담수화 시설 40여곳에 대한 비용 분석을 통하여 비용에 큰 영향을 미치는 요소를 찾아내고 담수화 비용 절감방안을 제시하였다. 시설에 공급되는 원수의 염도(TDS)는 담수로 취급될 수 있는 1,000mg/L 이하에서부터 해수수준인 3,000mg/L 이상까지 다양한 범위를 보이고 있다. 2005년부터 5년 동안의 비용분석 결과 유지보수비가 50.6%, 인건비가 36.9%, 그리고 에너지비가 7.8%의 순으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서는 일반적으로 잘 알려진 에너지 비용은 물론 담수화 비용의 가장 큰 비중을 차지하는 유지보수 비용도 원수의 TDS 농도에 직접적인 영향을 받고 있음을 밝혔다. 이는 원수의 TDS 농도가 담수화 비용의 60%에 달하는 부분에 영향을 끼치므로 담수화 비용 절감을 위해서는 저염도 원수 확보에 노력을 기울여야 한다는 것을 의미한다.

• 한국정보통신설비학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신설비학회 2007년도 학술대회
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• pp.427-431
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• 2007

Applications in present-day mobile communication systems particularly require miniaturized dimensions and low-profiles of antenna in order to meet the mobile units. Thus, size reductions and bandwidth enhancements are becoming crucial design considerations for practical applications of microstrip antennas. The motivation of further experiments have been stepped to follow those studies for achieving compact and broadband, even multiplied operation modes, which are greatly increased with much attentions recently. To obtain broadband, single-feed, circularly polarized characteristics of microstrip antennas, a design with feed-line ought to be a factor of two. Usually, diagonally balanced-line feeds with hybrid coupler are employed to attain circular polarizations. We firstly formulated DGS (Defected Ground Structures) based operation principles of the entire microstrip components and therefore were able to derive impedance variance of feed-lines. After verifying corresponding experimental results, we targeted the frequency bands of UHF RFID (Ultra High Frequency Radio Frequency IDentification) and approximately of 0.4-2.4GHz have exhibited remarkable two resonance amplitudes as a dual band antenna. Our secondary researches were aimed to design quad band microstrip antenna which represents four resonance characteristics within the identical frequency bands as well. Microstrip patch has been meandered to lengthen the electrical paths, and the other design criteria with respecting physical parameters including radiation patterns and impedance bandwidths measurements will be described for verification. Advisable applications of these antennas can be GSM850, GSM900, GPS (L1-1575 and L2-1227) and UMTS-2110 of cellular systems, which extremely desire multiband and minimum size.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.347-355
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• 1994

Thirty farmers, representing three major deer counties in Kyung-Kee province and 50 farmers scattered in Chung-Buk province were interviewed to determine the current status of the Korean deer industry. Items surveyed were general information, farmed deer breeds. farm facilities, feeding and nutrition, hygiene and disorder incidence, velvetting, income sources, products and their sale, management problems and herd size control. The 888 deer farmed in Kyung-Kee province included spotted deer (Cervus nippon. 69.4%), red deer (Cervus elaphus, 6.1%), wapiti (Cervus elaphus canadensis, 12.2%), spotted $\times$ red deer hybrids (6.2%), red deer $\times$ wapiti hybrids (4.6%). and fallow deer (Dama dama, 1.5%). Poor information on feeding was evidenced by wide variation among farms of daily feed supply and ratios of forage to concentrate, and poor nutritional considerations according to physiological status of deer. Hygiene needed more attention. The incidence of diseases and disorders was high: enteritis (73.3% in Kyung-Kee province), fractures (60.0%), and dystocia (56.7%). The major source of farm income was velvet antler and its blood. To improve productive efficiency, attention should be given to improving farm facilities, simplified product marketing, developing standard feeding system, and economic grazing system.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2015

This study was conducted to establish the research direction of heat stress in dairy cows by searching papers and patents. Research papers published before 2014 through National Digital Science Library (NDSL) and patents registered with United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), Japan Patent Office (JPO), European Patent Office (EPO) and Korean Intellectual Property Office (KIPO) were investigated using the key words of heat stress index, genetics, facilities and feed. The research trend for heat stress in dairy cows was analyzed with 182 papers and 282 patents. Global warming due to increased atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases is a major interest in recent years. The papers related with heat stress in cattle were increased after 2006. Besides, patents connected with facilities and feed will be increased due to development of ICT. In particular, the various studies including patents about heat stress in dairy cows will be needed to conduct because the climate of southern Korean peninsula is changing from temperate to subtropic.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.103-114
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to provide basic data for habitat restoration by implementing a series of processes of capturing and translocating Kaloula borealis and managing them in artificial breeding facilities. The study site in Samcheon, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do was a waste landfill site in the past, and Kaloula borealis was found during the Samcheon Ecological River Restoration Project around March 2018. To restore the habitat, a plan was established to capture, translocate, artificially breed, and release Kaloula borealis at the site. The capture methods of adult Kaloula borealis were pitfall trap and drift fence, direct capture, and deep barrels. During 2018-2019, 86 adults of Kaloula borealis were captured and translocated to artificial breeding facilities. VIE-tagging was inserted under the skin for monitoring. For artificial breeding, Gryllus bimaculatus with oyster powder and vegetables were regularly supplied to feed Kaloula borealis. At the end of October 2020, 150 young Kaloula borealis raised in artificial breeding facilities were found not entering hibernation, so they were managed in a separate artificial breeding facility. Some young and adult Kaloula borealis currently hibernating will be scheduled to be continuously managed in artificial breeding facilities and released to the restored habitat in the spring of 2021.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2006

