• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.2_spc
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• pp.346-359
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• 2024

Advanced and innovative breeding and management of meat-producing animals are needed to address the global food security and sustainability challenges. Beef production is an important industry for securing animal protein resources in the world and meat quality significantly contributes to the economic values and human needs. Improvement of cattle feed efficiency has become an urgent task as it can lower the environmental burden of methane gas emissions and the reduce the consumption of human edible cereal grains. Cattle depend on their symbiotic microbiome and its activity in the rumen and gut to maintain growth and health. Recent developments in high-throughput omics analysis (metagenome, metatranscriptome, metabolome, metaproteome and so on) have made it possible to comprehensively analyze microbiome, hosts and their interactions and to define their roles in affecting cattle biology. In this review, we focus on the relationships among gut microbiome and beef meat quality, feed efficiency, methane emission as well as host genetics in beef cattle, aiming to determine the current knowledge gaps for the development of the strategies to improve the sustainability of beef production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.187-193
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• 1991

Almost 1/4 of all the coconuts in the world is produced in the Philippines. During periods of high supply of coconuts it would be better to feed coconut meat to farm animals for conversion into meat and eggs. Three studies were conducted at the Visayas State College of Agriculture, Baybay, Leyte, Philippines from April, 1983 to April, 1985 to determine the response of Mallard ducks, Muscovy ducks and broilers to fresh coconut meat supplementation in their diets. Results showed that Mallard ducks on ration with coconut meat performed similarly with those on ration without coconut meat. Feed cost per dozen eggs was reduced by 28-30% with coconut meat. Feed cost per unit gain of muscovy ducks was reduced by 32-37% by coconut meat supplementation. With broilers, feed conversion, gain in weight and breast weight were significantly improved by coconut meat supplementation. Return-above-feed cost increased with increasing level of coconut meat in the ration.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.261-266
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• 1996

Carcass analysis of most economical parts of broilers were studied after they were fed with different protein levels of 16, 18, 20 and 23% for the starter period and 16, 18 and 20% for the grower period. The energy value of the feed was constant at 3,200 kcal ME/kg. The results for the starter and grower broilers showed similar pattern of responses. There were significant increased in weight gain, feed intake, protein intake, while there were significant decrease in the feed conversion ratio (FCR), abdominal fat and carcass fat when dietary protein increased. For the economical parts of the carcass, most of the fats were found in the thigh meat, while the lowest was found in the breast meat. The protein levels did not influence the meat production of the breast, drumstick and thigh portion. Increasing the protein intake, increased the broiler performance in relation to increased protein content of the breast, drumstick and thigh meat. The different fat contents of the meat might be due to differences in the rate of lipogenesis and fat deposition of the meat.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.559-563
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• 2001

The effects of feeding a mannan oligosaccharide (Bio-Mos) from 0 to 3 g/kg diet and vaccination program on 1- to 35-day performance (growth and feed efficiency), metabolizable energy, nitrogen utilization and carcass composition of meat chickens were investigated. A general vaccination program was used against IB, IBD and ND with half of the birds per diet receiving a booster dose of IB and ND vaccines at 12 days of age. Dietary supplementation of Bio-Mos (BM) did not influence body weight gain, feed efficiency and nutrient utilization. The highest dietary BM (3 versus 1.5 or 0 g/kg) increased carcass abdominal fat and reduced the proportion of drumstick in the carcass of meat chickens. The booster dose reduced the performance of birds. It was concluded that the addition of BM to the diet of chickens did not significantly influence the performance and nutrient utilization of meat chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1386-1390
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• 2009

