• 한국작물학회지
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• 제62권3호
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• pp.157-165
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• 2017

Being a staple food for more than half of the population of the world and South Korea, rice is an important crop. For the past 20 years, global paddy rice cultivation area and production have shown an annual growth of 0.46% and 1.61%, respectively. Global rice consumption for food and processing has increased by 1.37% and 3.68%, respectively. Due to the main reason for such increasing human population, it is expected that from 439 million tons in 2010, additional 116 million tons will be needed in 2035. Global rice imports and exports have doubled in the last 20 years. However, in spite of such increment, global rice exports in 2013 were 8.4% of the total production. It is thought that rice protection policies in the producing countries are the main reason for such small scale of rice trading. In the past 5 years, India recorded the largest growth rate in rice exports (51.4%), whereas China showed the largest growth rate in imports (61.0%). For global utilization of milled rice during the same period, approximately 79.4% was used as food, 7.2% as animal feeds, and 1.4% for processing. Regionally, Asia has shown a similar pattern to the global rice usage, whereas utilization for processing in America, for food in Africa, and for animal feed in Europe was relatively higher than the global rice usage. Korea's cultivation area and production since the last 5 years, are 0.5% and 0.8% of those of the world, respectively. Its annual rice export is approximately 3,000 tons, which is 0.01% of the global rice export. Korea's rice utilization is high for food and low for feed and for processing relative to global rice utilization. Therefore, a review must be conducted to increase Korea's utilization of rice for processing and for feed production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.86-95
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• 2000

Animal feed additives are used worldwide for many different reasons. Some help to cover the needs of essential nutrients and others to increase growth performance, feed intake and therefore optimize feed utilization. They can positively effect technological properties and product quality. The health status of animals with a high growth performance is a predominant argument in the choice of feed additives. In many countries the use of feed additives is more and more questioned by the consumers: substances such as antibiotics and $\beta$-agonists with expected high risks are banned in animal diets. Therefore, the feed industry is highly interested in valuable alternatives which could be accepted by the consumers. Probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes and highly available minerals as well as herbs can be seen as alternatives to metabolic modifiers and antibiotics.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.394-399
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• 2011

The effect of intermittent feeding on growth, feed utilization and body composition of subadult olive flounder fed extruded pellet (EP) in suboptimal temperature ($13.5{\pm}2.10^{\circ}C$) was determined. Two hundred twenty five subadult fish averaging 272 g were randomly distributed into fifteen of 300 L circular flow-through tanks (fifteen fish per tank). Five treatments with different days of feeding a week were prepared in triplicate: fish were hand-fed with EP to apparent satiation once a day, seven days a week (7DF), which was used as the control group or consecutive six, five, four and three days a week, for 12 weeks, referred to as 6DF, 5DF, 4DF and 3DF treatments, respectively. Weight gains and specific growth rates of fish in 6DF treatment were higher than those of fish in 7DF, 4DF and 3DF treatments, but not different from those of fish in 5DF treatment. Daily feed intake of fish in 6DF and 7DF treatments was higher than that of fish in 5DF, 4DF and 3DF treatments. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish were not different among treatments. There was no difference in the chemical composition of fish between treatments. Results of this study demonstrated that feeding five days per week could be recommended for subadult olive flounder fed extruded pellet in suboptimal temperature.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.237-246
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• 2014