국민의 소득 증대로 인해 육류 및 계란의 소비량이 점차적으로 증가하는 추세에 있다. 이로 인해 산란계사의 규모가 대형화됨에 따라 기계화되었고, 이 연구에서는 고단 직립식 케이지를 사용하는 무창계사에서 기계시설이 작동 시 발생되는 소음 및 진동이 산란계의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 산란계사내의 소음/진동 수준을 측정 분석하였다. 전국의 13개 산란계 농장을 대상으로 하여 평상시 및 기계시설(사료급이기, 사료분배기, 집란시스템, 환기장치, 계분벨트)의 작동시에 발생되는 소음/진동을 측정하였다. (1) 평상시 소음 최대 82dB, 진동 최대 0.2072 cm/s, (2) 사료급이기 작동 시 소음 최대 90dB, 최대 진동 2.8560cm/s, (3) 사료분배기 작동시 소음 최대 90dB, 최대 진동 2.022cm/s, (4) 집란시스템 작동 시 최대 소음 87dB, 최대 진동 0.1865cm/s, (5) 환기장치 작동 시 케이지에 미치는 최대 88dB, 계사 후면 벽면에 미치는 최대 진동 2.5364cm/s, (6) 계분벨트 작동 시 최대 소음 88dB, 최대 진동 0.2387cm/s 이었다. 따라서 산란계에게 직접적이고 가장 크게 영향을 미치는 장치는 급이 시스템이였다. 이 때의 소음은 최대 90dB로 가장 높게 발생하였으며, 진동은 최대 2.8560 cm/s 발생하였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제48권2호
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• pp.161-165
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• 2008

Many neurotoxigenic clostridia are found in soil. Among animals, birds are especially susceptible to botulism, perhaps because they feed on insects, invertebrate carcasses, and decayed feeds contaminated with spores of Clostridium (C.) botulinum. C. botulinum type C is mainly involved in avian botulism. In the summer of 2005, death of a mute swan (cygnus olor) living in the pond of large bird cage was found in Seoul Grand Park Zoo. The birds presented presumptive clinical signs of botulism, such as ruffled hackle feathers, abnormal posture of the head, weakness, and flaccid paralysis. At that time, pond water in the breeding facilities was drained for 7 days, but there were still remained water containing sediment of feed and feces. Therefore, botulism was suspected and an experimentation were made to detect C. botulinum in the dead mute swan. Gross post-mortem findings of a mute swan showed jelly-like hemorrhagic contents in the intestine, sands and vegetations in the stomach. C. botulinum was isolated from the liver, small intestine and large intestine samples. Botulism was also confirmed by mouse inoculation test with the organ samples. With PCR, a gene encoding C. botulinum type C toxin was detected for the several organs of the mute swan died. These results suggested that death of mute swan was caused by C. botulinum type C.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.183-191
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• 2010

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the distribution patterns and exposure concentrations of bioaerosols in industries suspected to have high levels of bioaerosol exposure. Methods: We selected 11 plants including 3 livestock feed plants (LF industry), 3 metal working fluids handling plants (MWFs industry), and 5 sawmills and measured total airborne bacteria, fungi, endotoxins, as well as dust. Airborne bacteria and fungi were measured with one stage impactor, six stage cascade impactor, and gelatin filters. Endotoxins were measured with polycarbonate filters. Results: The geometric means (GM) of the airborne concentrations of bacteria, fungi, and endotoxins were 1,864, $2,252\;CFU/m^3$, and $31.5\;EU/m^3$, respectively at the sawmills, followed by the LF industry (535, $585\;CFU/m^3$, and $22.0\;EU/m^3$) and MWFs industry (258, $331\;CFU/m^3$, and $8.7\;EU/m^3$). These concentrations by industry type were significantly statistically different (p < 0.01). The ratio of indoor to outdoor concentration was 6.2, 1.9, 3.2, and 3.2 for bacteria, fungi, endotoxins, and dust in the LF industry, 5.0, 0.9, 2.3, and 12.5 in the MWFs industry, and 3.7, 4.1, 3.3, and 9.7 in sawmills. The respiratory fractions of bioaerosols were differentiated by bioaerosol types and industry types: the respiratory fraction of bacteria in the LF industry, MWF industry, and sawmills was 59.4%, 72.0%, and 57.7%, respectively, and that of fungi was 77.3%, 89.5%, and 83.7% in the same order. Conclusion: We found that bioaerosol concentration was the highest in sawmills, followed by LF industry facilities and MWFs industry facilities. The indoor/outdoor ratio of microorganisms was larger than 1 and respiratory fraction of microorganisms was more than 50% of the total microorganism concentrations which might penetrate respiratory tract easily. All these findings suggest that bioaerosol in the surveyed industries should be controlled to prevent worker respiratory diseases.