• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.425-430
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• 1999

Complex environmental control systems were developed, which control properly the pig's environment in windowless pig-housing based on the thermoregulatory behaviors of pigs and concentrations of noxious gases (CO2 and NH3). The this study was conducted to assess the performance of complex environmental control systems by raising weaned piglets and growing pigs under different seasonal conditions. Average daily gain of pigs in the experimental pig-housing was slightly higher than that of pigs in the conventional pig-housing. Average daily gain was not significantly different in winter and spring(P＞0.05), but was significantly different in summer(P＜0.05). Feed conversion rate of pigs in the experimental pig-housing was smaller than that of pigs in the conventional pig-housing. Feed conversion rate was not significantly different in environment for weaned piglets and growing pigs resulted in the improved daily gain, feed conversion rate, and carcass quality of the finishing pigs. These results showed that the performance of the complex environmental control systems in windowless pig-housing was excellent for weaned piglets and growing pigs.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.168-174
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• 2005

Aluminum tri-butoxide was mixed with the water/ethanol solution and then chloroplatinic acid was added to the solution. The solution was dried at $100^{\circ}C$ for 15hrs to remove the solvent and water then it was calcined at $500^{\circ}C$. The catalyst was activated with a gas mixture. During the activation, the temperature was increased from $150^{\circ}C$ to $500^{\circ}C$. The necessary amount of urea was dissolved in 50mL water and injected. Aqueous urea solution was then mixed with the feed gas stream. At low temperatures, nitrogen containing compounds of urea decomposition are used as reductants in the reducton of $NO_X$. However at high temperatures the nitrogen containing compounds are oxidized to NO and $NO_2$ by oxygen instead of being used in the reduction. The activity of the catalyst was dependent on urea concentration in the feed stream when there was not adequate water vapor in the feed. The maximum conversion was shifted from $250^{\circ}C$ to $150^{\circ}C$ when water concentration was increased from 2 to 17%. It seems that the maximum temperature shifts to lower temperatures because the hydrolysis rate of HNCO increases with water, resulting in higher amounts of $NH_3$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.662-669
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• 2011

An experiment was conducted with broiler (Cobb 400) male chicks (n = 480) to determine the effect of betaine (Bet) supplementation (0 and 800 mg/kg) to diets containing five concentrations (15, 18, 20, 22 and 24 g/kg crude protein, CP) of methionine (Met) in a $2{\times}5$ factorial study for performance, carcass traits, immune responses, and serum parameters. Each diet was fed ad libitum from 1 to 42 d of age to 8 replicates of 6 chicks. Birds were housed in battery brooders placed in an open-sided poultry shed. Body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency and slaughter variables were recorded at 21 and 42 d of age. Serum biochemical profile, antibody production against Newcastle disease (ND) and lymphocyte proliferation ratio (LPR) were analysed at 42 d of age. Supplementing Bet to diets containing sub-optimal concentrations of Met (15 g/kg) improved weight gain and breast yield at 21 d of age (p<0.01), and feed conversion efficiency at 42 d of age (p<0.05). Feed efficiency at 21 d of age, body weight gain at 42 d of age, slaughter variables except breast yield at 21 d of age and ND antibody titres were not affected (p>0.05) by the interaction. LPR increased (p<0.05) with Bet supplementation at 20 g Met/kg CP equal to those broilers fed 24 g Met without Bet. Bet supplementation enhanced the concentrations of protein, globulin and cholesterol in serum of broilers fed sub-optimal concentrations of Met. Results suggested that Bet supplementation (800 mg/kg diet) enhanced growth (21 d), feed conversion efficiency (42 d), breast yield and lymphocyte proliferation in broilers fed a diet containing 15 g Met/kg CP.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.203-209
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• 2006

This study were conducted to evaluate effects of drinking concentrated liquid chitosan on performance of broiler. A total of 240 broiler chicks at 7 days of age were fed the commercial diet and water until 47 days of age, drinking water divided into three treatments, 0 ppm (control), 200 ppm (200) and 400 ppm (400) of concentrated liquid chitosan. The body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were not different by drinking concentrated liquid chitosan until 28 days of age, but body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were improve by drinking concentrated liquid chitosan over 28 days of age. Both body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were tend to improve and significantly improved (p<0.05) in 200 and 400 than control at 29 to 35 days of age, respectively. While body weight gain was tended to improve and significantly improved (p<0.05) in 400 and 200 than control at 36 to 47 days of age, respectively. There was a decrease in the microflora population of E coli. in the cecum contents and feaces of broilers by drinking concentrated liquid chitosan. This effect is higher in 400 than 200. The digestibility of dry matter and crude fat of feed were tend to increased in broiler by drinking concentrated liquid chitosan. Digestibility of crude protein of feed of broiler in 200 and 400 was significantly improved (p<0.05) as compared with those in control. These results indicated that when broiler chicks drinking concentrated liquid chitosan of 400 ppm, the improvement of the body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and feed nutrients digestibility, decreasing of microflora population of both E coli. and Salmonella in the cecum contents and feaces.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.361-368
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• 1991

In two experiments 640 starcross replacement pullets between 25 and 154 days of age were fed ad libitum on either of 16 diets formed by the combination of $4CP{\times}4ME$ levels to study the interaction of CP and ME on growth performances. In both experiments, feed intake decreased, but protein intake, energy intake, live weight gain and feed conversion efficiency increased and sexual maturity hastened with the increase of dietary protein and/or energy level. The protein conversion efficiency decreased with the increase of dietary protein level. The energy conversion efficiency, however, did not show any relationship with dietary energy level. There was a greater improvement of growth performance due to simultaneous increase of dietary protein and energy level than that of increasing protein or energy alone.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.96-100
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• 2001