A dose-response experiment with five lysine levels (0.65, 0.80, 0.95, 1.10, and 1.25%) was conducted to evaluate the lysine requirement of male White Pekin ducklings from 7 to 21 days of age. Two hundred and eighty, 7-day-old, male White Pekin ducklings were allocated to 5 experimental treatments, each containing 8 replicate pens with 7 birds per pen. Feed and water were provided ad libitum from 7 to 21 days of age. At 21 days of age, weight gain, feed intake, feed/gain, breast meat weight, and breast meat yield relative to body weight of ducklings from each pen were all measured. As dietary lysine level increased, weight gain, feed intake, feed/gain, breast meat weight, and breast meat yield of ducklings were all improved significantly (p<0.05). According to broken-line regression analysis, the lysine requirement of male White Pekin ducklings from 7 to 21 days of age for weight gain, feed/gain, breast meat weight, and breast meat yield was 0.84, 0.90, 0.97, and 0.98%, respectively. Considering that Pekin duck production is directed to meat production, the lysine requirement of male starter Pekin ducklings during this period is suggested to be 0.98%.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.8.1-8.17
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• 2017

Growth promoters have been widely used as a strategy to improve productivity, and great benefits have been observed throughout the meat production chain. However, the prohibition of growth promoters in several countries, as well as consumer rejection, has led industry and the academy to search for alternatives. For decades, the inclusion of phytochemicals in animal feed has been proposed as a replacement for traditional growth promoters. However, there are many concerns about the application of phytochemicals and their impact on the various links in the meat production chain (productive performance, carcass and meat quality). Therefore, the effects of these feed additives are reviewed in this article, along with their potential safety and consumer benefits, to understand the current state of their use. In summary, the replacement of traditional growth promoters in experiments with broilers yielded benefits in all aspects of the meat production chain, such as improvements in productive performance and carcass and meat quality. Although the effects in pigs have been similar to those observed in broilers, fewer studies have been carried out in pigs, and there is a need to define the types of phytochemicals to be used and the appropriate stages for adding such compounds. In regard to ruminant diets, few studies have been conducted, and their results have been inconclusive. Therefore, it is necessary to propose more in vivo studies to determine other strategies for phytochemical inclusion in the production phases and to select the appropriate types of compounds. It is also necessary to define the variables that will best elucidate the mechanism(s) of action that will enable the future replacement of synthetic growth promoters with phytochemical feed additives.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-25
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• 1999

Concerns about meat quality, including chicken meat, for the human diet has led to many attempts to manipulate the carcass fat and increase the eating quality. For actual eating quality, the birds must be grown and finished in a manner that results in meat that are tender, succulent and of good flavor, as well as being free from any foreign taint, flavor or safety hazard. Tenderization treatment with high voltage(820V) electrical stimulation and prechill muscle tensioning would improve the tenderness of chicken meat. Proper programs for the withdrawal of feed and water require a team approach for maximizing yield of meat and minimizing carcass contamination. Also effding of supplemental levels of-tocopherol to poultry with vegetable or fish oils increases of desirable polyunsaturated fatty acid(PUFA) content and stablizes the meat against rancidity and fish off-flavors. The nutritional effects of varying dietary ingredients on broiler carcass fat content are also important. Increasing the levels of energy in the ration increases the carcass fat content, while increasing the proteing levels decreases carcass fat content. Supplement-tation of poultry diets with amino acids such as methionine, lysine, glycine and tryptophan as well as amino acid such as well as amino acid mixtures can reduce body fat deposition. Normal stress leads to chicken muscular damage resulting in reduced meat quality, but this can be controlled by preslaughter management practices. Feed manufactures can utilize ntilize nutrient modulation to control pale soft exudative(PSE)syndrome. Finally, the success in poultry meat production depends on the consistent achievement of carefully selected levels of quality. Quality assurance should be the wider function of incorporating quality into the production system and the combination of motivating quality into actions and operations.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.1091-1100
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• 2023