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of feeding an Escherichia coli (E. coli) derived phytase to pigs fed P deficient, corn-soybean meal diets. In Exp. 1, one hundred and twenty crossbred piglets ($9.53{\pm}0.84$ kg) were allocated to one of five treatments which consisted of four low P diets (0.61% Ca, 0.46% total P and 0.24% non-phytate P) supplemented with 0, 500, 1,000, or 20,000 FTU/kg E. coli phytase as well as a positive control formulated to be adequate in all nutrients (0.77% Ca, 0.62% total P and 0.42% non-phytate P). The treatments were applied to six pens with four pigs per pen for 28 days. In Exp. 2, ten crossbred pigs ($19.66{\pm}1.16$ kg) fitted with ileal T-cannula were used in a nutrient balance study. The pigs were assigned to treatments similar to those used in Exp. 1 in a doubly replicated $5{\pm}4$ incomplete Latin square design (5 diets with 4 periods). Each period consisted of a 5-d adjustment period followed by a 3-d total collection of feces and urine and then a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. Supplementation with phytase linearly increased (p<0.05) weight gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, bone breaking strength and fat-free dry and ash bone weight. There were linear increases (p<0.01) in the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM, GE, CP, Ca, total P, inositol hexaphosphate ($IP_6$) and some AA with increasing dose of E. coli phytase. Pigs fed 20,000 FTU/kg had a greater (p<0.05) AID of IP6 (80% vs 59% or 64%, respectively) than pigs fed diets with 500 or 1,000 FTU/kg phytase. There were linear increases (p<0.05) in the total tract digestibility of Ca, total P, Na, K, Mg, and Zn as well as in the retention of Mg and Zn with increased phytase dose. The retention and utilization of Cu, and the total tract digestibility of CP and Cu quadratic increased (p<0.05) with increased phytase dose. In conclusion, supplementation of 500 FTU of phytase/kg and above effectively hydrolyzed phytate in low-P corn-soybean diets for pigs. In addition, a super dose of phytase (20,000 FTU/kg) hydrolyzed most of the IP6 and consequently further improved mineral use, protein utilization and performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1151-1158
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• 2008

This study was designed to examine the effects of different dietary protein levels on growth performance, nutrient utilization, amino acid (AA) digestibility and serum biochemical parameters of preruminant dairy calves. Fifteen healthy new-born calves were randomly allotted to three experimental groups and fed with different milk replacer that contained 18% (LP), 22% (MP) or 26% (HP) of protein. The results showed that final BW, net gain and ADG were significantly higher in the MP group than in LP and HP groups (p<0.05). In addition, the apparent digestibility of CP in the MP group was significantly higher than in the other two groups (p<0.05). The values of N intake and fecal N excretion were significantly increased following the increase of dietary protein content (p<0.05). However, in all three groups of animals, dietary protein content had no significant effect on urinary N concentration (p>0.05). BUN concentration, on the other hand, decreased as calves grew but increased following the increase of dietary CP content. Furthermore, no significant differences in digestibility of amino acids were observed among these three groups of animals (p>0.05). We concluded that calves fed with milk replacer containing 22% of protein had better growth performance and nutrient utilization as compared to animals treated with milk replacer containing either 18% or 26% of protein.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.383-390
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• 2014

A 15-wk feeding trial was conducted to examine the supplemental effects of Barodon on growth performance, gastrointestinal histology, feed digestibility and innate immunity in olive founder. A basal commercial diet was used as a control and two other diets were prepared by spraying 0.1% or 0.2% of Barodon. Triplicate groups of fish (BW, 145 g) were fed one of the test diets to apparent satiation twice daily. At the end of the feeding trial, fish growth performance was not significantly affected by dietary treatments; however, feed utilization was significantly improved (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) by Barodon supplementation. Significantly higher (p<0.05) survival rates were obtained in fish fed Barodon containing diets. Hepatosomatic index increased significantly in Barodon treated groups. Also, the use of Barodon resulted in significant increase (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) of intestine length and number of goblet cells. Significantly higher (Quadratic, p<0.05) apparent digestibility coefficient of DM was obtained by supplementation of Barodon. Lysozyme and myeloperoxidase activities increased quadratically and linearly, respectively, in Barodon treated fish. Also, significantly higher (linear and quadratic, p<0.05) superoxide dismutase activity was found in Barodon fed fish. The findings in this study show that inclusion of Barodon in diets for olive flounder improves feed utilization and digestibility, and positively affects digestive tract histology and innate immunity.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.395-398
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplemental medicinal herb mixture, laver powder and paprika powder in extruded pellet (EP) on growth and feed utilization of juvenile olive flounder. Triplicate groups of fish (average body weight of 19.6 g) were fed four experimental EPs containing 0.2% medicinal herb mixture (MHM), 1% laver powder (LP), 1% paprika powder (PP) and without supplementation (CON) for 9 weeks. Weight gain, daily feed intake, hepatosomatic index and condition factor were not influenced by dietary additives. Peed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of flounder fed the diet containing laver powder were significantly higher than those of fish fed the medicinal herb mixture and paprika powder (P<0.05), but not significantly different from control group. The results of this study suggest that all tested additives in the dietary formulation did not affect growth and feed utilization of olive flounder.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제55권6호
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• pp.886-893
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• 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary silymarin supplementation on the growth performance, feed utilization, innate immunity and antioxidant capacity of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain 0, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1% silymarin (designated as Con, S0025, S005 and S01, respectively). Triplicate groups of shrimp (initial body weight: 0.70 g) were fed each of the diets for 6 weeks. After the feeding trial, weight gain and specific growth rate were significantly higher in silymarin-supplemented groups compared to Con group. Dietary silymarin significantly enhanced protein efficiency ratio of S01 group and reduced feed conversion ratio of S005 and S01 groups. Phenoloxidase and anti-protease activities were significantly higher in S01 group compared to Con group. Glutathione peroxidase and catalase activities were significantly higher in silymarin-supplemented groups compared to those of Con group. The results of this study indicate that dietary silymarin could improve the growth performance, feed utilization, innate immunity and antioxidant capacity of Pacific white shrimp. The optimum level of silymarin in diet for Pacific white shrimp is suggested to be ≥0.025%.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제52권5호
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• pp.468-473
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• 2019