Three commercial strains bred in the US (Hubbard), Holland (Lohman), and Canada (Shaver) and Balady breed of chickens were orally infected with $10^6$ cfu of Salmonella gallinarum per chick. Chicks were compared for weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, mortality rate and contamination of the liver, spleen and intestine with Salmonella gallinarum on the day of slaughter. The Balady chicks had significantly the lowest mortality rate (p<0.01) and weight gain (p<0.001) and poorest feed conversion ratio (p<0.001). Salmonella gallinarum could be shed from the liver, spleen and intestine with alternative rates in all strains. Lohman was the most resistance over the other two commercial strains, while Hubbard had the highest susceptibility. The Balady chicks were the most resistance. However, they may serve as a possible reservoir of Salmonella gallinarum and it may play a role of spreading the infection to the commercial farms in Jordan.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.277-281
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• 2013

The experiment was undertaken to see the effects of Bacillus sp. on the growth performance and disease resistance to Salmonella sp. infections. The use of probiotic microbes in poultry is commonly practiced. In this study, Bacillus subtilis was tested using a total of 120 chicks of age of 1 day after hatching. The growth traits examined were body weight gain and feed conversion rate. And also, the Salmonella resistance of Bacillus subtilis was tested after the chicks were orally administered with Salmonella pullorum by gavage force injections. The result showed that Bacillus subtilis yielded a high feed efficiency, consequently increased growth rate. For the effect of Bacillus subtilis on Salmonella infection, Bacillus subtilis significantly improved the resistance to Salmonella pullorum infection. Various clinical symptoms of Salmonella infection were highly decreased by addition of Bacillus sp.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.11
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• pp.1540-1546
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• 2009

One hundred and forty-four piglets with an average birth weight of 1,672${\pm}$13.4 g were used to evaluate different feeding strategies for piglets reared from birth on a dummy sow. A 3${\times}$2 factorial experiment compared three nursing frequencies (1, 3 or 6 h intervals) and two feeding regimes (milk only, or milk combined with access to creep feed and water). The piglets which were nursed at one hour intervals had the lightest body weights at all days, and the poorest combined milk and creep feed dry matter conversion efficiency to piglet body weight gain in the second week. Piglets which were nursed at 3 h intervals had the heaviest body weight at day 15 and 22, but those nursed at 6 h intervals achieved similar body weight by days 29 (milk withdrawal) and 36. Piglets offered creep feed were observed to wean themselves before cessation of milk availability, and the timing of this self-weaning depended on the nursing frequency. The piglets nursed at one hour intervals weaned themselves between day 22 and day 29, those nursed at 3 h intervals weaned themselves between day 15 and day 22, whilst those nursed at 6 h intervals weaned themselves between day 8 and day 15. The piglets which were nursed at 6 h intervals had the highest total dry matter intake in weeks 3 and 4 when fed with milk, creep feed and water but not when fed milk only. They consequently had the poorest dry matter conversion efficiency in the fourth week and overall when fed with milk, creep feed and water, but not when fed milk only. It is concluded that the optimal management routine under these conditions is a 3 h nursing cycle with provision of supplementary creep feed and water.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.951-955
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• 1999

The effects of restricting feed [60% of ad libitum (AL) intake] (FR) or water provided from 0900 h to 1600 h, daily) (WR) or both (FWR) from 14 to 42 days of age on heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) response and performance in broiler chickens under the hot humid tropical conditions were determined. Feed and/or water limitation retarded growth, but had no adverse effect on overall feed conversion ratio and survivability. The trend for total feed and water consumption was similar to body weight pattern with AL>WR>FR>FWR. The nutritional regimens had significant effect on overall water:feed ratios with FR>(AL=WR)>FWR. Restriction of feed and/or water resulted in marked elevation of H/L ratios. As measured by H/L ratios, the effect of adapting to FR dissipated between 16 to 21 days after the onset of feed restriction. The H/L ratios of WR and FWR birds remained elevated throughout the duration of the experiment.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.65-71
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• 1999

This study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of food waste as a feed resources by fermentation and fermented food waste as a substitute of rat feed on the performance with measuring the liveweight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion and digestibility Sixty-two grams Sprague-Dawley line 36 rats were allocated three treatments 12 rats of each(3replication ${\times}$ 4 rats). The substitution level of fermented food waste to commercial broiler feed were control, 0: 100: treatment I, 10: 90: treatment II, 20:80. The chemical composition of fermented food waste was appeared to follows : dry matter, 88.47% : crude ash. 12.95: crude protein, 20.82%; crude fiber, 13.62; ether extract, 9.15%. The body weight of treatment I and II at 1 weeks was significantly lower than those of control(p<.05) and weekly weight gain of control at 0-1 weeks was significantly higher than those of treatment I and II(p<.05). Those were higher in treatment I than those of rest groups at 1-2 weeks(p<.05). Total weight gain of treatment II was significantly lower than those of control and treatment I(p<.05) Total feed consumption of treatment II was significantly higher than those of control (p<.05) and weekly feed consumption of control and treatment II at 3-4 weeks was significantly higher than those of treatment II(p<.05). but those were higher in treatment I and II than those of control at 2-3 weeks(p<.05). Commutative feed conversion of treatment II was significantly higher than those of control(p<.05) and weekly feed conversion of treatment II and III at 0-1 weeks was significantly higher than those of control(p<.05) Dry matter digestibility of control and treatment I was significantly higher than those of treatment II(p<.05) and organic matter digestibility was higher in control than those of treatment II(p<.05).