Objective: The present study is to examine the effect of high inclusion of co-products in pig diets (referred to as an alternative diet) during the finishing stage on pig growth performance, meat quality and boar taint compounds. Methods: Growing pigs were fed an alternative diet made with distillers dried grains with solubles (25%), canola meal (20%), and wheat middling (15%) or a control diet based on barley and soybean meal to investigate the impact of co-products on pig performance and meat quality. Sixteen female and sixteen entire male Duroc×(Large White×Landrace) pigs (22.6±2.07 kg, body weight±standard error) were equally allocated to the diets. Results: Pigs fed the alternative diet had a lower feed intake; however, growth rate and feed conversion efficiency were unaffected by diet. A diet by sex interaction was found for gain:feed whereby males fed the alternative diet had the best feed conversion (p<0.01). Pork from pigs fed the alternative diet had lower a^* and Chroma and protein % (p<0.05), while other meat quality characteristics were unaffected. The alternative diet reduced backfat skatole levels (p<0.001). Conclusion: A diet containing high inclusion levels of co-products can be fed to pigs during the finishing stage without detrimental effects on pig performance or meat quality and with the potential to enhance pork flavour. This finding suggests a solution to increase the sustainable development of pig production.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.101-106
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• 2005

This study was designed to estimate effect of wood vinegar on meat quality in old Layer which was low production and low economic value. The old layer chickens were used to resource for income increase of layer farm and protein supply. Two hundred forty Isa Brown chickens were assigned with control(Broiler feed), Treatment 1 (Broiler feed with addition of domestic wood vinegar $0.8\%$) and Treatment 2(Broiler feed with addition of foreign wood vinegar $0.4\%$). Feed intake of control group was lower 3g than other treatments. This is the reason of result that what organic acid in wood vinegar of treatment groups affect to feed digestibility, The different of chicken production was depended on ingredient and included value of wood vinegar in domestic and foreign. Foreign wood vinegar have organic acids which that functionally act sexual Pheromone so that promote endocrine matter. This is reason that old Layer chicken increase to egg production rate. Treatment 2 group effect to thigh meat rather than breast meat and improve to value of crude fat and meat color. The Meat quality and sensory test of thigh meat of foreign wood vinegar was better appraise rather than that of domestic wood vinegar. Because foreign wood vinegar make to fine of meat tissue and to decline cooking loss and also to increase juiciness and tenderness on sensory test.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.1475-1481
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• 2002

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of early feed restriction on growth, fat accumulation and meat composition in unsexed broiler chickens. In experiment 1, three hundred and fifty one-day-old broiler chicks were divided into 7 groups. Each treatment group was represented by five replicates of ten broilers each. One group was fed ad libitum as the control group and the other six groups were fed 25% ad libitum (25% multiplied by amount of feed intake of ad libitum chicks at the previous day) for 4 or 6 days, 50% ad libitum for 4 or 6 days, and 75% ad libitum for 4 or 6 days. In experiment 2, five hundred broiler chicks were divided into 10 groups. Each treatment group was represented by five replicates of ten broilers each. One group was fed ad libitum as the control group. Three initial age at which broilers were restricted (2, 4 or 6 days of age) and three type of feed restriction (physical restriction, meal feeding and diet dilution) ($3{\times}3$) were examined. They were restricted feeding for 6 days. Experimental results showed that broilers fed 25% ad libitum for 4-6 days tended to reduce leg meat fat with lower abdominal fat (p<0.05) (experiment 1). Breast meat fat was significantly higher in restricted broilers (p<0.01). Plasma triglyceride was higher in broilers fed 75% ad libitum for 4-6 days. In experiment 2, abdominal fat was lower in restricted broilers (p<0.05). Breast meat fat was significantly higher (p<0.01), whereas leg meat fat was significantly lower (p<0.05) in restricted broilers. Plasma triglyceride was significantly higher in physical feed restriction for 4 days, meal feeding for 4 days and diet dilution for 6 days (p<0.05). In conclusion, to reduce fat accumulation in abdomen and leg meat, broilers should be fed 25% ad libitum for 6 days started at 4 days, or subjected to meal feeding (6 hours per day for 6 days) started at 6 days.