A $2{\times}4$ factorial feeding trial was conducted to examine the effect of feed type and feeding frequency on the performance of sub-adult starry flounder Platichthys stellatus. Two feed types, sinking pellets (SP) and floating pellets (FP), were given to 480 fish housed in tanks. Triplicate groups of fish were fed each feed type at one of four feeding frequencies (one meal every two days, one meal per day, two meals per day, and three meals per day) for nine weeks. Weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish were affected by feeding frequency. However, WG and SGR were the same in fish fed SP at two and three meals per day; similarly, there was no difference in WG or SGR of fish fed FP at one meal, two meals, or three meals per day. Feed utilization of fish was affected by both feed type and feeding frequency. These findings suggest that two meals per day of the SP or one meal per day of FP are sufficient for optimum growth performance of sub-adult starry flounder.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.1390-1401
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• 2023

In this study, a 12-week feeding experiment was conducted to characterize the effects of exogenous α-amylase on the growth, feed utilization, digestibility, plasma α-amylase activity, feed degradation rate, and fecal particle size of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Diet was supplemented with 0 (AA₀; control), 100 (AA₁₀₀), 200 (AA₂₀₀), or 400 (AA₄₀₀) mg/kg of α-amylase, respectively. Fish (273.1 ± 2.3 g) were stocked into 12 tanks (25 fish/1,000-L tank) and 3 tanks were randomly selected for each diet group. As a result, α-amylase was found to have no significant effects (p ≥ 0.05) on the growth, feed utilization parameters, and whole-body proximate compositions. α-Amylase-treated fish exhibited only a significant increase in the apparent digestibility coefficient of carbohydrates compared to the controls. In addition, in vitro analyses revealed that α-amylase dose-dependently increased (p < 0.05) the feed degradation rate, while photographs of the intestinal content after 2, 4, and 8 h of feeding demonstrated an improved degradation rate in the α-amylase-treated groups. Plasma α-amylase content was higher in the AA₂₀₀ and AA₄₀₀ groups, whereas the control group produced significantly larger-sized fecal particles (90% size class) than these two groups. In the intestine, no changes were observed in the expression levels of the immune-related TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-2, immunoglobulin-M, HSP-70, lysozyme, and amylase alpha-2A. However, growth-related genes IGF-1, IGF-2, TGF-β3, and growth hormone genes were upregulated in muscle tissues. Collectively, exogenous α-amylase has positive roles in the modulation of the digestibility coefficient, blood α-amylase concentration, growth-related gene expression, and diet degradation for improved digestion in olive flounder.